 I will start from, yeah, introduce my major research topic. I majored in architecture and my major research topic actually is about wooden granaries on South China, about their building craft and it is determining factors. And during my investigation around Sichuan province, I find a very special type of building existing in Jiarong region. So it is a very special, very in Jiarong region, Japu, I think I don't know very well, I pronounce it right. And this is a border area between Ando area and the Jiarong area. Jiarong is a kind of Tibetan agricultural region of Sichuan and Ando, they are a kind of pastoral region of Tibetan area in the past. So this is also a kind of junction of two different cultures. Meanwhile, there was a very important road across this region from the agricultural region to the pastoral region before the 1950s. So actually, before this region, in the past, they are quite a safe society area in the past. Okay, then I would like to say this region. This is a very close to Japu, the main area there is a river called Japu River and the area here they speak a special language called Japu language, which I learned from a very wonderful book, this dictionary, dictionary, Japu, Chinese and France, I'm sorry I could not read French, so I had to read it in Chinese. And this region is a very high altitude region compared to Damba. The region is the settlement of this region at an altitude between 2,750 to 3,500 meters higher than Damba area. And another special thing is due to the local river, it's a very big river and it is very typology. This region is much humidity than the surrounding Tibetan regions. So this is the dictionary we already quite familiar with and this is the altitude of this region. And this drawing is from a very nice book about Tsuchuan Tibetan Diverings and it describes the settlements of Damba area, but our study area, the Japu area is higher than Damba. And from this we can see the topograph of this region which is very steep and we can see some very impressive very high stone buildings in the villages this is the one settlement of Japu region. And we can see that even closer we see their overhanging drawing rights. The eight high stories Diverings is one of the oldest building in Sar region which was says to have been built in around the Middle Qing dynasty. So it's around the middle 18th century I think and the Divering has its own man, Tersa house as other Tibetan Diverings of Jiarong region built into Sipir area. There are diverse of Divering forms in Tsuchuan Tibetan area but tower Diverings of this region is the tallest type and for me is also the most impressive and the most complicated one. We can see these two pictures the left one is the tower Diverings of this region and the right one is a typical tower in Jiarong region. This is from so-called famous villages. And we can see they lose similarity but also but the different thing is local people need to live inside these tower Diverings and even with their agriculture harvester and their animals. Here I would like to start from a village of this region located in a very basin at the altitude of 2,700 meters and we can see from this layout of the villages the red part we can see is the Divering and the yellow one the very tiny yellow one on one river is the water mirror is a public water mirror for the whole villages and also in the middle of this photo we can see another shining yellow square it is the pagoda also it belongs to these villages. The villages consist of only seven families the stairs of Tibetan villages of this region are generally much smaller than Han villages and each family owns their own tower Diverings and their own fienders are quite connected to their Diverings. The layout of the villages is closely related to their living style and the social background and the seven tower Diverings close during Tudela at the junction of two rivers. We see from this drawing is a layout of a nearby village next to the last one and is also a kind of typical village of Japu valley and we can see each tower Diverings owns their own fienders and their fienders own quite a clear boundary which built by fence or short stone walls and the south Diverings you can see also their own small village vegetable gardens and the in troughs by low stone walls and we can see the photo of local villages and we can see how they're daring together like a very defensive strong folk and the such kind of village layout improve the defensive ability of this village and let's come to the Divering. Usually a tower Divering of this region is always a high strong and enclosed fold with very few opening on its surface. Due to unsafe society background during Tusi period local had to build their house and the defensive consideration is their main consideration for building but they also need to live inside so actually there are three main functions need to be patterned into a tower when building such kind of Divering they should consider living inside and they should consider how to organize their agriculture produced inside and also for their enemies animals sorry and so local farmers were inclined to integrate their time-consuming high line berry harvest activities and the granaries into their own small fold so to protect their harvest from the changes and the raining season this kind of tower Diverings can be seen as a vertical farm. Then we can see here there is five frost plants and we can see how difficult they try to integrate those things together because such kind of requirements rise some problems for the construction for the defense defensive consideration they need to build high buildings with very heavy walls the walls were around one meters wise we can see from the from this plan the bled light was very heavy and the last the indoor space become very narrow and very dark but for the harvest the process of high line berry they need good ventilation tradition they need to be in an open air and they need to be in a dry air so this all of these requirements from the agricultural to fleet with this narrow and the enclosed interior plants determined by defensive requirements another building so this is the main case study I did in my dissertation is a kind of typical tower Dvering also one of the most famous one in this region it called Tersa building Tersa is the building's name so the following part we'll show how local builders did all their effort to organize space for searching balance between defense and their lives we started from the ground floor and from the ground floor from the I think from the right side you can see the photo is the owner of this Dvering's open the door made door for me and from the middle we can see the ground floor of this tower Dvering they used to be a low stone walls around the basement and in closing a private garden for the vegetable and the animals the main entrance of this building is open to the east part facing their high line berry field the inner space of the ground floor is divided into two equal areas and the one part one room was applied for keeping animals inside in the cold winter time and the second floor is made of mainly used for storing hay for the animals and there also are very small tour rooms in troughs by a wooden wall at the end of the western area for storing agricultural tools and the tapestry tools inside you can see in the middle images and the third floor is the main or the most important space of the whole Dvering's is the living space of this building in cold teaching in Tibetan and also I show the the name the Japu tam of this this this room but I do not know how to pronounce it and this space it is a kind of multifunction space it can be applied for cooking dinner and the meeting and also this the decoration of this room is quite nice you can see inside the very tip a lot of for them is the most precious thing inside this room and in the middle of this room will be the old open fire space on the center and also behind this main room there is a small room in the eastern area connected to this teaching room it's a kind of storeroom for storing Zambal wine and the other precious foods it's behind the ladder you can see from the middle images and then the first floor is again a hay storage the hay in this area are most straws of highland berry so they were stoned here after the stretching process on the top most of this building and on the right side you can see bin through the wall and it is for supporting the up structure and the fifth story is applied also for hay storage and the food storage and from this from this floor they are overhanging around us built outside and this kind of space are used for drying highland berry in harvest season and in some other seasons they tend to be used used for drying radishes and beans and it can also be used for storage straws in some cases so I picked some part from the dictionary the overhanging around us is with drying rents so we would have to describe this a very long time in English because we didn't get an equal word in English and this kind of structure is one most important character of local tower development we can also find this in some surrounding mountain areas and this is also one important working space for locals they also built their toilet in this place and the layout of the Tantili word verandas is the result of adapting the local environment factors so this kind of topmost area has the best ventilation of this building and it is the ideal place for hiding their harvest in here and also it is support ventilation of the whole buildings outside the harvest period white birch state will be woven outside the overhanging verandas and the two form in troughs surface to prevent caught wind into a building and we can also see how they were used inside and the indoor space of the fifth of the six floor is one most truly tricky one it is divided into two different function space bedroom and the granaries so the right part is two bedrooms and the left part are two wooden logger construction granaries and so there is also one short corridor behind two of these two granaries which can be used as a temporary storage place and we can find from these two stories that we can see instead of stone walls in these two stories they began to use wooden pillars and the beams as interior supports and the this kind of wooden supports can help to create a more open space to improve the condition of working indoors and they can also be based on the requirement of reducing the building load and the difficulty of construction here we come to the topmost floor this floor transistor of two main function one is worship space and the one is for harvest and watching space the front terrace autopies nearly the half area of this plant so the terrace receive most and the longest sunshine which also important for the difference due to it is from primary function and the environmental factors the orientation of these terraces is also rather important terraces of most local tower devirings were designed to face south or east to accept as long sunshine as much and the big room of the topmost story is named lecture hall jingtang it is mainly for worship and this is the most shared space in the devirings only months and their family members are around to enter this space and but however this stair space can be also used as a temporary storage for highland berry during the period especially in the rainy season the stretching water usually will last several days and will let no finish it in one day they will put their highland berry inside the lecture hall and there is also a white porch in front of this room supporting by extended beams and the space is one of the most convenient don't need a place for local women in the past when they deal their house workers during the daytime because it's the most warm and the lighting space this is where yunfang suya and i visited last year i think you already can remember this place which is pretty cool inside and in some regions like shiyue the most part will be also like this local people enlarge the similar outdoor space and for maybe for more drying product then after then we can know that by different main functions of each floor these devirings can generally be divided into four sections on the vertical direction uh the lower part is for the livestock for the animal and the middle part is for the middle daily life for the human and the upper part for me is for the agricultural water and the water stream space and sometimes there will be some bedrooms on the top space when we see other plants from this region here i these four different devirings of this region we can see very similar vertical organization the functional organization here are quite similar in the vertical aggressions they will put their teaching in the middle usually and the lower part is always for the animal and the upper part is always for the agricultural water and their worship space and also their granaries and when we connect it to the local language uh these are terms technologies which i picked up from the dictionary and i find that the functional space in their language are a kind of equal to the floor numbers i do not know whether it is an understanding program or they really fix them together so for me like the term of the second floor is usually is always connected to the teaching and the term of first floor is fixed to the bathroom so we can find that they are a kind of reiteration of the colonization in their mind about their house how it should be and then we will see say more about the harvest the sound is not the best in the world could you so your voice we cannot hear you clearly okay can you hear me now it's better it's better so i i put this close to me okay okay here i would like to explain the highland area can grow quite well in the high attitude area you can see it can grow in high mountainous areas like this photo shore and in japan region the harvest period of highland bay is from middle of september to the end of september so in this area is also the end of their release season so they will is always running in this area in this period the harvest process of highland bay in darong region can be structured into a growing stance the wrapping the transportation the drying last 10 to 20 days or even one month more and the thrashing and the venerating and the in jackpool very most of the stands let finish it in their house so this is most due to the local community river and the unsafe social tradition in the past and the usually they were used short-handle stitch for sitters for harvesting on the tide this process into uh fundings afterwards generally this kind of transportation work was women's building in the past so we can see uh i used this drawing to show how harvest process they integrate into this into their device and we started from the old woman and put the transport his harvest into her house they were used uh laders who drive up down through the whole house and the it is a kind of difficult work when you're a terribly heavy things on your back most of the opening of this staircase you can find on the drawing or also when you visit this area you will find it also most of opening of for this staircase are much bigger than necessary size to around one person to pass it back but it is just for people to carry their uh harvest through these openings so usually the openings dimension will be to meet around uh 1.5 meters to even more than two meters for people to carry things up and down but sometimes locals will also build a temporary outdoor shot card to avoid the difficulty for carrying highland berries through the narrow dark interior space and they will put long wooden planks connecting to the end of the lotus the baranda and the ground floor as an implied drainway and this fresh harvest uh highland berry needs to be hanged on drying racks for 10 to 20 days in drier seasons drying ranks in other seasons sorry so in other seasons drying ranks can be used for other vegetables and other beans and when highland berry is dry then the stretching process will be carried out in a flat place and this process usually happens on the top most of tower development the terrace and the first years of highland berry are separated from the straw and the place in the center of the flat place and two or more farmers stretching land with long wooden fellers you can see from the next photos old mama and these tours for stretching and for winnowing winnowing they want to separate the grain and the outers of the grain and they were realized on the natural wind in this region and the first three lead to let the mixture of grain and the trough into a kind of thread busted and then through the mixture into the air to let the wind brew away the lighter part and the land the grain grain will be left in the beader thread busted and this process will be repeated and repeated and here everything was done and during those processes one construction should be done before those two processes were patterned is a special kind of wooden planters should be instead surrounding the terrace to form a poor light area to prevent the grain jump outside the the floor so it's very and also we can find there is a special terminology for this kind of wooden planters and you can only find the land in the harvest season in the other season people will take them home and after all these processes the train ground will be taken and stored in their wooden granaries highland berry can still be eaten even after have been storied for many years and the form of these wooden granaries are quite similar and quite ancient they are log transaction granaries they are generally square with the side lengths around the 2.5 meters and their heads are around the 2 meters and inside such kind of wooden granaries several pieces of seed wooden folders divided in those space into different chasters and a different head and for different kind of grain and the different years of grain and we can find such kind of log construction in other Tibetan area this kind of log construction was regarded as the idea construction method or theory storage in Tibetan religion so because it turned very strong and so according to the earthquake strength in Tibetan area and also the safe society social factors of this region log granaries will be the most stable construction for grain which are also fine and historical images of log granaries this is in Yunnan from around 2000 years ago and also from the dictionary I found one 10 I could not read it many maybe you will know how to pronounce this term and this term from the description it says it is uh is describe the amount of the grain but it is also the kind of time for me to describe the building space so for me it seems like local also use part of the building space to describe the amount of their harvest it's a kind of connection between building space and the harvest now let's come to the part that how people build such kind of building and many local tower devourings are built with quite mature structure it's mixed the mixed the wood stone structure so the study of the house shows that there are around four types of structure used in a typical tower devourings in the lower part is load bearing stone structure and upper a little bit in the middle part is load bearing stone structure mixed with inner wooden posters and the higher part is tend to divert wooden structure and the load structure so in staring such kind of different wooden structure into stone structures can reduce the building's load and also enlarge the indoor space but also it can increase the complete of the building process in the past the building process of tower devourings in japan area usually last for several years one house the house owner will invite at least one experience masters to guide and lead the whole construction process and this masters usually is a mason master and the master and his group were mainly responsible for the main body of the buildings but the wooden part was belong to the experienced carpenters they were invited to build the chanting beaver relan does the wooden granaries the windows and the some important interior finishes and here we can see is two kinds of of waters the left is the carpenters and the right is the mason when we start from the foundation the foundation usually is a prior very narrow square plans and it will dig into the ground to form the basement usually the depths of this basement were from half one meters and to build such kind of high buildings a stride folder is a mast so when building start and usually the stride folders are erect inside the surrounding wall instead of outer and the first layer of stride folders is only 1.5 meters high when building the walls of the ground floor with such kind of low height women we mean who are responsible for tearing mold and the loads turn easily easily transport land to waters who are standing on the stride folders that let them build the walls higher and higher and when the wall rise to around the three meters during the construction process waters began to do floor framings for the second floor and then they can take apart the lower stride folders and they use the floor framings for the first of the second floor as a working platform and they will reuse the stride folding again on the second floor and build one and build third floors frame and the land take apart again so actually they use very short stride folders and they reuse again and again until reach to the height they need so after the determined height they need to prepare for the overhanging verandas they will first left some holes for in-stairing and he levered the beams and the land happeners will join the work from this time they will come to instill beams into this reserved course and the this these beams those beams are quite important and usually made from a very special wood local say the Qing Zhang Mu in this region a very strong and hard wood and the land a group of short posts of the veranda and the several horizontal drawing ramps are assembled together to form a plan friends and the carpenters land were directly prepared friends at the outages of the veranda and they were put small beams on the top of the outside end of these 20 levered beams and the land the posters can carry the upper part the posters carry the drawing posters were fought at their lower enders and the land fits on the wall panel beams in this and the least is quite dangerous and the scare for waters so usually should be patterned by a group of carpenters not for the mentions as before and the after this stems after this stemmed carpenters were diagramming layer series of upper beams which are also supporting beams of the upper verandas on the pillars of these drawing ramps loaders of these upper beams helps these drawing ramps can tip stables in their place and the land uh usually these two log construction should be done before the construction and the on the ground floor because it needs a flat place and a bit place to uh build such kind of concreted load construction and the land after they down these log granaries on the ground floor they were taken apart and the land transfer the pieces of the log granaries up on the top of the buildings and the land assemble these components again to be granaries on the floor of the story again and then the final step of the construction project is forward the floors of the devirings are traditionally combined by several layers there will be wooden stage above it will be stone slabs or wooden planters and the land leaves and the land renders and it was usually carried out by a group of women from this village or even neighborhood villages in the past this kind of tradition uh I know it is still lasted in Tibetan area and the surrounding Lhasa area I've heard still they have such kind of tradition and the literary earth to cover each floor frame and the red land into red earth floor surface it's also can be seen as a kind of festival because all women come and they will sing the dance together above such kind of red earth floor and so after all this thing after the whole floor was covered on the on this building and the old components of this building become stable because of the weight of the floor so okay so it's the finish of this kind of construction and here I would like to say that uh from the dictionary of Japo area and I find that there are a kind of quite various of times used for describing wooden elements of overhanging verandas I mean each building elements both layer names and much more than other parts of the building we will think why why each small pieces of elements brought it is named in this space and I will suppose this can relate to the group working requirements during such kind of difficult construction process for the overhanging verandas and because people need to work together and then they need to transfer and assemble the elements in steps so the name of these elements become necessary because they need to work together and they need to transfer different kinds of elements and it should not be wrong because it is a quite difficult difficulty and quite unsafe water in a very high space but in the nearly I think it's already nearly 70 years in this region there is no more such kind of building was built in this way again and the wait and see some of land were already demolished all people built new devarings new shop devarings just behind the older one and they will use the old and the tall buildings only for storage or only for drawing their harvest and the wait and see the difference between the new in front and the older in the background I would not do anything we turn only to record and to to record as much as we can and to hope the local people can have a much happy future afterwards and in the end I would like to express my appreciation to the dictionary and the idea of the story helps me to get better understanding on the building of this region and help me to know how excellent work local people did in the past so it's the end and thank you very much for hearing and also for my I'm very sorry again for my poor in