 Good evening ladies and gentlemen. My name is Sotienth Article and I'm going to give the first part of this presentation and then my colleague Matthew Fitzgerald will give the second part. We're going to be talking about a site in northern Greece in Alchydig Peninsula which represents a combination of older and new projects. Mae'r ystafell yma yw'r cymhysgol yma yw'r ymdweithio. Mae'r ymdweithio yma yw'r ymdweithio yma yw'r ymdweithio yw'r ymdweithio? Mae'r ymdweithio yw'r ymdweithio yw'r 18 o 18 o'r 19 o'r ymdweithio'r gyda'r cyllid. Mae'r cymhysgol ymdweithio yw'r cyllid. Mae'r cymhysgol yma yw'r cyllid yn ddalod yn y 1900 oes, ond mae'r cychwyn yma yn ysgolio yn ysgolio'r cyllid yn ysgolio'r cyllid yn gweithio'r rhywbeth. Mae'r cyllid yn yr ysgolio'r cyllid yn Ysgolio Ysgolio'r Cyllid Ysgolio'r cyllid yn Ysgolio'r cyllid. ac mae'n gweithio'r unigai cydwyddo i'w cyfnodol iawn i'r cyfnodol. Mae'n gweithio'r cyffredinol, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gwaith. Nid oes yw'r cyffredinol, mae'n gweithio'r cyffredinol. Mae'n gweithio'r cwbl yn ychydig yr ysgol i fynd i chi'n cyfnodol. a total of 14 volumes between 1928 and 1952. So, in many ways, a Llyfrs was a model of how to publish the results of a big project. The methodology of the project was somewhat controversial by the time. Niffelex, a Llyfrs, represents a numerous legacy to archaeologists generally and to classical archaeologists. This is one of the reasons why a new project was initiated in 2014 as a collaboration between the Greek Archaeological Service and the universities of Michigan and Liverpool under the auspices of the British School of Medicine. What we have tried to do in the six years is to take forward the investigations of Robinson's Day and use the most up-to-date techniques in delivering new data. In terms of the older investigations, a Llyfrs was a pioneering project in many ways, in terms of spatial investigation and in terms of specific estimation. The discovery of a Llyfrs is not the reward of Day War Robinson, but rather of Alan Wace, whose photo you can see from the right. Alan Wace was involved in investigations in more than Greece in the years before the First World War, and it was he who identified the two hints as being the likely dislocation of ancient numbers, and he published some notes to this effect in 1916. But subsequently, Wace became involved in the International Allied Project that was the First World War and the defence of Greece against northern states. Alan Wace himself was a spirited way to Athens, where he was responsible for what may be the first example of an international passport. On the left we see Alan Wace with some of his contemporaries who were among the pioneering scholars of many of the sites in central Greece, including my seed, Corinth, Caracol, sites of different periods, and with very different results. The team that Day War Robinson put together was a team of young scholars. We have Robinson there in plus fours on the right-hand side of the slide, with his Greek overseers and assistants, including the Polish ladies, as well as his graduate students, who take up the riddle steps of him. Many of those graduate students went on to become leading archaeologists in the 1930s, 40s and 50s. I mentioned that Robinson did not discover the great monuments that he was anticipating. He began work on the southern of the two hills, which we have found is in fact an extremely complicated environment working on. On the left we can see a slide of his trenches on the northern side of the south hill, showing what looks like foundations of the large monument. This is still Robinson's. It's been given a lot of names. It's been suggested that this is a public building. Robinson was expecting to find a temple, and on the right there you can see some examples of small columns and altars that were discovered in this area, but found to be unconnected to a major ritual or cult movement. Looking now at these two hills, you can see on the middle of the slide here, the north hill and the south hill. This is where Robinson began his investigations, and the location of that slide is approximately here. Most of the information that Robinson discovered about the city of the lovers relates to houses, houses that entirely occupied the north hill and the south hill. The other major discovery of Robinson's day were cemeteries which were located here on the north west side. Because Robinson failed to discover any major monuments, he was more or less at large to treat the residential features that he recovered as a virtue. He did present an extraordinary story about domestic living. More than fifty houses were at least partial, if not fully excavated. You can see here in the right and aerial view of the conserved area which shows you these houses today if you visit as a man of the public. The houses were organised in Sili with two broader avenues, one on the left side and one on the right side. Reconstructed here on the left of this slide. One of the aims of the new project was to investigate individual house units to try and find out what the new kinds of evidence is that we can discover using contemporary scientific methods as compared with the broad brush evidence that we have for a very large number of houses from Robinson's excavations. New techniques that we are using include digital GPS, photogrammetry, soil chemistry, drone photography, flotation organic samples, microstratigraphy, x-ray analysis of minerals and, of course, laboratory analysis of various materials, fire clay, unfire clay charcoal minerals, formal employment in addition to the single context excavation of individual house units. There is a broader investigation here and I'm particularly interested in economic background in the city of Olympus. Olympus was a big city, not just because it was heavily populated, because it had investment from the Maslin King. It had access to some of the best timber in the Northern Jewel and this is reflected in coins that are found on site and the digits that are represented on this slide showing the numbers of coins and their places of origin. There is a very large concentration of coins, local coins coined in the region of Olympus in its vicinity, but there are many coins from locations around and about the area and I haven't included here the very large number that come from sites much further afield in the Southern Jewel. The volumes of Robinson's publication of coins are some of the most valuable evidence that we have from Robinson's day because this is information that is largely in the cover of it. It can be very often possible to recover the numbers of coins that were discovered in the 1930s. Coming now to the variety of data sets that we dispose of as a result of this project, geophysical data has provided us with a great deal of information about the distribution of houses and the relationship between residential areas and non-residential areas. Just selecting for you here the resistivity data. Here is the house on the North Hill outlined in red, which we have selected for complete excavation. You can see that it is not far away from the conservation area that I showed you in that aerial photo a moment ago. We can see from the resistivity data that the broad outline of the street system continues here. This is what Robinson and his team summarised when they excavated long slip trenches and other parts of the hill, all like this one over here going in the north direction. Nevertheless, there are other areas that do not conform to that pattern and we can see these most clearly on the northeast side of the North Hill where there is a break in this system of organisation and we have all sorts of other ways of patterning the data. This is where we suspect there is non-residential activity but that's not the subject of today's presentation. In terms of housing, we have investigated a single housing unit which in Robinson's terminology is related to area B, insular 9, number 6 and this is an aerial view using photogrammetry to show you the outline of the house. It's not on a recent plan because that one has not yet been presented to the pre-caught logical service. We're not allowed yet to show you the most recent completely version but I think you get some idea about the outline that he got in the War with West here and a little stone passage between this house and the neighbouring one in the north and a shared room over here with the neighbouring house in the east and on the south side we have a road system continuing westness. So this is one house that we've investigated and we have investigated a number of other trenches on the south hill where we have stratigraphy from the early high-age onwards right down to the middle of the fourth century when the site was destroyed by the master of the king for the second in 348 BC. So we will be able to compare the kinds of houses that preceded what we see on the right here once we have completed all its animation of the trench data that you've seen on the left. Various different kinds of data sets have been accumulated which provide us with additional information The intensive survey has been conducted on the two hills and in a seven kilometre area around the site and the data drawn from the survey is providing us with a lot of additional information about the kinds of materials that appear here and therefore the distribution of concentrated house units in the fields adjacent to the hills which represent the urban area in its broader other side not just the fortified hilltops but the slopes as well as some locations out in the fields here There is also broad rural territory which I'm not saying about on this occasion. If we look at other types of data we can see more clearly the sort of evidence that we're going to be able to use profitably from the south hill where we have a palimpsess of older and later construction. One of the interesting things about south hill is that we have a rather different orientation of house units and streams and this is particularly interesting if we think about what we know of civic organisation in Europe more broadly whether we're thinking about France, Germany or Austria or other parts of southern Europe this represents a very interesting pulparandum To begin with we do not have a regular grid sort of pattern There is some evidence of partial north-south roads and these interesting west-east streets which are discontinuous and curved We don't altogether know why they're curved but they are curved and there are units of houses that are not like in the city the collections of house units and the precise organisation of house units is something that we're working on quite intensely at the moment so we have resistivity data we have other types of jiffy's glade of electrical data here and ground penetrating radar so looked at in more detail we can see these units representing complex combinations of individual house cells and it's going to take a little while to extricate what the individual house units are from a period preceding the one that we're mainly focusing on in this project and I'm now going to hand over to Matthew Christian who's going to say a bit more about the work that is being funded by I'm going to talk about the research that the Society of Antiquities is funding but I have to go back one stage first providing a little bit of context to this research so Josh has talked about the project as a whole I'm going to focus on the household and on the house and the first thing I should say is the work we're doing fits into much larger discussions about the ancient economy typically for classical archaeology the emphasis is on representations and trying to understand agriculture and broader trade or pottery production we're really interested in the domestic economy but a very particular part of that so slightly slightly in the wrong order but we have here from Iosia a representation of the types of activities bread making or weaving that people traditionally study and talk about in terms of the domestic economy or grain grinding grain and food production we're looking at a broader range of activities at the site now Elintos has already had a lot of work due to the wealth of the publications that Robinson published there have been a lot of publications journal articles and also monographs Lisa Nevitt who's one of the current co-directors published a book in version of her thesis in 1999 which has been really influential in classical archaeology and a large part of this focused on material at Elintos and she was focusing on the domestic economy and also there's another volume you can't see that very well it's a terrible photograph but this is a work by an American classical archaeologist Nicholas Cahill and both Lisa Nevitt and Nicholas Cahill have focused on weaving food production and other economic activities that were happening within the house and one of the things that both of these scholars have done is use Robinson's original publications to look at the distributions and concentrations of material within the house to write a story about domestic production and differences in the domestic economy across the city all well and good but I think there's a lot more you can say beyond the artefacts that are in the houses so I wanted to start with a famous quotation from Xenophon who is describing the value of construction and the materials and what they can be used to produce and in the context of this tradition in classical archaeology people have been interested in construction but they've tended to focus on the construction of temples and stoes and evaluate the implications of these buildings but I'm I'll work this returning to the words of Xenophon and also accounts by Vitruvious about the technologies and the financial costs of building domestic structures to think about the nature of construction who was involved in construction the costs of it and the role of the creation of houses in the domestic economy and this includes I'll come on to this a little bit more detail in a while but traditionally the question of who was involved in construction we write stories about all the men who were involved in construction but my punchline is construction is much more complicated required huge resource both physically and in terms of people time and the likelihood is a much wider range of people would have been involved in construction and that's coming from the elitist evidence that more than likely children, women other people involved and the types of activities they're doing will probably never tie down but within vernacular construction around the world women are often involved and you will find that they tend not to be written about and that's typical of the classical sources as well so how might we get to who's involved and this is the big question and also what was the cost of construction so to start off with before we get to the house we've been excavating I say we, I haven't been excavating other people have been excavating and I have been doing things back in Liverpool which is not as glamorous but I've been involved in more of the interpretation so to start off with as a context for this within the original publication by Robinson there's quite a lot of detail about construction itself but it focuses on a limited range of evidence so there are this documentation on different styles of walls and I should say that these structures are not stone built they would have a stone foundation for the wall and then they are mud brick buildings with incorporating timber and also with tile roofs and there's something about the wall so Zosia was talking about the structures and the little red block is put up just to focus attention because the assumption is that these blocks of houses were built by moving from west to east across the blocks so the houses shared party walls so it's like a row of terraced houses that you start on this side and then you are building fewer walls here in the houses next to each other and also that the roof system is shared across the house so when you find a stair base in a house you assume everyone had a second story to the house itself so aside from some details about different types of wall construction most interpretation of construction has tended to focus on the idea that because there was variation in the walls that you see dotted around the city probably families were involved in construction but at the same time we know that this northern part of the city the development of it was influenced by the Macedonian king, Perlicas II and so there are unknown answers about who funded and how construction was organised but the general narrative has been that it was probably families involved in construction woops I should put the thing there I have to go now so should have come up earlier we have very few representations of mud brick from all of Robinson's publications so the stone foundations were interesting but the mud bricks they found weren't really recorded there are some details of the mud bricks and it's what I'm going to focus on now in terms of what we know about the structures so a few numbers here to get to a key point typically the average house had a required just over 15 cubic metres of rubble foundations and so what's the cost of doing that and creating these rubble foundations well depending on the tools perhaps something between 22 and 63 person hours I should say that the pH is for person hours but this is a way to try to calculate the cost of the construction how have I calculated that? Helpfully there are some logical studies in Central America and in Turkey and in Greece that have taken poor I say poor not financially but in terms of they dragged farmers out who are involved in construction and asked them to dig into quarry and to make mud bricks and so they've taken an average time of this work to calculate the cost or in terms of person time of construction so the extraction of the rubble took somewhere around probably 50 hours or something like that to build the walls around 100 person hours the mud bricks are a variety of sizes so this is one thing that's quite interesting about the record from the earlier excavations there isn't one uniform size of mud brick there appear to be different sizes used for throughout the building each building there's relatively similar sizes but it looks like you have more complex type of production of mud bricks most houses depending on the height of them this goes back to the stair base issue most houses with one floor were probably around 2 metres high and if they have a rubble foundation and mud bricks on top probably require just over 12,000 mud bricks if they're two stories high could be up to 53,000 mud bricks and suddenly I won't go through all these details slowly because it gets a little boring hundreds of hours for both the excavation and the settlement for the production of mud bricks drying in ethnographic accounts typically people leave mud bricks to dry for a few days to a week if we were to follow the truth we'd leave our mud bricks to dry if you want really good mud bricks but that adds time and cost implications for the production and during the shrinkage and drying process now where are these mud bricks produced probably down in the river not entirely sure where it might be that they are down here a close proximity to the site but people would have to navigate through the cemeteries and bring them back up to site but the location is important because what is interesting is that one of the most significant costs is bringing the mud bricks to site thousands of hours even if you use donkeys there are thousands of hours obviously with a donkey the benefit is you can have four donkeys and a child directing the donkeys up to the ridge but you're still talking about a lot of time involved transportation in terms of a house that's about two metres high in terms of the foundations and the mud brick we're probably talking about 2,800 hours now obviously if there are 2,800 people involved it doesn't take very long but we don't know how many people involved and the second I think is that and this is just a calculation of a few hundred we think the north hill is built in a relatively short amount of time we don't know how long but there was a coming together in the creation of this new community for around 150 houses and there may well have been more you could be talking about hundreds of thousands of hours just for a two story structure but we know many of these houses are very elaborate most were probably two stories high at that point we're talking about millions of person hours so it's a very complicated process involving a lot of people and a lot of resource and logistical management so I should say that's all based on foundations and the mud bricks but it's clearly a lot more involved but that's all we could do really with Robinson's publication we can say there's a lot of time involved the value of the Society of Antiquities grant is that the first thing is it's supporting us to analyse mud bricks so we have a much clearer understanding of production the types of sediment involved the quantities of water, how much chaff might be needed for producing a mud brick we're also analysing slags and works iron because of course all the doors, timbers needed nails and iron in them one of my colleagues in Liverpool is looking at charcoal analysis to try and identify the different types of woods that may have been used for cooking but also structurally in the architecture where this wood is coming from is it local wood, what is the distance perhaps or what types of wood are being used because there are implications here for seizing the wood and the size of the timbers you can use and Dr Stalagruss is undertaking formal analysis of wood which is more about understanding the domestic economy on top of this and so this is crucial because these original calculations of hundreds of thousands of hours for a city is just a waltz we know, one of our students at our university in Denmark is currently looking at mosaic production many of the houses have mosaics in them and have plastered walls and so the different analyses that are being supported by the Society of Antiquities will feed into not only understanding what the houses may not look like but also the cost implications for that construction and decoration of the structures this is one of the original drawings of what the houses may have looked like and I should say that how we are trying to understand what the house looked like in terms of in the field and also analyzing the plan and aside from these laboratory-based analyses is we have a much more detailed understanding of the excavation Robinson's publications are as wonderful as they are typically there is half a page to a page on each house so you don't understand how the life history of the house so what the excavation is revealing and we are trying to understand now is the sequence of wall construction because at the moment the belief is that in all of these houses they were built in a single moment where you would have built the external walls and the internal walls in your second story but the excavation we are looking at potentially much more complicated sequence to the structures if we look in this northern part in these rooms the walls don't align particularly well you might not see it so clearly here so one of the questions we are trying to answer is were some of these internal walls added later was the construction process more complicated where people, the city was occupied 100 years and was there an earlier manifestation with external walls and some internal walls and then it became subdivided through time because that has interesting implications for how people live the house but it also has interesting implications for the economy and the economics behind house construction as well and also the sequence of some of these internal spaces down in the south as well and how this courtyard may have been used and whether internal walls were added to divide out this space what I do in Liverpool in my spare time well I'm paid to do one of the things I do is I use 3D modelling to try and understand house construction and visualisation of houses these aren't the finished models these were some of my work in progress but I could go through what we think the organisation of the house might be so at the moment there's some discussion about how this room may have function but what we do know, what we're still trying to understand is this back room which is one of the spaces that is most often talked about which is often referred to as a kitchen complex and there are lots of problems with that term but we think that this is potentially an area where food production took place and this funny shaped block I put here is the flu and I should put some models on but potentially this may have been an area where food was cooked and the smoke was taken out of the house but what's been quite frustrating for me when I use 3D modelling software is that the technology requires you to know what it is you want to build you can play around with your structure but it's time consuming activity so to make lots of different models takes a lot of time and energy instead if you use small plastic bricks it's a little easier to think through some of the construction scenarios and this is just a couple of snapshots of when I was playing and thinking about the house of this issue about how these the house may have been designed there's a stair base here and I put on the previous slide stairs going up, of course the stair base has been identified but we don't know at this stage whether it was at the initial stage of the house or whether there was later development they did their attic conversion and built up if there's a second story you probably need this wall going across here but it's interesting that they're not aligned or the way across, it's either not particularly good builders or maybe it might be a secondary addition working with bricks is also useful to think about the logistics of how you put your structure together and it also helps you to think about the space of the structure as well many of the discussions that happen on site relate to the function of particular rooms we find these artifacts and then people try to interpret the function of the space is it a dining room, is it a room for storage what activities are taking place because as Osha mentioned this city was destroyed and so there's a lot of debate about did people leave before the destruction, did they take material with them were their houses robbed afterwards, what was burned and the conquest, so we have a fragmented record so it's not a perfect way to understand the house so one of the other things I've been doing is thinking about the types of activities some of the specialists identifying is trying to populate and put activities back into the room and then the very useful thing is the second story because there are lots of possibilities in a way it's easier to try and work out these lower spaces because we've got walls we don't have anything for the second story up on the map we've got a stair base so do we imagine it's aligned in exactly the same way as the other rooms on the ground floor and the big question is this area here do we have completely covered upper story or do we have other options with flat rooms that may have been used or flat rooms with some kind of wall around them that could have been used for drying vegetables or drying clothes or whatever else you might use to drain across your roof in particular once of the year and how much these rooms have been used and so I've been using this as a kind of iterative tool to think about that construction process the other reason why it's been very useful and this is not connected to the Society of Antiquaries funding but it's funded and connected given to you by the auditing and by the Humanities Research Council that I should thank for that grant is that I've been taking research in the lintas and research in the houses into schools and trying to train teachers to be able to teach archaeology and to be able to make archaeology relevant to primary school and also secondary school to children because ancient Greece is on the national curriculum for primary schools it's a subject that can be taught along with British prehistory but it's basically the statement on the national curriculum is children should know about how you've benefited from the wonder of Greek society so teachers often don't know anything about ancient Greece and they're not sure what to teach and they find it difficult to engage children and so this has been a wonderful way to teach about how people lived in the ancient world such as art and design and maths and other subject matters but to focus the activities on daily life and to get children to think about potentially similarities with the ancient world so it's worked very well in some secular schools where I've worked because the houses around the school are just like not as grand as some of the antique ones but they're terrace blocks of houses and Greek cities that had rows of terraced houses and take them outside and get them to reflect on similarities with their own life and also the differences I switch back to you What we've tried to do in our presentation today is to give you a quick snapshot of what the research is in project as a whole and what we have benefited from in terms of the society's funds to develop our own particular topics of research that are going to take fieldwork forward into the analytical stage and provide us with the materials to talk about the economies of housing and the economies of the city at large Thank you very much