 Malaria remains a major threat to endemic populations and travelers, including military personnel. A malaria vaccine is feasible using radiation-attenuated sporesots or adenoviruses carrying malaria antigens. Heterologous prime-boost regimens are effective but pre-existing anti-who-ad-5 antibodies can adversely affect efficacy. Current strategies focus on replacing who-ad-5 with rarer human adenoviruses or adenoviruses isolated from non-human primates, such as Chad 63 and guerrilla adenoviruses. Replacement vectors have rapidly advanced and are now in extensive phase 2 and beyond trials for malaria and other diseases, including Ebola. Simplified prime-boost single-shot regimens, dry-coated live vector vaccines or silicon microneedle arrays could be developed for malaria or other vaccines. This article was authored by Michael Hollingdale, Martha Sediger, and Keith Lombok.