 Sir, are you all right, are you comfortable? Yes sir, now we are getting into the fourth module of the course and this module you may write is called morphology. We began with we began with design features of we began with design features of design features of language, then we looked at the ways of production of speech sounds, we began with the design features of language, how language is a unique system of communication, unique to human beings, unique among human beings, then we looked at the way of communication production of speech sounds, how human beings produce different kinds of speech sounds, then we looked at organization of these speech sounds beginning today, we will spend some time looking at principles of word formation. You might remember what this subject is called, what is the name of the subject which studies production of speech sounds, phonetics, what kind of phonetics, we looked at articulatory phonetics, what is that subject called which looks at organization of speech sounds, phonology, then we looked at phonology and now we are going to look at morphology, the formation of words, how words are formed in the form natural languages, is that all right, are we together in all of these cases, I have just given you brief overview, spoken of some principles and given you references to books, please look at those books, do some exercise given in those books or elsewhere and you will profit a great deal, you will not only understand your own language better, you will not only understand language used by others better, you will get an insight into how nature organizes various phenomena, how those things function, you will have an understanding of the system underlying natural processes, what is morphology, let us see, morphology is the study of word formation, in any language we have ways of forming new words out of existing words, we do not know how any language was created, we know little or nothing about the origin of language, just as we know little or nothing about the origin of mankind, we do not know similarly much about the origin of languages, we know that languages have words, we also know that in each language there are ways of forming new words out of old words or forming new words out of other existing resources, look at some words here on this screen, you have a word called prince, you know the meaning of the word, that English word, do not you, yes or no please, we know the meaning of the word prince, do you know the meaning of the word street, yes and you know prince and street together can give you prince street, which is a third word, which is neither prince nor street, it is not that only princes can walk there, it is not that that street is the prince among streets, it is just another street is the name of a street, may be a better street than others in the town or the city, so that gives you the third word, similarly you know the meaning of the word ladies of course, you know the meaning of the word tailor, but ladies tailor is another word, what we are doing is we are putting two known words together to make a new third word or there may be other ways you know, we know when we are happy, we also know when we are not happy, so for not happy we can have another word and how is this word can be created, we have a full word called happy and we have added something before happy, which is the opposite of happy, which is not happy, what is that word, what is that part, you know you add un and you form the opposites, so you say do and you say undo, you say kind and you say un kind, you say happy, you say unhappy, you say comfortable and you say uncomfortable with just one addition, you get the opposite and you get a new word and this is not peculiar only to English, this is not peculiar only to English, we have these processes that even in other languages in Telugu, in Hindi, in all languages of the world, can you give me an example of a word plus word from Telugu, Raja Marga, so you have Raja Marga, can you give me something like un, something with un, something which makes the opposite come again louder please, give me something, come on please, only two people know their mother tongue in this class, give me something in Hindi, in Tamil, in Telugu, in Sanskrit, you know there are lots, so that is one way of or you can have and we will look at them in some detail at the moment I am just trying to get you to see that in all languages of the world, we have many of these processes, may be not all of these processes, but many of these processes but many of these processes say for example, look at the next word, you know we had happy and unhappy, unhappy is the opposite of happy, but what is encourage, is it the opposite of courage, it is putting courage, if courage is known then encourage is a verb, you know you encourage someone, it is a verb which gives courage, you know we again make a new word out of an old word using a little part, using things like an un or for example cup, okay, how much do you want, I want a cup full, okay, so you know you do not have to say a liter, you do not have to say measure the exact milliliter, you can just say a cup full, another word you know, a word plus a particle, a word plus a little thing added, similarly you know beautiful, a walking, walk plus ing, a lowest, it is still you know you want to say extreme low, you want to say maximum in low, so you do not say maximum in low, what do you say, lowest, you add something, similarly you know with in all languages, in our languages also we have this kind of thing, you know what is the maximum of low in Telugu, lagutam, nimnitam, nimnitam, okay, or kanistam, okay, right, highest, okay, uccha tamu, mahat tamu, okay, you know we have them all, personal, person and all, how do you say that in Telugu, in Hindi, so you have vyakti and you have vyakti gatha, how do you say that in Telugu, personal, this is personal property, you know vyakti and you add a gatha, okay, scientific, so we have vijnan and in Telugu from vijnan what do we get, vijnanika, yeah, okay, or you know the point here is, the point here is that the number of words may differ, nobody knows for exact for sure how many words does and each language have, we make general reckoning, we say English has 500,000 words, we say French has 125,000 words, we say Sanskrit has this x and y, okay, but all of these languages have new word formation devices, sometimes we also borrow words from other languages, okay, we will talk about later in the course, last module of the course, we will talk about language contact, borrowing, variation, what is not yet predictable by rule, we will look at them as well, but even without borrowing, all natural languages have processes, have particles, have resources with which they form new words, okay, we will on this course in this module look at some of these processes, how new words are formed in natural languages, but what is a word, can you give me a definition of word, try, you may not be right, that does not matter, what matters is that you tried, we will look at them, okay, we will like to say, raise your hand please, okay, three ladies first, one by one, come give me the definition, a word is a combination of sounds, suppose I, this is a combination of sounds, is it a word, is it a word, we do not know, okay, but an essential condition for word is that it has some sounds, okay, but that is not adequate, any other definition please, yes, can you, yeah, please, can you speak slowly into the camera, please, would you like them to stand, would you like me to stand up, okay, can you please stand up and speak slowly, a word is a combination of word letters that has some meaning attached to it, which is accepted by the majority, that is written, a combination of letters that is accepted by majority, you know, these are, these are conditions and these conditions apply to writing and accepted by majority, who counts, did you have an election and you decided that in Telugu we will call a railway station, an station amu, a teacher, a teacher who, so we have not taken, but you are, generally you are right, a word has these aspects as well, it has, it has a graphic form, just as it has a, just as it has a phonological form, just as it has sounds, similarly it also has a written shape, in some, you know, there are languages which are not yet written and more importantly as you rightly said, a word also has a social approval, you know, so sounds, sounds, graphics, social approval, meaning, all of these things are essential to word, sounds, graphics, social approval, meaning, yet they are not enough, because you know, we do not know who approves, there are sometimes words which go without approval, there are sometimes words in nearly every language, nearly every language has words which are called taboo words, right, bad words, when you uttered them as a child, your mother gave you a good slap or a good scolding, when you were two or three or four, and yet you learned them, you learn, everybody has a vocabulary of bad words, though nobody has been taught those words, am I right, say yes or no please, how do you get them, okay, see this is the beauty of, you know, this is the beauty of social psychology, all of us learn bad words, I hope you do not, okay, so you know, social approval again is a very elusive thing, we do not know, given to government of India, there would be no word like noxialite, given to noxialites, there will be no word like government of India, given to terrorists, there will be nothing other than guns and bullets, okay, yet we have words, so come on, can you give me another definition, similar definitions abound in books, look at the screen, but none of these definitions is adequate, because some of these things cannot be defined, maybe tomorrow somebody comes, who comes up with an adequate definition, in Sanskrit we say, Shabdam Brahmam, okay, we say, you know, this language, speech alone is everything, entire universe is included in speech, okay, we say word is God, in the beginning there was word, okay, and word was God, we say all that, but when we come to defining it, we find it difficult, in the end we agree and accept that well, word is a notion which we know generally, okay, word is generally an accepted notion, we will not attempt a definition, we will rather say that okay, it is a minimal free form, it can occur by itself, call it a morpheme, okay, call it a morpheme, if you like, right, this can occur by itself, okay, by enlarge, it has some meaning, it has an identity, it has a social approval, it has one or more sounds, it has one or more letters when you write it, etcetera, etcetera, okay, but a logically correct definition is yet to be found, okay, so let us talk about morphemes, there are all kinds of morphemes, there is free morpheme, which can, you know, we said it can occur by itself, these morphemes can occur by themselves, when you say home, it has a meaning, it does mean something, it occurs by itself, if somebody asks you where are you going during the vacation and you can say home or when are you going, you can say March, it means a month, it also can mean you are walking back to Guntur or to London, okay, it can be a verb, but it can occur by itself, similarly words like to the, they can occur by themselves, but there are bound morphemes, they need other morphemes only when they can occur, if somebody asks you where are you going, you cannot say un, you cannot say all, you know, for you to be able to use un or all, you need another word, okay, only then you can say are you happy, you can say no, I am unhappy, but you cannot just say I am un, can you say I am un, yes or no, you cannot, because un requires another bus, another word to which it can be attached, so it is bound, all, you just cannot say all, you will have to use something like person, you will have to use something like society, it is social, it is personal, it is logical, it is frugal, you know, you will have to have another word, similarly, you know, particles like sss, ed, er, est, you know, how do you find it, can you say I find it est, you will have to use good plus est, then you can say I found it to be the best, I found it to be the prettiest, I found it to be the ugliest, you need ugly and then you attach est, so there are bound morphemes and there are free morphemes, right, in other word, traditional grammar has also had these concepts, it is only that they have called them slightly differently, we have the concepts of root and est. You know, root, vakti and you add thwa there, so it becomes vakti thwa, okay, you can, you have a word like kar and you add up before, so what it becomes, upkaram, upkaram, upkaram, upkaram, upkaram, okay, or you have word plus word, root plus root, you can say raja and kumar, raja kumar, you can say chhatra and you can say avas, that makes you chhatra avas, okay, right, so we have these things, we have roots or stem plus affixation, which basically work more or less in the same manner that some are bound morphemes, they cannot occur by themselves, they need another morpheme, they need another word to which they can be attached, but there are the others which can occur by themselves and they are free morphemes or their roots, okay, are we together, very basic common sense things, you know, we witness every day, all we are trying to do is to look at the known data in a slightly organized manner, what clothes I will put in which cupboard, what books you know, there are people who keep their books everywhere and there are a little more organized people who keep their novels in one side, dictionaries on the other, books from mathematics or calculus in yet another etcetera, etcetera, so we are looking at data in some organized manner, in other words, how do you make a word, you make a word in one of the following ways, you can have word plus word, such as airport, can you give me another word, air hostess, aerodrome, can you give me other words, word plus word, bus stand, railway station, ice cream, honey, well is it word plus word, can you give it to me in Telugu, in Hindi, in Tamil, in Sanskrit, Vidyalaya Bhavan, Vidyalaya Bhavan, yeah right, can you write, can you, can you give me, everybody please, can you give me three words which are word plus word, only three words, individually, you do not need to bother your, you know the person unfortunately sitting next to you, okay, give me your own, three words which is word plus word and do not give me English words from Telugu, railway station, no, bus stand, no, they have already been said, yes, that is smart, Radhaana Mantri, Vidhaana Sabha, sorry, yeah right, that is also word for word, yes, come on give me three, everyone please and you can have more than two word, you can, you can have not only word plus word, you can have word plus word plus word plus word, you can have American social history teacher, okay, you can have in organic physics laboratory in charge, you know actually a great problem with a lot of science writing is that they use a string of nouns, a string of words in a row, so you can have word plus word plus word, can you give me an example of one word made out of three words, that you are bringing in off, okay, without off, that is a phrase, president of America, that is not a bad example, but not an example for this, sorry, come on please, lots of them, you know, Bombay film industry, yeah, talks, it is only two, okay, dark screen and green, right, give me something with three words, can you give it to me in Telugu, can you give it to me in Telugu, can you give it to me in Telugu, my God, can you give it to me in Hindi, any Indian language, you see, that is two only, three, okay, that is a combination, give me, I will give you one, you know, you know, you know, all of our languages have, actually our languages are rich in this, can I have your attention, our languages are rich in this kind of compounding, you know, we have entire stotram, you know, what is the, what is the, and you know, entire dunga stotram, you go on, okay, ten words put together, twenty words put together to describe just one person, one kind of thing, all languages have, but you can also have word plus affix, I have given an example boys, okay, in Hindi you can say ladke, what would you say in Telugu, yeah, I know Telugu word for ladies, these three, you put ten words to describe a person, that does not make it a word, does it, no, it makes an expression, that is why I told you, it does not make a word, that is wonderful, you are absolutely correct, you know, what is a word we do not know, but ten words go to make one thing, when you describe, you know, it goes on, it is an entire long, it is just a string of names, okay, but you use them together, they behave like one word, when you say American history, teachers association, forward, American history, you know, we have, I am a member of an association, which has a long five word name, international association of teachers of English as foreign language, IITFL, international association of teachers of English as foreign language, okay, all languages allow this kind of thing, give me something like word plus affix, I gave you a word in Telugu, strilu, lady plus plural, ladies, come on, okay, general plus li, generally, okay, and you know, you can have word plus affix, you can also have affix plus word, like undo, do and undo, okay, danger and end danger, courage and encourage, okay, you can have word plus affix plus word, okay, happiness promoting, okay, or happiness promotion, or happiness index, corruption index, so corrupt plus affix plus index, okay, the point here is, ladies and gentlemen, that language is used and as we go into this course in the coming week, I will ask you to give examples from your mother tongue, please, next two, three days, talk to your parents at least in these two, three days in the proper good quality, Telugu or Tamil or Hindi or Gujarati, whatever you speak at home and pay attention to words, how these words are formed, because I am going to ask you to give examples, look at these words, okay, a large number of words, theoretical, is it word plus affix, what is it, is word plus affix, what is the next word, okay, each person please, take any three or four of these words on your notebook and then write, is it word plus word, is it word plus affix, is it affix plus word, what is it, I want you to do it dissection, like people in biosciences do dissection of flowers or leaves or insects or frogs, okay, so dissect these words, take about three or four and you do not have to take everything, you can do your own and then compare with what I am doing, okay, that will be a better way of doing it, but if you feel lazy and tired and do not want to tax your mind over little things, then you know, I want it this way, okay, can you do for some more words, can you tell me what word you have done, blackout, okay, what is it, it is word, blackout is word plus word, next, can you cover these, these are my friends, please, as the answer, yes, endanger, so what is it, it is affix plus word, driver, what is it, word plus affix, into what is it, it is actually word plus word, in plus word, in plus word, in plus word, plus word plus two, or you can say preposition plus preposition, yes, what is that, shop plus ink, word plus affix, next, yeah what is it, next, yeah what is it, word plus word next, okay, next, Bon Avenue, when you said, yeah, it is just word plus ink, okay, word plus word in danger sorry what next up to date right yeah it is word plus word plus word but different kinds of words can you say what kinds of words at the preposition preposition plus noun plus word plus affix right host plus e l s yeah how is boys hostel different from hostel boys word plus affix plus word yeah they are different in both formation and they are different in meaning both the differences are there they are differently formed and they mean differently the point I'm making is if you look at any page of printed language you will come across or if you look at any discourse for a couple of minutes if you look at any discourse for a couple of minutes you will find that they take different kinds of words here here itself here itself they are not all the same kinds of words theory it's a noun okay then you add another affix and you make it an adjective and then you add yet another affix and make it yet another kind of adjective here it's a noun but this is a it's a noun what category is it now let's state what are the other parts of the speech do you remember your primary school lesson it's an adjective so this is a noun plus adjunct that is another way of looking at it I have been telling you see word plus word now you can see what word plus what word so this is just noun plus affix plus affix but this is noun plus adjective whereas in this case this is adjective plus noun plus affix do you see my point am I clear to you please say yes or no okay there can be you know different kinds of combination actually in the next or the next you know the final class I will tell you there is no available resource which a language does not exploit to make new words okay whatever avenue whatever opportunity is possible languages use those opportunities languages use those resources to create and have new words out of existing words if you I am going to forward this these slides to you and I will expect you to work out their formation look at dissect them is it noun plus noun is it noun plus affix is it noun plus adjective plus affix or how is it it will give you some insight into the working in the formation of language another way of looking at these words is are the content or function words say for example when you have prepositions can you write some prepositions on your notebook prepositions such as at okay by in for from what are these things these are prepositions okay they help you make a structures they help you make a structures you want to say son Dasarath doesn't make sense but when you say son of Dasarath it makes sense we have similar things in other languages as well do we have similar things in Telugu do we have a similar thing in Telugu no give me an example give me that at exact Telugu translation of son of Dasarath right okay the temple in the village give me that the temple on the village in the village okay book on the table okay okay the girl in the garden the boy in the gutter the boy in the gutter okay in all languages in Hindi you can say maje per pustak okay but you Udyan mein ladki okay maha nali mein ladka you know we all have these things these things are called structural words they help you make a structure words like the are you know articles words like the words like for from by etc etc these are structure words but there are content words they are meaning like you know home like March like school like college like book like table like go like come you know they have meanings but you know another way of looking at these words is through parts of speech do you remember how many parts of speech there are in English did you do school grammar how many are there eight who said eight okay can you name all the eight try it doesn't matter if you go around I know you won't noun word pronoun adjective adjective yes adverb preposition preposition conjunction intersection marvelous you see when you move forward others follow you that's what we mean by you know leaders always start alone okay right you can have words through derivations there are all kinds of derivations we will talk about them in the next class okay I am giving you words in a context can you look at these words and give me three things what is their formation what category of word they are what part of speech they are okay say for example lots of chocolate for me to eat so lots is word plus affix what word noun plus plural marker noun plus affix then office preposition chocolates noun plus affix that is noun plus plural affix for me to eat preposition me what is me pronoun say pronoun what is it pronoun two is preposition eat what is it word any affix there none do it for the next sentence on your notebook please come on quick okay don't do it for the next sentence do it for the first line in the next stanza this is an English song everyone suddenly burst out singing okay what part of a speech what kind of formation it has you know all I am doing is I am jogging you through the data I am trying to get you to see your data what how many different kinds of words do we have and we have similar things in nearly all languages that we know sorry there is a mistake here who has done the fourth line of the second stanza fourth line of the second stanza winging wildly across the white have you done the fourth line have you done the fourth line have you done the fourth line well wing is known but it has been used here as okay so you see this is how languages stretch its resources though it's a noun you can use it as verb how do you know it has been used as verb is there anything other than action how do you know it has been used as a verb ing there and because that the verb slot okay winging wildly okay what is the next word wildly yeah adjective plus verb marker makes it adverb adverb marker across what is it preposition then the white you see take can you now for for for my sake for the sake of this course can you take a line one line of any poem from Telugu or Hindi and look at do you remember a poem from Telugu or Hindi now what is what adjective okay no affixes there right okay you know take any language you will you will find these these things there necessarily okay we have in any in any language you know in the songs in the poems that I cited on the left what you see on the left hand column and nouns cold chocolate everyone delight bird freedom but you have verbs eat making burst out you know you have other kinds of adjectives you have prepositions you have a structure words you have content words it is only these two together that make a language only a content word won't do only a structure word won't do it is their good combination that makes the language we will tomorrow talk about affixation and word plus was compounding okay basically these are the kinds of there is prefix there is suffix there is infix but we'll talk about them later maybe tomorrow what I will request you to do is can I have your attention one final moment please can you bring me can can I have your attention can you bring me four lines of a good poem quote unquote good from your mother tongue other than film songs but if you can't think of anything then at least film songs okay to the class on Monday right thank you have a good day