 Today on Out of Frame, I'm going to talk about Luc Besson's new $200 million blockbuster, Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets, or, more accurately, the fantastic and highly influential French graphic novel series that it's based on. For those of you who aren't familiar with Besson, he's had an immensely successful career that started with creating an entirely new genre of filmmaking in the 1980s called Cinema du Luc, with films like La Femme Niquita, Subway, and Le Grand Bleu. Then he saw American critical acclaim with Leon the Professional, and eventually enormous commercial success in the sci-fi genre with The Fifth Element, which actually featured production designed by Valerian and Loreline artist Jean-Claude Meisier. Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets is a project that Luc Besson has reportedly been trying to make for decades, and he's hardly the only filmmaker to be influenced by Valerian and Loreline. Even though the comics by Pierre Coustein are largely unknown to American audiences today, if you know where to look, it's hard not to spot their massive impact on the history of science fiction cinema, going all the way back to classics like Star Wars and Barbarella. But what I like most about Valerian isn't the creativity and humor of its characters, the originality of its alien worlds, or even its inventive bold artwork. Nope, what I really love about Valerian are its ideas. But before I get to that, we should talk about storytelling for a second. This may come as a surprise to a lot of people, but big ideas about society and philosophy are actually pretty hard to successfully incorporate into creative stories. In his book Three Uses of the Knife, playwright David Mamet said that the best dramatic stories stick with you, because there's something in them that comes from the heart, and so goes to the heart. By contrast, Mamet says that what comes from the head is perceived by the audience, the child, the electorate, as manipulative. And we may succumb to the manipulative for a moment, because it makes us feel good, decide with the powerful, but finally we understand we're being manipulated, and we resent it. The point is, stating an idea outright, or simply presenting the evidence for a particular viewpoint usually winds up making audiences feel like they're being told what to think or to feel. And let's be honest, nobody likes that. As a result, writers pushing a particular message often end up creating preachy stories that are boring, divisive, or just plain irritating to the reader. Meanwhile, perhaps ironically, stories that are centered around relatable characters usually end up conveying their ideas much more effectively, whether the author has an agenda or not, because the audience organically empathizes with characters and the situations they find themselves in. Political scientists like Brendan Nyan and Jason Reifler call the tendency for people to reject direct evidence that challenges their pre-existing viewpoints, the backfire effect. While psychologist Marcus Applesworth suggests that people who empathize with characters in a story experience something called narrative transportation and become more open to those characters' values and ideas. Another way to think about this is that it's easy to disagree with an abstract or intellectual idea, and it's even easier to dismiss evidence you don't like about the real world. It's almost impossible to disagree with someone else's experience, and in order to enjoy narrative fiction you have to suspend disbelief, at least for a little while. All that is to say, for those of us who do make films about big ideas and intellectual concepts simply presenting the facts isn't persuasive. The only way to make new ideas compelling to most people is through the use of a storytelling technique called allegory, or a symbolic narrative using concrete characters and situations to represent abstract concepts. And few genres offer writers a better opportunity to talk about philosophical ideas through allegory than science fiction and fantasy. Valerian and Loreline is a perfect example of this. On the surface, it's one of the most wildly inventive and original comics I've ever read. It's set hundreds of years into the future where humans have survived a nuclear holocaust to eventually learn to bend time and space, and our heroes are a pair of fearless agents for Earth's spatiotemporal agency who travel through the universe encountering new civilizations. Valerian is fun, but a bit arrogant, yet genuinely skilled as a space pilot and operative. Valerian is smarter and a bit sarcastic, often bailing Valerian out from situations he can't handle. They make a great team, and their adventures are exciting and fun to read, but underneath all that are a set of ideas about how society should work. For example, in Valerian and Loreline and The Empire of a Thousand Planets, the book that it seems like Besson's film is mostly going to be based on, Valerian and Loreline are dispatched to the planet Sierta, which no Earthling has ever visited. The planet is described as the greatest market of the empire, a hub of trade and peaceful commerce from merchants from across the galaxy, where one can find virtually anything they could want or need. What's more, it's a spaceport that welcomed ships from all over the solar system. There's no customs, no security, one comes to Sierta the Magnificent unrestrained and leaves it freely. This isn't a dystopian nightmare like you would see in so many other depictions of the future, especially on a world dominated by commerce. Valerian and Loreline mainly depicts commerce and trade as it actually is, the opposite of violence. Pause for a second to think about how rare that is, since at least the 1960s, businessman has been the most reliably predictable villain in pop culture entertainment. But eventually, when Valerian and Loreline learn that a religious sect has taken over the government of Sierta, restricting trade and immigration, creating a secretive ruling class that impoverishes the people of the planet, they work with the leader of the merchant's guild to overthrow the government and reestablish free trade and commerce throughout the system and even build new trading relationships with Earth. A lot of Valerian novels have similar themes of peace, trade and individualism. In Heroes of the Equinox, Valerian becomes a champion competing for the honor of becoming the genetic progenitor of the next generation of an entire species on a planet called Simlane. I know, it's a weird concept, but welcome to science fiction. Anyway, after a rigorous series of physical challenges, the final test requires each of the challengers to describe their ideal vision for the future of the planet. First, Ermgol says that he would see Simlane build powerful spaceships to conquer the galaxy. The next challenger, Ortsog says that he would tear down all symbols of wealth and luxury and institute a communist central bureaucracy to plan society, redistribute wealth and rebuild Simlane into an agrarian and industrial world. Glimphlim speaks next, advocating a society that renounces technology and industry and allows nature to reclaim their cities, leaving the future generation to live in the wild like their ancestors did. But finally, Valerian arrives. Unlike the other challengers, he's caught off guard by the very idea of the question. He says, honestly, I don't really have a clear idea. Anyways, it's not up to me to define it. I hope the people will be happy in their own fashion on their planet. Throughout the entire series, Valerian and Loreline fight on the side of individual self-determination and the value of a diverse, peaceful, prosperous society. And they do all this inside the context of entertaining and original science fiction storytelling. Which means that all of these ideas about how our world could and should be are felt and seen by audiences, instead of being presented as argument to be dismissed or ignored. I have no idea if these kinds of ideas will make an appearance in Luc Besson's new film, but I hope so. If his treatment is as smart, vibrant, and fun as the source material, the film should be pretty good. But hey, if not, you can always go read the books. Hey everybody, thanks for watching this episode of Out of Frame. 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