 Well, hi. So I have 15 minutes. It's ridiculous. So thank you for the thanks thanks. Thanks to the organizers. I must say I've really enjoyed. I'm really glad I came I've learned a lot from this from this from this panel. I Don't know whether you'll learn very much from this paper, but here we go So this this this is part of a project with James to assess the relation between Hissite, Louvian and Greek religion How are these religious systems? Connected There's some direct evidence for contact in the late Bronze Age. The best evidence is Deities of Ahi Yawa and Laspere at the Hittite Court. That's a bit in red There must have been contact with Willusa as well if as I think the deity Apalliuna in the treaty is Greek Must have been much much more than that We don't have evidence for and also contact between Greek and Louvian cultures of the first millennium There's a lot of inherited stuff from the second if you compare these cultures religious cultures what you find is similarities and Differences and you can look at each of those similarities. The question is Do similarities ever imply an historical connection? How do we assess that? Obvious things to look at a historical context and also uniqueness and you can also look at differences I'm not gonna do that. I'm not gonna do that today, but differences are very interesting actually when you do this sort of work So you can look at different aspects of religion festivals sacrifices dedications. We were just Hearing about today. I had this idea a few months ago that it would be interesting to look at war rituals and Religion and war and one reason that makes sense is is that war is a context for the diffusion of technology and Religion you think of horses and chariots in the mid second millennium or it sort of sweeps across the west the the eastern Mediterranean battering rams whole chapter could be written about battering rams fortifications and context for this sort of change all sorts of things an embarrassment of things You think of military alliances Mercenaries we think of the the Durdun These Durdun people who fought at the Battle of Kadesh, which we have a picture of people the Durdun are often thought to come from The area of will use us and that would immediately provide a sort of context for the diffusion of military technology And and of course, there's enormous it doesn't need I don't need to waste 30 seconds telling you that There's there are enormous number of occasions where we could have had military contact between the Mycenaeans and powers of either Western Anatolia or even even the Hittites. There were lots of military confrontations Evidence Well, I want to say something about archaeology since we're actually at the EAA I am not an archaeologist There's the famous Thing you always think of is the famous bronze sword found at Hattosha in 1991 Which seems to record to the liars attack on a sewer in the West about 1400 BC, which we were hearing about This morning some have doubted that this is a Mycenaean sword I said that because Professor Yanikos who isn't here actually thinks it is a Mycenaean sword, but since he's not here I can just say that I'm I don't I tend to agree. It's not likely to be a Mycenaean sword There's also the issue of vocabulary Linguistic evidence another little niche area Does do does language suggests that Military ideas were sort of borrowed between these cultures. I'm not sure and I'm other people will know far more about this than me I I I It occurred to me. There was one case which is this word kumbakos which in Homer Once means crown of a helmet and it's been compared to a Haryan Hittite word kumbahi And as usual some people think it might be right and some people think it's wrong So it really gets you nowhere. There are also some cognate terms which I find exciting there's the the Hittite word lacha Which means campaign resembles the Greek word laos, which you may know is meeting people, but actually it means the army and we have la hi alas campaigner which To the layer actually calls himself and la hi ala When he returns from defeating a sewer and that's a little bit like Greek la Laga does also luyan qualan, which is the word for army has been has been compared to a Greek word But even if these cognates are right, they don't really tell you anything about borrowing war rituals Now I wanted to compare Hittite war rituals and Greek war rituals We're lucky to have an article on the Hittite stuff by Richard Beal 1995 very useful similar secondary material on the Greek side booked by Pritchard on Greek military practices very useful We should remember however that these things occur in all ancient cultures And there's been some awareness of this recently. There's a collected volume by Kristof Ulanovsky Brill volume there's material on Babylon as Syria I put it on there Israel a collected volume and Rome a Book by Rupka from 1990 which sums it all up nothing for Egypt as far as I can see which would be useful It's important to realize that when you when you do this when you try to compare ritual practice Practices you tend to find things in different cultures. We find parallels between Hittites and Assyrians for example One of the best early parallels noticed in the case of military rituals was actually between the Hittites and Rome Italy Which I when Alvin was giving his paper about the Etruscans, you know, I was thinking this would fit into that quite well one of one of the best Some Hittite rituals emanating from the area of Kizawatna Aimed to summon deities from foreign cities and in one case the context is clearly Military enemies an enemy city has been captured. That's CTH 423. You can see there and one obvious Parallel is this Roman ever cartio d'orum already noticed in 1927 and it seems to be seems to be right in in the There's nothing quite that like like this in Greek religion Perhaps because think about Greek religion is the Greeks every Greek city had the same gods So there was no point in summoning the gods of the other city because you had your own gods anyway That's was pointed out by by Nielsen So anyway, this is a not rather neat Hittite Roman Parallel related to that is the declaration of war at the enemy border Which we have in one Hittite tech CTH 422 They invoke Zitheria One of the he's one of the tutelary deities worshiped in the form of a hunting bag You know these hunting bags the cursor made of animal skins and Zitheria has a special connection with with war We have a Roman equivalent of that They the Roman Roman priest did much the same thing. There's kind of a Greek parallel for this to called epitheasmos So it's not so clear There's been some interest actually in the idea that the the Greek myth of the golden fleece Comes from Hittite Anatolia and how that might have happened But if it did happen I like to think of the you know the Greek Greek armies seeing Hittite armies who are sort of holding up these hunting bags as sort of military military symbols at the at the border to turn to the The relationship between Greek and Hittite military rituals This is harder to assess because we have so little evidence for Mycenaean warfare. The exception actually is Keldar 2005 very good piece Primaphasiae Greek hoplite warfare of the 1st millennium looks completely unlike anything in in late Bronze Age Anatolia and the military rituals look different to the Greeks sing the battle peon and when they win They set up the tropion. For example, there's nothing like that in the in the Hittite material, but there are some parallels One of the best is the the so-called between the pieces ritual you can you can read it on the screen They're basically divide these animals in two and also a human being a prisoner They divide into and they marched the army through and they do this twice Remarkable ritual because it's it's evidence for human sacrifice of a sort We don't know if that's an arzawa ritual, but it may be Although between the pieces rituals are attested in in in arzawa actually though not with humans according to Greco Roman sources The Macedonians had military rituals in which an army passed between the pieces of a dog Though apparently those were part of a regular festival and the Hittites actually also have a military ritual for horses where the horses have to pass between the pieces of a dog, which is exactly the same That's Beckman 1999 cth 644 Nothing like this in Greek military rituals, but we do have a Greek myth Where a victorious warrior who's captured a city Marches an army through the the severed halves of a of the former Queens body. This is a Yolkos So perhaps that was a distant memory of it one one famous group of rituals are the the the the The arzawa rituals the plague rituals of the arzawa and auras which are a set of Rituals attributed to these ritual practitioners from arzawa. Some of them augurs one from our pala Which was being mentioned in one of the papers? Common subjects of these rituals is plague in the army good treatment by Babban epec to snap 2005 If I was our it was Louvian or luik the arzawa rituals should be regarded as Louvian or luik as well And a number of other rituals which aren't explicitly said to be arzawa and a group with them A common technique in these is elimination by ritual carrier animals usually so you kind of project the The impurity onto an animal and you get rid of the animal Occasionally humans are used as well An augury was probably used at an earlier point to determine the reason for the plague Dandanku's ritual is a good example of of this well-known ritual director toward yuri and the sebbiti the seven Yuri is a plague God and he's asked to keep his quiver closed in this ritual cth 425 2 Similarities have been noticed to the ritual performed by the augur Calcas to placate a polo and purify the Greek army in Homer Iliad one I'm not going to go into the details. You can the pieces on the bibliography deal with it Apollo in in Iliad one does seem to resemble yuri in in many respects Yuri is worth dwelling on a second. He's some clearly a war god There's a in the town of Goosa Massa in West Fridger his spring festival included a mock Battle between the men of Hattie and the men of Massa KUB 1735 Massa we were hearing about Massa Just now so this would be a sort of ritual enactment of the Hittites versus Western Anatolia when wonders what languages were spoken there Yari So that's one case where Yari is associated with the West there are other cases too He's he seems mostly Western Southwestern So Luvium the name resembles Greek Aries Caruba 1968 Even if Aries wasn't borrowed from Yari. There's slightly problematic Hypothesis is I think it's possible. They were equated as DSC's often are in cultures in the in the late Bronze Age a middle Hittite text The treaty between Arnawanda and Urra Urra, which may be in the Southwest refers to an oath ritual involving God drinking to Yari And so you can read the text there The the God is a right on is sent down by the Hittite King the God Yari drink So you're supposed to drink this God as a way of confirming the oath worth comparing now to a passage in Escalus is seven against Thebes fifth century BC where the seven warriors Slaughter a bull into a shield touch its blood with their hands and swear by Aries and also Ennio who's a form of Aries and Phobos fear so the detail there is different But it's basically the same idea you swear a military oath by by Aries and maybe the same God So many other strange Hittite war rituals don't have Greek parallels We have we have one in which the name of the enemy King is inscribed on Cedar and that of the Hittite King on clay and then they're both put into a fire destroying the former and Baking the latter and some other strange ones too. There's one involving a mare and a rolling wheel One where we may have a parallel is this one We have a ritual when the soldiers go away from the land and they go to the enemy land to fight And the surviving part describes the lighting of a small fire and a summoning of God And I thought that was worth comparing with us the Spartan practice of having a fire bearer a poor for us Bring fire from sacrifices at home on a campaign. That's that's a parallel That's previously hasn't been noticed one other thing worth pointing out. They're only by the way if you're worrying about the time There are 12 powerpoint slides in this talk. So we're almost done, right? I don't know how many minutes I've been talking One other thing is is the truth is the truth In classical Greece some states Some states refused to go to war during major festivals for example Sparta Refused to fight battles during the Carnaia Festival It's hard to find parallels to this in other ancient cultures I was writing a paper on truth as a few years ago and I'm searching for things But there is a Hittite text and concerning the land of Petassah, which is pedassah Which is the way it's normally taken which you can see on the map there near near Yalbert And this is KBO 1878 it's been discussed by Beal camera Sarno So it's so that someone is reporting that the men of Petassah refused to fight during the Harpia Festival during the Harpia. We don't really know what the Harpia Festival was but it's mentioned elsewhere So it is striking that this practice comes from again from Western Anatolia and it may be one, you know one possible Rational hypothesis would be that this is a sort of Western Anatolia energy and Practice not fighting during festivals, which is somehow just survived in these in these pieces of evidence So those are those are the basic sort of cases. I've been been looking at I'm sorry. That's like a whole hour's paper Spoken very quickly in 15 minutes. So you're probably very confused but to sum up What I would say is I was struggling to come to inclusion earlier on I would say this All ancient cultures have military rituals and this is a topic that could actually use more research The military rituals of different cultures are to some extent similar E.g. Hittite and Roman, Evocatio, Diorum as I was mentioning to some of these parallels They're not all maybe it may be the result of historical influence Especially since there's reason to believe that states often adopt other states military practices. This certainly happens third Hittite and Greek military rituals look different But Greek poetry and myth mention war rituals of the Anatolian type for example Calcasus purification of the army and Homer's Iliad which resembles Dan Danku's ritual Which would be a Western Anatolian ritual so a Luvik ritual and Finally, this doesn't prove that Western Anatolian military rituals influence Greek ones or vice versa because that's possible too But I still think this hypothesis is worth serious consideration Since Mycenaeans must have encountered Western Anatolian and Hittite armies in battle. Thank you very much