 Yeah, we've got just over 20 minutes for some questions Let's let's go. We'll take three and then we'll get some responses and see how far we can get Thank you Yeah, I'm Julia Messina Thanks for the the very very interesting presentations. I have a question for each of you so for Valentina I Like the paper a lot. I wonder Um This is not very well suited to the deep in deep that you're doing but Do you observe that they are in general more? applicants interested in STEM more women applicants entering the stem after the policy was introduced the question is is this policy Is this policy actually? Simply shifting women towards those two universities that introduced the quarters and the programs or is Actually making women more interested in following the stem to the question to the paper and on Tunisia Which I found very interesting. It's very interesting how similar the results for Tunisia are for some of the things that we've done in Latin America one Aspect that surprised me But this is my ignorance of Tunisia's labor market is that you don't talk anything about in Informality, which is big issue in Latin America. So we're wondering whether that's something That you are considering analysis or whether this is a non-issue in Tunisia and For the paper in Costa Rica. I had maybe one suggestion I think following something similar to what the Tunisian paper considering that you're gonna have this very very different Non-participation of women in different parts of the distribution Maybe you want to do some of these were hack of line the composition that you're doing across the distribution and see whether those wage gaps in those areas where The differential participation has not been that important at the top or in the You know in the upper half of the distribution how those results look like I think that would be interesting Thank you anybody else here in this neighborhood just to add to that from the chair Also, just formally you one can do the a hawker blind on the participation itself, right on the change in the In the participation, right? It just seems like it's an extremely important margin besides earnings actually Yes Yes The way you apply the difference in the friendship at Espada, and they kind of all care to me that they may be some omitted by us in terms of the quality of the intensity or the difficulty of schoolwork for example, I I was I teach a negrary history If a even a particular year I have my upgrade at getting percent of the school and then the following year I have like 60 then it means the group of students I have now For that for better away That's not a good way to use it is that I was going to say no quality, but So what you do is you kept the great are we picking the fact I'm concerned about the dropout We are we picking the fact that we are improving the great It is giving incentives to students to stay in the program and not dropout because we reduce the quality of education If for that if you get where I'm coming from because over the years you sometimes have to cut the great I just finished reading before coming here and I have to attend boys To literally kept a great so what I mean is that I still have students taking my calls But easy because I'm trying to because if I have students like 90% percent of then I don't have to cut They really mean I have high quality student for that year, but the next year Now we have My question is for Valentina Thank you for that paper We have affirmative action in my country. So I was quite keen to learn it's not based on gender It's based on ethnicity. So I was quite keen to learn from your experience now the first point which I wanted to raise was the question of The duration you didn't tell us when it was introduced and for how long This policy is going to be in place in most cases when you do have a firm defection the question of duration comes up And the question of duration comes up because there's a specific reason for that If you have long-term implementation of the policy you can have drawbacks So I wanted to push you on that point on duration and whether that issue was discussed at all when you were implementing it in Chile Chile is it the second question was on the curriculum. I thought this was very interesting You're changing the curriculum to accommodate women's preferences to get women more interested in the cause While I'm all for curriculum revisions my question is this what are the implications of this on the quality of the course This is a professional course And if you change the content of the curriculum does it then reduce the call to such a point that you may actually be compromising the quality of The engineering course that you're providing for the students Those are my two questions for you for the question on Tunisia You raised the point about politics and you said politics is very important, but I'm sorry I I must have missed it, but I didn't get how politics was so important Because it didn't come out in the conclusion too. So could you tell us how does the politics fit into your analysis? Thank you I'll come in on our next round So we Okay, so I'll start So the first question is about The trends I guess so it's the universities that implemented the policy versus they went with it that didn't and this is of course a question That I've asked myself several times. It's not so easy to answer so the first thing that I would say is that It's a different deep and what we're seeing is that there is an increase in the proportion of females attending engineering schools in the true to treated schools and The the trend for the control it remains the same. So at least we're not seeing Like changes. Yeah, exactly. We're not seeing something crazy there Still there could be some some effects going on But the problem is that they are difficult to disentangle because it would say are there women who are choosing now these universities But they would have gone to them anyway This is something that I could potentially see because I see their applications So I see their applications in the first choice and I can see what they would have gone to if they didn't go to the Uchile or book I can see that but because they decided what to apply for they decided to put the University of Chile as the first option I They made up their mind about studying They might have made up their mind about studying engineering. I see this policy I see that engineering that the the best engineering school in in Chile is Calling more women to study there. So maybe engineering is for me I'm gonna apply to their first and then I'm gonna apply to maybe another university So it might be that still although there their second option is a STEM degree It wouldn't have been without the policy. So that's that's why it's a bit difficult to disentangle I would say still that these results are relevant even if These schools are stealing Women from other schools Because these are the two best schools in the country and that means that The graduates from this school are also the ones who make the highest wages So it's still contributing to reduce gender wage potentially is contributing to reduce gender wage gap So the other question about Quality and if it's maybe changing how The professors are grading think this is an excellent question the The thing is that I have variation within cohort and I didn't mention this but these are There are there are several classrooms in each cohort and there is variation of gender composition within those classrooms and the tests that they have to take are the same tests and The grades are a standard dice between the whole group So even if there are groups with more women who might be not as well prepared as their male peers or as their other female peers There is still subject to the same level of quality demands from the professors So in that way, I think I'm not having that problem that much I still think that maybe I should because I am I mean I have also Several cohorts and I have cohorts fix effects too. So I don't think that's what this this is Showing I think it's more of a preferences for being with more women and Then the policy questions. I think the policy questions are very interesting. So but They're a bit out of the scope of my work So the policy was implemented in 2014 and that means this is a six-year degree It's a very long degree a sudden engineering in Chile So we are starting now to see the first cohorts of women graduating the policy is still in place I don't know until when it's gonna be in place. But yeah, the the the idea is that it is a temporary policy Temporary until when I'm not sure And about the courses if the changes in curriculum would affect overall quality of the degree I don't know but what I do know is that They shouldn't so The curriculum it means that they have like minors in this so there is a minor in biomedicine So I guess if the students were choosing this minor that the students were choosing the minor this minor would be affected by By the change, but the ones who are not choosing this minor wouldn't so it shouldn't have negative effects on those students I think but yeah, I mean I'm not really Studying that part and and I don't have that from the students in that university You only have that from for the students in in the other university Thank you so on the similarity between I think Many countries had the same story of increase of tertiary education and Structural change that wasn't at the same pace. So probably kept economies at the same style and then Education premier decrease because the supply is higher than the demand So this maybe explains why there is this kind of similarity on the formal labor. You're totally right I think this is of course It's very important in Tunisia as in the old minor region So this is a good point We can try to see what's the contribution of the chain and many people think that after the revolution Most of the jobs were created in the public sector or in the informal sector because growth was very low So probably both created jobs and I think we can get interesting results to look at informal part On politics. So what happened is that after the revolution the social pressure was very high and so the government totally changed its employment and wage policy the the employment policy was in the decade before was favoring the high skilled so the Number of high skilled was increasing in the administration and the wages was increasing while the wage of Low and medium skilled was decreasing after the revolution. This was totally inverted. So the government decided to increase the wages of the low skill and for the Employment actually what happened is that many people were working for the government without contracts So or had this kind of temporary contracts and they're huge demonstrations and social movements the government decided to Make all these people civil servants Which created the very huge wage bill actually some people say that Tunisia had probably the highest wage bill In terms of GDP or one of the highest in the world at least this is one of the problems in the negotiations with the IMF today but This is how politics entered the story by this very rapid change In my case in my case is it was just a comment But I appreciate your comment and I will take up the comment specifically Maybe to use you are right to use the drop out the drop out rate Maybe as a control or we can use an an heterogeneity Test and we have many options. The good thing is this method is pretty flexible and we have this data We can more we can do More tests and try to incorporate this important factor, which definitely is one of the main predictors of the differences in Salaries in the gender pay gap during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thank you Great excellent questions and excellent answers. We've got some time for some more Good good afternoon. My name is Atsun. I have two questions one question for Mohammed Mohammed It's okay and one question for Luis My question for Mohammed is that you have presented to us the Like the good the good a good a scenario where inequality has decreased But I would like to know if this has compromised any other economy Performance, I don't know maybe the growth of the economy have decreased it Maybe the public sector have obtained it high levels of debt or I don't know I would like to know how has done Tunisia to increase the the the public the public spend To know in order to have like a bigger picture and my question for Luis is that your final conclusion I In my opinion, I agree because at the beginning I saw that you presented to us An image where we had the Informality and we saw that the levels of informality in male were higher than in female. So Like a fierce idea that that could explain that the women Decreased less the salaries than men, but My question is that I don't know why that good Explained that difference if you are using the headman corrector if the headman isn't tries to Reduce the bias generated by the drops in the in the sample So I don't know why the headman corrector would not be correcting that bias. It's not true to me It's not clear to me. Thank you for your question. Definitely The idea to use HEC man was to try to correct Especially HEC man as as you as you know Correct for the probability Which characteristics influence The probability to be into the labor market. We partially correct using this kind of Methodological tool, but not necessarily because it's pretty difficult to capture these movements in the labor market because there are Pretty speed movements, maybe because of these Kind of rate of dropout Period by period is more accurate to measure the influence of this not just considering the entire effect Maybe it's better to do it period by period. It's a good. It's a good recommendation for our work But we try it to do it definitely and HEC man partially correct Considering all these characteristics also informality as you said because we use this predictor as part of our Estimation and regarding your comments Definitely there are pretty pretty useful As well some of the short comments. We have limitations because we don't have Maybe we don't have this a specific information about the change or the shift from one Industry or sector to another one if I understand if I understand well but We have Maybe we can try it to do it a more try to Understand this is part of our Work to try to understand the mechanism and try to go deeper in the predictors in the Characteristics in the endowments that explain these changes and this is part of the job today Because of the time it wasn't possible to show you but for example Some of the predictors who explain the the gap and specifically during the part of the Related to the COVID-19 pandemic was the occupation the level of the skills for example And maybe this is related with your concern and then is is also our concern We have to go deeper and try to Understand and try to correct in a better way to take in into account. Thank you very much. It's okay Thank you. Yeah, regarding your question. So there are really two periods very distinct Before the revolution the economic situation was quite good and employment figures were bad But public debt for example was very low like less than 35 percent of GDP Today public debt is around 90 percent of GDP. So what happened is that the country bought social peace at the depend of its Depth situation. I mean the government, of course, it's not sustainable anymore And today it has an IMF program and the negotiations with the IMF are very complex so But inequality decreased more in the first period so we cannot say that inequality is The decrease of inequality is responsible of the problems However, when you buy it with civil servants hiring, of course in that case It's it's very expensive for the country and it's very risky because today Situation especially with COVID and the war in Ukraine It's it's not anymore sustainable because the country also subsidizes energy and Bread and all these basic products. So the deficit is becoming totally unsustainable and The situation is very unclear for the next month and weeks even Okay, wonderful. So That wasn't a wonderful conclusion that was pretty daunting for Tunisia, right? Anyway, thank you. We had a inspirational message about solving the gender gap thank you for that and and a very interesting session covering a Range of issues on on inequality including policy issues and the second installment is to come tomorrow as a second in our UNU wider partnership technology and and inequality in the labor market tomorrow morning, but thank you very much to the presenters excellent presentations and to you