 Hello friends. I am Dr. Biswam. The target with Aaloo welcomes you all, the aspirant of TGTPGT English. My dear friends, before we discuss elaborately about the history of English literature, it is necessary for us to know what the word literature is. So, in this respect, I would like to say that the word literature is derived from, is derived from Latin word, Latin word LIT RETURA. LIT means written and RETURA means composition. RETURA means composition. The literal meaning of literature is written composition. Whatever is produced in written composition that is literature. Whatever written thing is written composition, it is called literature. The various definitions of literature have been given so far. But the most popular definition is literature is mirror of society. Sahitya Samaj ka darpan hai means whatever activity that takes place around an artist or writer. The writer is very much impressed by those activities and but naturally he receives the impression of activities taking place around him. He reproduces those impressions into his writings. So, it is said that Sahitya Samaj ka darpan hota hai. If we talk about deeper concepts, then literature is that concept which thinks of the benediction of humanity and which does not have the sense of the moon. Before reading the history of Sahitya Samaj, it is necessary to know how many parts of literature are there. So, literature. If we classify literature broadly, so that can be classified into two parts, prose and poetry. You can also think where the topic of fiction has gone or where the topic of drama has gone. So, bear this fact in your mind that drama can be merged into poetry and as for fiction, this can be merged into prose. If we talk about drama, then this is audio-visual poetry which is also called the word in Hindi. In which there is audibility, which can be heard. And the thing which is taking place can be seen also. So, in which both the audio and visual effects can be seen and the one which can be heard is the word in Hindi. And it is called drama. In which fiction can be merged into prose? But elaborately when we talk about competition, so we discuss these four portions in elaborate, so today I pick up the topic poetry. We will talk about today's topic poetry. And if we talk about poetry, then poetry is also a Greek word. Poetry means poetry. Poetry is a Greek word which we call poetry. And poetry means creation. Poetry means creation. And if we talk about poetry, then poetry is poetry. Po-e-p-o-e-t-a-po-e-ta. That is creator. Created. So, if we look at poetry in this meaning, then there is also creation. This creation is also called creation. And creation is also called creation. So, who is poet? One who is creator. And poetry is poem. Which is called poem in English. Poem is taken from the Greek word poem. Poem means creation. Okay. So, what is important is that in reality, how many parts of poetry can be made? How many parts of poetry can be made? So, if we look at poetry, broadly, we can categorize it in two parts. One is personal. Personal that is related to person. And the other is impersonal. Which is not related to any particular person. Personal means person. Which can be called as personal. Which is related to a particular person. Which is related to a person. When an artist or a poet expresses his own inner feelings or the thing which is happening in his own life. So, when he expresses that experience in poetry, we call poetry as personal. That is related to a particular person. If we talk about this in Hindi, we can call it as personal. Personal. And impersonal. Which does not relate to any specific person. Or you can say, when the theme or the contents matter, a poetry does not relate to any particular poet or person. Or you can say that when the contents of the poem relates to all and summary, that which speaks to the benediction of all mankind, so that form of poetry is known impersonal. That poem which does not relate to any particular person and is related to all, which does not have any sense of humor, we call it impersonal poetry. If we talk about this in Hindi, we can also call it as social. Which is related to all, which is related to all, such a poem is called impersonal. And if we call it as ashan, then the person, that is, you, when a artist or a poet has a negative impact on his own life, then such a poem is impersonal. And when such a poem, which does not relate to any particular person, but the specific thing of the poem, is the sense of humor, which has the sense of humor, then we call such a poem impersonal. Now let us see how much form of personal poetry can be formed. So personal poetry is divided into four parts, sonnet, sonnet, second is allergy, od, and lyric. Now dear friends, now let us discuss each part of this in detail today. If we talk about sonnet, then sonnet, now focus more specifically on this, sonnet is derived from, derived from Sicilian dialect, derived from Sicilian dialect. Sicily, Italy has a small town called Sicily, so in the 13th century, the dialect, the dialect and the language are so different, that dialect has no specific script, there is no specific dialect, and it has no particular or established grammar, which does not have any specific grammar, we call it dialect. So in Sicilian dialect, sonnet was called sonnetto, what? sonnetto. Sonnetto is basically a Sicilian dialect, if we talk about its origin, then in 13th century, in 13th century, Gio Como, remember what? Gio Como da Lentini, Gio Como da Lentini, Gio Como da Lentini, sang sonnetto. In the 13th century, in Sicilian dialect, Gio Como is called da, Gio Como da Lentini means the Gio Como of Lentini, the Gio Como, for the first time he sang sonnetto. Sonnetto means little sound, little sound, little sound, t, t, l, e, little sound. Sonnetto means little sound. So in the 13th century, Gio Como was called, but in 14th century, in 14th century, Petrarch, in 13th century Petrarch, gave sonnetto, gave sonnetto literary status. But in 14th century, Petrarch gave sonnetto, that is, gave sonnetto literary status. So Petrarch is called the father of sonnet. Petrarch, the father of sonnet. Father of sonnet. Here, keep in mind that although sonnetto for the first time was sang by Gio Como, but since it was a dialectical song, so it was not given the literary status. In 14th century, it was Petrarch who gave sonnetto literary status. Now a little after this, we see that in reality, Petrarch gave sonnetto, what is its specification? So we know Petrarchan sonnetto in another name. Petrarchan sonnetto, or Italian sonnetto. Petrarchan sonnetto, or Italian sonnetto. One of its characteristics is that Petrarch not only gave sonnetto literary status, but he also classified or divided into two steps. The first step was octave and second step was sestet. Opteve or sestet. We have this fact in your mind that octave or sestet are Italian numbers. Opteve is eight sestet means six. So what Petrarch did was that sonnetto was divided into 14 lines and he divided the 14 lines into two parts or two steps. The first step was octave and the second step was sestet. In reality, these are octave and sestet are Italian numbers. Octeve means eight, sestet means six. But this information is very strong information and superfluous. What is specific about Petrarchan or Italian sonnetto? It is only the fact that in octave a problem is raised. A problem is raised. Octeve always raises a problem and sestet means solution is presented. Solution is presented. This is a specific thing about Petrarchan sonnetto. In octave, inevitably, he raises a problem or an issue and that issue its solution is presented into sestet. He also gave a specific rhyme scheme of octave and sestet. Octeve or sestet he also gave a specific rhyme scheme of octave and sestet. Octeve or sestet he also gave a specific rhyme scheme of octave and sestet. Its specific rhyme scheme is A, B, B, A A, B, B, A and as for sestet its specific rhyme scheme is C, D, E or C, D, E. So this is a specific rhyme scheme. Now the question does arise. How many sonnets did Petrarch compose? How many sonnets are written? For your kind information I would like to say that Petrarch composed 314 sonnets 314 sonnets 414 sonnets how many? He composed 314 sonnets God them published God them published in a book entitled Can Joni Can Joni Its pronunciation is Italian Its pronunciation is Italian but its correct its pronunciation is Can Joni Can Joni means offering of love song offering of love songs offering of love songs So in which there are 314 sonnets although they were Bhavan Geet too Since we are discussing about sonnet Petrarch wrote 314 sonnets and he wrote a book Can Joni published in it He dedicated He dedicated Can Joni He dedicated Can Joni to his beloved Laura This was Petrarch's love name The book 314 sonnets Petrarch dedicated his love to Laura Right friends Right friends Let's go ahead He was followed by Dante He was followed by Dante One thing to keep in mind that Dante was senior to Petrarch If we talk about Dante he was senior to Petrarch and in both of them there is a difference of 55 years He was senior to Petrarch Yet that genre of poetry was followed by Dante The genre of poetry which was given a literary status by Petrarch that same pattern was followed by Dante Dante said that he composed more than 150 sonnets But the exact number of sonnets is still unknown It is a matter of conjecture Some say that he composed more than 150 But some scholars say that he composed only 37 sonnets But it doesn't matter how many sonnets did Dante composed A specific thing about Dante is that he dedicated his sonnets Dante dedicated his sonnets Dante dedicated his sonnets to his Beatrice to his beloved Beatrice who is also called Dear Bice It is not necessary how many sonnets did Dante write about it It is necessary that the sonnets he wrote who he dedicated like Petrarch Petrarch dedicated his sonnets to his beloved Laura and while walking Dante dedicated his sonnets to his beloved Beatrice who is called Bice He dedicated Bice That is all about the origin and development of sonnets How does he get a physical level But the question is that in English literature when and through whom he got a sonnet I would like to say that in 16th century in 16th century Thomas Wiat in 16th century Thomas Wiat Thomas Wiat who was the courtier of Henry he was also a diplomat as well as poet So Henry 8th century Thomas Wiat to Italy absolutely on political mission on a genetic journey Henry Wiat sends Thomas Wiat to the 16th century Right? Thomas Wiat introduced introduced sonnet in 16th century introduced sonnet into English literature Thomas Wiat people know that he was the courtier of Henry diplomat and poet in 16th century Henry 8th Thomas Wiat sends him on a journey on a journey on a political mission but because he was a poet he came across and he got himself acquainted with the composition made by Dante and Petrarch So Dante and Petrarch introduced Thomas Wiat and brought him and introduced him in English literature Right? Now a little bit of sonnet Thomas Wiat followed the same pattern which was established by Petrarch i.e. it was divided into an octave and an octave and Thomas Wiat followed the same structure and then his contemporary his contemporary Arlap Sare Arlap Sare whose name was Henry Howard Henry Howard Henry Howard gave a new structure to the sonnet he gave a new structure he gave a new structure to the sonnet he gave a new structure and that structure is that Henry Howard i.e. Arlap Sare gave a new structure to the sonnet he gave a new structure but he did two things the first thing was to remove the string of octave and an octave and the second thing was that the problem raising and solution ended after the presentation the first line was changed into three quatern quatern that contains four lines in which four lines are made first quatern second quatern and third quatern and the seventh as far as summing up as an octave an octave was raised and then it was resolved thus, after the problem raising and solution presentation Arlap Sare rhymed couplet or couplet in which all the string a gist which we can call as SARAN or subspace rhymed couplet First rhyme scheme is concerned, the first quaternion rhyme scheme is A, B, A, B, second quaternion is C, D, C, D, third quaternion is A, F, A, F, and rhymed coplate rhyme scheme is given by G, G, only this much is clear. So the English Sunnets given by Arlabshwari, we call them English Sunnets, English Sunnets, and one more thing, we call it Shakespearean Sunnets. Shakespearean Sunnets, because at that time no one wrote more than Shakespearean Sunnets, and Shakespeare followed this structure. So the English Sunnets given by Arlabshwari, and at that time Shakespeare wrote more than 154 Sunnets, that is why we call it Shakespearean Sunnets. Okay, after this comes the time to write Sunnets in a sequence. Sunnets in a sequence, i.e. in any event or any event, when we run them in a sequence, i.e. we call them sequence, so first Sunnets sequence, first Sunnets sequence in English literature, if we talk about the first Sunnets sequence in English literature, then it is of Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Estela, Astrophel and Estela, we need to pay attention to this. In Astrophel and Estela, there is a white Sunnet, how many? A white Sunnet. And is there a little bit in it? First of all, Astrophel, Astrophel is the Greek word, Aster. Aster is called Star, and Phil means Dear Lover. The star lover is Astrophel and Estela is called Star in Greek. And Sidney chose this title with a lot of thought, Astrophel and Estela. In fact, Sidney has presented himself in the form of Astrophel, Sidney himself. In Astrophel and Estela, Sidney has presented himself in the form of Astrophel. And what is his Estela? His Estela is Penelope Devereux. Penelope Devereux, D-E-V-E-R-E-A-U-X, Penelope Devereux. The reason is that Sidney's betrothing, that is, who was Magni from Penelope. Later, from Penelope, this is broken by Magni, and Penelope gets married to a large rich. Then it becomes Lady Rich, Lady Rich. Penelope gets married to whom? After breaking Magni, Lady Rich is reached by a large rich. But in his love, he wrote a 100 Watt Sanat, titled Astrophel and Estela. Astrophel and Estela, if you look at the literal meaning, is the lover of the star. So, who is Astrophel, Sidney? And who is Estela, Penelope? This question is asked in higher and net. The title has a parallel story also. A story is told that in ancient Greece, Astrophel was a descendant of the name. And he was passionately in love with Estela. He used to fall in love with a girl named Estela. But Estela died prematurely. But Estela died very quickly. And Estrophel left alone on the earth, breathing in the memory of Estela. The man of Estela kept on falling in love with Estela. Seeing her pain, the gods converted Estela into a star. So, until Estrophel was alive on the earth, he kept on watching Estela and breathing in the night. So, this Greek legend, in the form of a Sunnit sequence, the title was Estrophel and Estela. But as we discussed earlier, Estrophel is Sidney himself. And the star of Estela is Penelope Devereux. If we talk about the next part of the Sunnit sequence, the Sunnit sequence was not only written by Sidney, but also by the contemporary Spenser who follows Sidney. So, keep in mind that the first Sunnit sequence in the Greek history is of Sidney, Estrophel and Estela. He was followed by Edmund Spenser. Edmund Spenser wrote the Sunnit sequence in which there are 88 Sunnits and its title is Amiroti. Amiroti means Love. Amiroti means Love. And Amiroti means Pertaining to Love. How many Amiroti Sunnits are there in the Amiroti Sunnit sequence? But what is this about? In Amiroti, Spenser celebrates his love for Elizabeth Boyle. Elizabeth Boyle was actually an Irish girl. In 1588, Spenser became the secretary of Lord Grey and travelled to Ireland. People used to live in Kishel in Kilkool Main. There was an Irish girl living in the neighborhood, Elizabeth Boyle. Spenser falls in love with Elizabeth Boyle. And finally after 12 years of courting, Spenser gets married to Elizabeth Boyle in 1584. And on that occasion, he wrote the Sunnit sequence in which there are 88 Sunnits. So, Elizabeth Boyle presents the Sunnit sequence to Elizabeth Boyle. And its title is Amiroti. Okay, dear. After this, Shakespeare's time comes. Shakespeare will talk about 154 Sunnits. When I will talk about Shakespeare's work, then elaborately, his poems will also be talked about 154 Sunnits. And along with that, the story of his drama, Repapliukris, Venus, Edunis and 114 Sunnits. Who classified them? Okay, anyway, this much is clear that Shakespeare's 154 Sunnits were collected by Thomas Tharp. He published them in 1609, 1609. Thomas Tharp published the Sunnits of Shakespeare. And he classified them in a specific way. From zero to 126 Sunnits, this is called Dedicated to Mr. W. H. Now, there are many things above this. Some scholars say that he was Henry Howard. Some say that he was Henry Rizzley. And some concludes that he was a publisher W. H. In the discussion of Shakespeare's 154 Sunnits, then from 127 to 125, that is, 26 Sunnits, Shakespeare, as per the classification of Thomas Tharp, Thomas Tharp has written such works. So, he says that 26 Sunnits are too dark lady. Dark lady doesn't mean that there is a black woman. There is no black woman in Europe, in European countries. Dark lady indicates that her identity is still hidden into darkness. The identity of the dark lady is still in the dark. And as for two Sunnits, that is, 153 and 154 are dedicated to Cupid. That is, God of Love. In the Greek legend, the God of Love is called Cupid. Thomas Tharp said that the last two Sunnits, 153 and 154, Shakespeare dedicated to Cupid. Anybody here? In the area of the Sunnits, if we move ahead from Shakespearean times, in the era of a metaphysical movement, John Dunn composed 19 Sunnits. 19 Sunnits and his title was Holy Sunnit. Holy Sunnit in which there are 19 Sunnits. Then a new use happened with the Sunnit. Before that, we discuss the new use of the Sunnit. In the Puritan era, Milton composed 24 Sunnits. Here, take care of one thing. We will discuss 19 plus 4. 19 plus 4 means 19 plus 5. 19 plus 5 means 19 Sunnits were written in English language and 5 Sunnits were written in Italian. If we ask how many Sunnits Milton composed, then your right answer should be total, he composed 24. But how many Sunnits did he composed in English language? Your answer should be 19 Sunnits. If we talk about the English Sunnit, then he composed only 19 Sunnits. Now, let's talk about the Romantic era. During Romantic era, Wordsworth composed 523 Sunnits. 523 Sunnits, when we pick up Wordsworth, then how many political Sunnits are there, how many ecclesiastical Sunnits are there, how many river-didden Sunnits are there, we will discuss them in detail. After this, GM Hopkins did a new experiment. A new experiment with Sunnit. GM Hopkins used a new experiment with Sunnit and the Sunnit he invented was named as Cartel Sunnit. Cartel Sunnit. What are the characteristics of Cartel Sunnit? In Cartel Sunnit, there are 10 and a half lines. How many? There are 10 and a half lines. As far as crime is concerned, there are 6 lines in the tape and 6 lines in the sestet. There are only 2.5 lines in 6 lines. It is called Cartel Sunnit. The father of Cartel Sunnit, since Hopkins was inventor of Cartel Sunnit, so, but natural Hopkins is known as father of Cartel Sunnit. So, who is the father of Cartel Sunnit from GM Hopkins? But, now, who is the most written Sunnit in the world? In net and higher, this question is often asked, who is the most written Sunnit in the world literature? So, the answer is, the living legend of India, the living legend of India, Vikram Seth, the living legend of India, Vikram Seth, wrote a worst novel. Wrote a worst novel and that novel's name is Golden Gate. Golden Gate made year cool 590 Sunnits, but keep in mind, that that tradition or tradition is not Sunnit, it is called Wanjin Stenja. Wanjin Stenja? Wanjin Stenja was invented when we would talk about the Stenja farm in detail. So, as much as there is Stenja farm in English, it will be elaborately discussed. So, 590 Sunnits, which Vikram Seth had written and in 590 Sunnits, he wrote a worst novel. And the name of that legend is Golden Gate, in which there are 590 Sunnits, but who is that Sunnit? It is written in Wanjin Stenja. There is no 14th line, Wanjin Stenja, his Stenja farm, Dijen Stenja farm, after that, after studying Stenja farm, it will be elaborately discussed. Now, the question is, in English literature, what are the famous Sunnit Sequence? So, I am not writing it, but I am telling you through PDF that how many Sunnits are there in English literature. If you are so like, you can take it down. Famous Sunnit Sequence in English literature, in English literature, what are the famous Sunnit Sequence? Who is the native? Who is the title? And how many Sunnits are there in English literature? So, Michael Raton, Michael Raton had written a Sunnit Sequence, he had put the title, ideas mirad, and there are 50 Sunnits in it. Samuel Daniel had put the title of his Sunnit Sequence, Delia. There are 64 Sunnits in it. And Folk Gravel had written the title of his Sunnit Sequence, Cilica. And there are 109 Sunnits in it. Lady Mary Roth will also keep in mind that she is the only woman of the 18th century. Lady Mary Roth who had written the Sunnit Sequence, in which there are 48 Sunnits. And her title is Pamphilia to Amphilatus. Pamphilia to Amphilatus. Later, Thomas Lodge had written the title of his Sunnit, Phyllis. And how many Sunnits are there in it? There are 40 Sunnits. Let's go forward. Thomas Watson had put the title of the Sunnit Sequence, Tears of Fancy. There are 60 Sunnits in it. Giles Fletcher is the title of the Sunnit Sequence, Leesia. There are 50 Sunnits in it. Richard Barnfield is the title of the Sunnit Sequence, Synthia. There are 20 Sunnits. Henry Constable Diana 51 Sunnits. John Berryman Sunnit of Christ. There are some titles. Sunnit to Christ is also available. There are 50 Sunnits in it. But keep in mind that there are 16 Sunnits in it. In reality, there are double co-plates of Berryman. Richard Lynchy is the title of the Sunnit Sequence. There are 39 Sunnits. William Smith is the title of the Sunnit Sequence. Robert Toft is the title of the Sunnit Sequence. There are 40 Sunnits in it. What are the famous Sunnit Sequence of the 19th or 20th century? So that is clearly displayed on your board. Elizabeth Barrett Browning who was the wife of Robert Browning. Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote the Sunnit Sequence. There are 44 Sunnits in it. And D. G. Rochetti wrote the Sunnit Sequence. The House of Life that contains 101 Sunnits. George Meredith gave the title of his Sunnit Sequence. Modern love consisted of 50 Sunnits. And lastly Ernest Helberg wrote the Sunnit Sequence and the title of the Sunnit Sequence is 60 Sunnits in it. This is the origin of the Sunnit Sequence and the famous Sunnit Sequence in English Literature. That is all for today. Dear friends from my own part I would like to assure you that that target with Alok and it's a team is committed to translate your dream, your aspiration into reality this much I can assure you. Many of you may be teachers, some may be preparing for hire or some may be aspiring for TGT and PGT. So be assured, rest assured everything will be clear and the target with Alok and it's a team is with you. Thank you very much. Tomorrow we will meet with a new chapter that is after the second step of personal poetry we will discuss Sunnit Thank you very much. God bless you.