 This white paper outlines the current state of research on the psychology of space exploration with particular focus on the impending human missions to the Moon and Mars. It identifies key areas of research that need to be addressed before these missions can take place, such as adaptation, pre-dash, during-dash, and post-mission experiences and potential countermeasures. The paper also serves as a guide for researchers who wish to conduct research in support of future space exploration efforts. This article was authored by Francesco Pagnini, Dietrich Manzi, Elizabeth Rosnett, and others.