 in this video. We will discuss some highlight clinical manifestations related to certain diseases. So let's start with our first clinical presentation and its associated diseases. I will show you the histological picture or anything related to the clinical finding. Then we will discuss about the picture and the clinical finding that is shown in this picture and what is the diagnosis. So over here we have a ferrogenous body. This is your histological finding in interstitial lung disease that is a result of inorganic dust inhalation. So what happened that macrophages ingestion of the inorganic fiber results in a fibrotic reaction with encasement of the fiber in iron rich material that is derived from the protein such as ferritin and hemocidrin. So in the exam they will not say that ferrogenous body. They will be a statement that okay we are going to see iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum. Then you need to come up with the diagnosis. What is the diagnosis? The diagnosis is asbestosis. Next over here we see honeycomb appearance on the x-ray or CT scan. So this one is clustered cysticular spaces. There are between 3 to 10 millimeter in diameter. Occasionally they can be as large as 2.5 centimeter. They are usually sub prurer, paraferrer or basal in distribution. So where do we see honeycomb lung? We see that in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Next one. What is that? Crush men's spirals. So what are crush men's spirals? They are going to say these calmated apothelial castin septum. So what is it? It's our microscopic finding in the sputum of asthmatic patients. So they are spiral shaped mucous plugs from sub epithelium mucous gland, ducts of the bronchi. They may occur in several different lung diseases. So they may refer to the parts of the these calmated apothelium. So that's what we are going to see in the asthmatic patients. So where are we going to see crush men's spirals in bronchial asthma? So this is our spiral. They will give you this astrology and they will ask you where do we see it? So these calmated apothelial castin sputum of asthmatic patients. Next one. What do we see over here? Charcoal laden crystals. So these are microscopic crystals. They are composed of esophilic protein and it's found in people who have allergic diseases such as our asthma patients or parasitic pneumonia. So the clinical finding what they are going to say esophilic granules hexagonal double pointed needle like crystals in bronchial secretions. So we see esophils in bronchial secretions will have needle like crystals. Where are we going to see that bronchial asthma or patients who have parasitic pneumonia also you can find those charcoal laden crystals. They are not going to say that name. Sometimes they can but the mostly they will be describing this structure. Next one. What are those? These are lines of zen like layers of platelets and RBCs. So this is a characteristic of thrombi that appears when formed in the heart aureota. So they are visible in microscopic laminations. They are produced by alternating pale layers of platelets mixed with fibrin. Okay. So these platelets are mixed with fibrin and darker layer that's containing the RBCs. So their significance what they apply this is the our arterial thrombosis means that thrombosis at a site of rapid blood flow. So that's thrombi is made of white or red layers. We have lines of zen. So this is our platelets mixed with fibrin and then you will see a darker layer over here. That's your RBCs. What is the diagnosis? Our tear thrombosis. Next what we see? Renke crystals. So Renke crystals look at the pointer over here. So rectangular crystal like cytoplasmic inclusion and leading cells. So these are esophilic hexagonal crystals. Okay. They are composed of three beta hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase and we will found them in the cytoplasm and they are the pathognomic for leading cell tumor. So Renke crystals, rectangular crystal like cytoplasmic inclusions. So these are going to be found in the cytoplasm. This is over here. It's pretty easy to not able to see that one because it's pretty light over here. But the description of the coistin will help you that okay this is a leading cell tumor and what they are talking about over here is Renke crystals. So next we have chelodual bodies. Okay. Again that's what glimelorous structure surrounding vessel in germ cells. Glimelorous structure that's surrounding vessel in germ cells. So what is it? Central vessel surrounded by tumor cells. Okay. We are going to see that in yolk sac tumor. Memory gland blue dome cyst. This is a blue dome. So this is a cross a gross specimen that is showing you a blue dome cyst. They are separated by dense connective tissue. Okay. And these are cysts. They are filled with dark fluid and they stick out from the surrounding connective tissue because they are filled with dark connective tissue, dark fluid. Fat will appear yellow over here and fibrinous tissue will appear white. And these are your non-polyphorative fibrocystic changes that will appear blue. So these are our non-polyphorated fibrocystic changes. So where we are going to see, we are going to see in fibrocystic change of the breast. So dilated cyst. They are filled with fluid fibrosis in between the fat and cyst. Okay. So this is ductal dilation blue dome. Chocolate cyst of the ovary. So these are your non-cancerous. They are fluid full cyst. They typically form deep within the ovaries. And why they are called as chocolate cyst because they are brown, tar color appearance and something that looks like a melted chocolate, but it's an old blood that has been accumulated. So they are also called as ovarian endometriomas. So we are going to see them in endometriosis. Frequently, they involve both ovaries. Next, call external bodies. So what are those? These are like a follicle-like appearance and they are small esnophilic fluid filled punched out spaces between the granulosa cells. So between the granulosa cells, we have fluid filled bodies over here. And the granulosa cells are usually arranged haphazardly around the space. So this is your disarid granulosa cells arranged around the collections of esnophilic fluid. So these are known as call exnor bodies. And we will see them in granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Next, sheets of uniform fried egg cells. This is over here. So these are your epithelial cells and they are flat and smooth. And they are look like tiny fried egg because this is yolk and that's your white egg. Okay. And so that's why they called it like that. So what we have, we can see that in certain diseases like this germinoma, oligodendroglyoma, multiple myeloma, heresal leukemia, seminoma, and mycoplasma pneumonia. So these are the ones that we are going to see. So mycoplasma pneumonia will grow fried egg colonies in Itunagar. Oligodendroglyoma will give rise to the chicken wire pattern and fried egg appearance of the cells because of the perinuclear hallow. Heresal leukemia is with this hair projections. They have hair projections in my last video of high yield hematology images. I have pointed out that they have hair like projections. So they are going to give rise to fried egg appearance in the bone marrow biopsy also. Seminoma with this clear cytoplasm and round nuclei may also give rise to fried egg appearance under the microscope. Okay. And so these are different conditions where we are going to see fried egg appearance. Next, next we have this plastic scamous cervical cancer where resinoid like Nikola and hyperchromosemia. So what we see over here, this is your, this is your coliocytes. Coliocytes are like your scoma cells and they are infective productively with human papilloma virus. An important hallmark will be irregular peripheral collapse of the keratin leaving clear space around the nucleus. So around the nucleus we got the clear space over here. Okay. The collapse of the keratin, this is induced by e4 gene of human papilloma virus and they are going to decrease the strength of the hapitalium and that's how virus will shed and human papilloma virus also induces unscheduled DNA synthesis and that's going to result in poly, polydysation and under physiological conditions. So it's not, you cannot measure it. Okay. So what we are, are we going to see coliocytes in our cervical cancer. Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale haemorrhoid rosettes, neurofibrils. These are the ones. Okay. Where do we see these? So this is like a circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils. So small blue cell tumors from the neurocrest and ectoderm. So they come from there. Where are we going to find those? We are going to see those in neuroblastoma, medalloblastoma and retinoblastoma. Next one. Pseudo-palacidine polymorphic tumor cells on green biopsy. So what is it? It's a pseudo-palacidine necrosis in glioblastoma. So we will see that they had gone on like arrangement of the hypercellular tumor nuclei. So this is your tumor, okay, nuclei lining up around the irregular focal of tumor necrosis. So this is your tumor necrosis over here. Okay. And they are going to contain the pycnotic nuclei. So these are the pycnotic nucleus. The arrowhead are the pycnotic nucleus. This is your necrosis. And that's our your hypercellular tumor nuclei. And they are also showing us over here tumor vessel. So this is our tumor vessel. So this is known as like we have the necrosis over here in pseudo-palacidine. So we're going to see this kind of histology in glioblastoma. Multiformer. Next, pig bodies. So pig bodies, what are we going to see? That these are silver staining spherical aggregation of top proteins in neurons. So over here, this is going to be, they said that balloon type shape, okay, pig bodies in frontal cortex, and then tall proteins are there. So we will see that in frontotemporal dementia. Neurofibrillary tangles. These are your protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of top proteins. We're going to see those in Alzheimer's disease and PIC disease. Neurofibrillary tangles. Again, so these are over here. We have our A-beta plaques. These are the brown ones. They are showing us that those are the plaques. And then neurofibrillary tangles are your dark browns over here. The tangles and then we are showing the amyloid A-beta amyloid protein. Sinial plaques, extracellular amyloid deposition in green matter of the brain. Okay, amyloids. So this was just a different color staining, and this is the one they use the brown over here. So either way, they can give you the test. Okay, so next over here, we have depigmentation of neurons in substantial nigra. So look at that. That's over here is your normal number of neurons in the substantial nigra, and they are pigmented. Look at that. They are pigmented. And now over here, we have loss of neuron and loss of pigmentation with Parkinson's disease. So whenever you see that depigmentation of neurons in substantial nigra means that there is loss of pigments and loss of neurons. Where do we see that in Parkinson's disease? Then we have levy bodies. Levy bodies are described as esophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neurons. So this is your neuron nucleus, and we will see levy bodies there. Okay, where are we going to see that condition? We will see in levy body dementia, and also sometimes you are going to see in Parkinson's disease. Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture. Xenochromia. So Xenochromia, they give us yellow color. So yellow color in the supernatant of the centrifuge cerebrospinal fluid within an hour or less after collection, usually is the result of previous bleeding. So when we see this color means this is a result of previous bleeding, and where this bleeding is coming from. This is going to be subarachnoid hammerage. And it may be caused by increased cerebrospinal fluid proteins, melanin from meningeal, or keratinoids. So Xenochromia is the presence of bilirubin in the cerebrospinal fluid. Okay, and this is your positive marker that a patient is suffering from an acute subarachnoid hammerage. So it's very important finding that is going to distinguish between a traumatic tap or a subarachnoid hammerage. Okay, so this is going to be our yellow color, or sometimes is bloody also. Keratin pearls on biopsy. So this is over here, found in region where abnormal scoma cells form concentric layers. So there's are going to be a layers over here. Okay, also called as epithelial pearls. So you're going to see scoma cell carcinoma. Next one. Entidesmo-gland, entidesmosome antibodies. So desmo-gland is a keterin like adhesion molecule that functions to maintain the tissue integrity and facilitate cell to cell communication. So we are going to see antibodies over here. And this is a condition is associated with Pumfigus vulgaris. And in that condition, we see blistering. Next, entitopoisomerase antibodies. So these entitopoisomerase antibodies are autoantibodies. They are directed against topoisomerase. And most importantly, where do we find that? We find that in our autoimmune diseases because they react with self-proteins. And they are also referred to as entadenitopoisomerase one antibody. And mostly we are going to see that in diffuse scleroderma. Enticentromere antibodies. Okay, so enticentromere antibodies, these are autoantibodies specific to centromere function. They occur in autoimmune diseases. Where do we see that in our scleroderma crest syndrome? Thank you, everyone. I hope this video was a source of information for you. Thank you.