 Welcome to the Sugarbeet Grower Seminar for producers from the Canadian border all the way to Grand Forks Crookston-Reyton factory districts. And if you're from some other factory districts, welcome as well. Thank you very much to our growers through your check off for funding our resource program and our educational program. Thank you to the administration at the American Crystal for sharing the word to you and for getting you all to be here this morning at the meeting. So the program this morning, after we're done with the survey, we'll have Dr. Ashok Chanda. He will speak about rice octonia management. That will be followed by me discussing leaf spot and a little touch and white mold. We'll then have a 15 minutes break followed by Dr. Peters who will discuss wheat control and Dr. Botel who will discuss insect control. We will then share with you some evaluation forms for your feedback and then we'll have about 30 minutes or so for general questions that you may have. Thank you all for being here. Our first speaker this morning will be Dr. Ashok Chanda. He will be speaking about management of rice octonia. Good morning everybody. I see on my video, I see some kind of this halo on my head. So I'm just going to turn off my video, but I'll be available here until known. So if you have questions now or later, I'll be happy to visit with any one of you. I would rather be in person to talk to you. But unfortunately, these are different times. But as you guys embrace and allow technology, we all allow at least the technology is able to connect us with each other. So I'm extension gigabit pathologist with University of Minnesota. So probably most of you know, here's my contact information and the email address. But today, probably I'm going to talk about management of rice octonia, but it's a little bit interesting, you know, doing this service just prior to this talk, so we can gain some insight about some of the other problems. But one thing I always emphasize is we just need to know what's killing beats in our fields, right? Sometimes it's very easy. Sometimes it's difficult even for us, you know, it's a hard time to isolate these in cultures. But the trend has been more or less similar for the past few years. So the most number of samples we saw were for rice octonia again in 2020, followed by phenomyses. And some mixed infections are very common here. So this morning, at least 75% of you said rice octonia was a problem and 25% you know, phenomyses completely agree. And again, it depends from field to field. So when we think about a phenomyses, still you need to rely on a seed treatment, whether it is touch 20 or touch 45, you know, especially if the planting gets delayed because of one favorable weather, that's when, you know, it's tricky for a phenomyses ceiling damping off. But at least some of you were using lime 5 to 10 tons per acre, you know, which is very good for managing a phenomyses, you know, that's the only remedy we have to manage the disease later in the season. And fissurium, it's a little bit down in 2020. I think it's great to see that, because the only control we have for fissurium right now are tolerant varieties. We don't have any seed treatment or any fungicide to apply in for our posts. So we've been looking into that. Probably they know there is some hope in the future. And then we saw very few samples for pithium, especially, you know, some of the fields have some excess moisture. So it's not uncommon to see pithium, but it's not at the level that it will reduce the yield. And some samples, we did not recover anything, particularly, you know, if it's caused by heat stress or wind injury, you know, we put them in this basket for other, right? So there are a few samples, I think most of you had good emergence, but I did see some fields having some emergent issues. I think when you had insufficient moisture during planting, I think that really resulted in that. So again, you know, just to make my point here, right? This is the field close to Crookston, you know, a few years ago, the Grover thought it was Rhizoctonia and then he went ahead next time when he had beets, but he was curious to plant two different varieties here. And it's pretty obvious, you know, only one variety is doing pretty good, but not the other. So it happened to be fissurium. It was not Rhizoctonia that was killing beets in that particular field. You know, obviously this is the better performing variety, right? You know, it has better fissurium tolerance, but you know, if you go with Rhizoctonia ratings, it could be a big risk going in there. And the other possibility, right? So we have probably one major issue in a field, but unfortunately, there are more than one issues in a given year. This particular field, we were only expecting to see Rhizoctonia here, but it had both Rhizoctonia and ephanomyces. And look at this, the center four rows, right? So this is still July 21st. So most of this planned for last and few weeks after that. But again, there is no seed treatment for Rhizoctonia or ephanomyces in this particular trial, right? So that's why we have this good insurance with the seed treatments. When we think about Rhizoctonia, it's a full season pathogen, right? So the time we put the seed in the ground until we harvest, you know, the risk is there all this time. It just depends, you know, when it really shows up and hits your beats. So what we can see typically is maybe uneven stance early on. That's because, you know, you lost some of those during emergence. But once they emerge, you could get a post emergence damping off. And what you see is an across is just at or below the soil line, sometimes just down below on the roots here, but you're going to lose this seedling. The other thing that happens just with if you have any emergence issues, right? So some will emerge later and later as they get more moisture. But, you know, generally the young plants are more susceptible to Rhizoctonia compared to the older ones. So, you know, you could lose these later as we go later into the season. But really, you know, when we hit this, you know, July and August, how do we know that we're dealing with Rhizoctonia, right? There's no easy way. Everything is below ground. But oftentimes, you know, if you just go in the afternoon and then try to scout when it's a little bit drier, I think I would pick a day when it's dry. You see this wilting of the older leaves. See how droopy these are almost touching the ground here. But once you have a significant drought, you know, the wilting is irreversible. So you're not going to see these leaves coming back up. But if it's just at the beginning phase, in the morning, they may look okay, but the afternoon is the best time. And oftentimes, if you have a severe infection, there are a couple of, you know, dead plants right next to that. That's an indication of Rhizoctonia. It's pretty much, you know, moving from here to there, you know, within the row. And if you have really severe Rhizoctonia, what you see are these patches. And then again, a lot of yellow leaves, we call this chlorosis because it lost chlorophyll. And then in a collapse of these crowns, by the end of the season, what we will see is typically no spiders, you know, these dried perioles with most of the foliage dead, and they're just lying flat on the ground, just like a spider. But the real damage is actually on the root, right? So we are seeing probably less and less crown rot. But on the roots, the classic symptom for Rhizoctonia, these are very dark necrotic lesions. So necrosis is almost like a cell death. Sometimes the lesions will make a lateral-like pattern. So it's very obvious for Rhizoctonia. But since we have round-up ready beads for several years now, another pattern that we are seeing, or, you know, most of the crown area looks very clean. And sometimes even the tip of the roots look clean. And you have Rhizoctonia just somewhere in the middle. And also there's a possibility that, you know, it could extend all the way from the tip almost towards just below the crown, right? So this is not uncommon to see these now. But, you know, we are doing less and less cultivation. But again, with the emergence of resistant weeds, I think we're doing one or two cultivations. So one thing to keep in mind is now that will also increase the risk for Rhizoctonia in those fields. So what happens when these beads die? So when these beads die, Rhizoctonia will take a different form. We call this as sclerotia. You know, it's very dormant. It can lay in the soil for two to three years, or a organized organic matter. You know, it could just survive as a saprofied. But the more we have at the end of the season means there is more risk for the next crops in the rotation or, you know, the next gigabit crop. We used to use a 0 to 7 scale for Rhizoctonia. But in 2020, we decided to use this new scale. It's a 0 to 10. So some of the data that I'm going to show later in my presentation is based on this. So if I tell you, we had a root rot about four at the end of the season. So more or less the beads look like this based on the different treatments. And if it is two or three, right? So then damage from Rhizoctonia is two, four. Number one, if we have more and more root rot, you're going to lose stands and also you lose yield and quality. But number two, anytime we put beads above a rating of five in the storage piles, they don't really store well. There's more and more losses from respiration and then a lot of storage losses. So it's going to affect you in terms of second and third payments, which is not really good. So some key points, right? So when we think about Rhizoctonia, probably I'm talking about AG2-2. That's the group that we are more concerned about in sugar beads or in soybeans or dry beans in our growing area. AG4 typically used to be early season, the seedling dapping pathogen, but I think we are seeing more and more AG2-2 in our area. And it has a very wide host range, right? Sugar bead is an excellent host. Soy bean, edible beans, corn, even sunflower, it's an excellent host for Rhizoctonia. And some of the weeds that are common in the sugar beads and other rotation crops also serve as a host, right? So in any given year, you have this bridge of Rhizoctonia from one year to another year. So if you do a better job at managing weeds, you can also manage Rhizoctonia that way. Like I said, sclerosia could survive in the soil for two to three years. So it's a key. And when we look at the distribution of Rhizoctonia, it's very patchy because you have a very severe Rhizoc at one side in the field and then right next to it, it could be very healthy. But if you think if you have ephanomyces, the pattern is a little different because it makes these pores that can swim and then distribute in a soil. So you get extensive patches. I would say it's almost more or less uniform in the field. It's a much bigger patch compared to Rhizoctonia. And then where Rhizoctonia is located in a particular field, you know, I'm talking in terms of soil depth, it could really vary depending on your tillage practices or anything that you're doing, right? Sometimes it's just in the top two to four inches or top four inches. And in some severe fields, actually, we could see Rhizoctonia all the way up to six inches, right? So that's the key there. Again, I talked about cultivation, one thing to keep in mind any time you throw soil, because basically you're also getting Rhizoc into the crowns, you know, the pedioles, the base of the pedioles are a little bit more sensitive for this particular pathogen. And anything that we can do to reduce the inoculum buildup, whether in sugar beads or in the rotation crops is, you know, very good for managing this disease. So when I talk about crop rotation, I'd say, you know, typically you're doing three to four year rotation, which is very good for sugar beads. And most of you said you're growing wheat prior to the sugar beads, you know, that's the best crop you can have for having minimal Rhizoctonia. And I touched upon the other crop choice and wheat control. If you look at the soybeans, exactly just like sugar beads, you know, the time you plant until harvest, you know, there's a risk for Rhizoctonia. But I would say generally, the risk is much higher earlier during the growth of the soybeans. Again, you could see pre or post origins to happen with soybeans or, for example, in 2018, when we planted soybeans, we also inoculated with Rhizoctonia that's multiplied in the barley grains. And if you look at these two rows, basically we lost about 90 to 95% of the stands just because of this Rhizoctonia 2-2. And these two are non inoculated ones. So there was no Rhizoctonia here. But again, we got about an inch of rain right after planting. So that was pretty devastating, right? So if you end up planting your beans late and then the conditions are favorable, that can actually wipe out soybeans pretty good. And in 2019, the same trial, we only lost about, you know, 30 to 40% of the stands here. But the conditions are not as favorable, but you can see the impact, you know, we lost some stands here. And if you look at navy beans specifically now in terms of the edible beans, we see the same pattern, right? You can see plants dying up and down the row. And typically the one that emerged early and strong, you know, it has some tolerance to this compared to the other ones, the same pattern, you know, it looks pretty good. And you have a couple of dead plants right next to it. Again, these two, you know, early emerge, the one of the later emerge plant was more susceptible to Rhizoctonia, right? So one thing I want to emphasize, whether it's soybean or edible bean, you know, you could just look at this, not to go to publication, how to manage these. I don't know, probably some of these things are very common for Minnesota too. But the thing that I found interesting was the same fungicides that we have in sugar beads are also available in soy beans and edible beans, whether it's a seed treatment or in for a fungicide or a foliar application. So I'm not going to say whether it's a quadricerastroid here because, you know, sometimes the formulations come a standalone or in a combination. That's why I listed the active ingredients. So again, the seed treatments, they come in several different brand names. So please look into this. And I want to switch gates and look at the at planting fungicides, right? The major development we have in sugar beads since 2014 was we have several seed treatments that were labeled, but most of them belong to one class. It's called succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor. So they target one single enzyme that's essential for this pathogen. So it cannot breathe, you know, almost you're choking that, right? So we have cabena, vibrance, or cystiva, or metlock suite with cabena or cystiva, vibrance here, right? So these are the major ones. Again, I listed metconosol, the metlock suite is not SDHI here. So some of the data from 2020, this trial was inoculated at the time of planting, right? So I have number of plants for 100 foot of row on Y axis and days after planting here on the X axis. So untreated, there was nothing on the seed here compared to this is the average for my seed treatments in this particular trial. So 2020, I would say we got good rain in Crookston, but the disease pressure was low to moderate, you know, early and then going into the season. So the pattern that I saw in 2020 was a little uncommon because typically I would have expected seed treatments, you know, better compared to untreated, but there was a slight standard action early on, but, you know, they caught up with that. But as we go beyond nine to 10 weeks after planting, you know, both untreated control and seed treatments were losing, right? So I want to emphasize for seed treatments, the best protection for rhizoconia is probably up to, you know, four to five weeks after planting, right? So don't count on them forever. And look at some infrared fungicides. I think this is something I've been talking for the past two to three years. Again, two points I want to emphasize here. When we apply these infrared fungicides, these are applied down a drip tube, right? So it's just going into the four row. And what we do is we mix these fungicides in three gallons of water and then mix with three gallons of 1034O. So basically we are applying this in a six gallons per acre volume, right? So that's six gallons total. But, you know, fungicide in water is only three gallons. And depending on the choice of infrared fungicides, you know, some mix very well with 1034O and some not so well. But again, here we mix these and they were just sitting on the bench for 10 minutes. But we never had any issues in applying these infrared fungicides with 1034O because we have good agitation in our tank. And if you have a good system set up, I think you'll be better off with any of one of these fungicides that I showed here. So some of the fungicides we used in 2020 in a quarter to seven and a half Louis down straight and asteroid, it's very equivalent to quadrice rate and elates, it's a combination of quadrice and an SDHI fungicides. So that's it's got supplemental label and January 2021. So you could actually use it for 2021. And xanthine is a combination of headline and in the biological and preaxter. It's a combination of headline and an SDHI and proline. I know he all use it for chakraspura. And you could actually do that in for application and propols. It's a combination of prototype conazole and the flu pyram. And I also included quadricex fluid ounce with the cabina, you know, ideally I want you to use nine and a half fluid ounce. Based on some lab studies, we could see some isolates of rhizectonia are not really that sensitive to azoxy strobin, but still you could manage with the regular rate of quadrice. But again, this is just for experimental purpose. I would like you to use nine and a half fluid ounce in the real world. And looking at the stand counts here, basically I added my data for the infrared treatments on top of the previous graph, right? So normally I would see inforos going a little bit lower early on compared to the seed treatments. And they do very well later towards like a nine or 10 weeks after planting here, right? So that's the same pattern that we saw here. They tracked at least 10 to 15 beats. You know, we have some numbers here when I share this presentation, you could take a closer look. So inforos did very well. And the other pattern that I typically see with inforos, you know, you may have a little bit of standard action early on, especially if it's dry or cool conditions, but then they do very well, at least until mid season. Based on the data we have, I think the protection lasts at least until, you know, 10 to 15th August. And looking at the data for the harvest, right, you know, we took the trial to the harvest and I'm showing the recubal sucrose per acre. My untreated here, and this is the recubal sucrose in pounds per acre. And untreated control and most of the seed treatments by itself, you know, statistically these are very similar, right? So the stands were good early on, but by the time harvest, you know, we lost more and more plants. So you cannot see much difference between these. And some of the best performing ones were actually inforotreatments here. You know, most of these share layer A means statistically these are very similar, but you can see numerical differences among these treatments, right? The low rate of harvest with cabina, it's looked as good as the regular rate, but I said just because of the risk of developing resistance to quadris, I think it's better to avoid this kind of treatment here. And xanthine looked very good, you know, propyls, proline and preaxure a little bit lower, but statistically very similar, whereas asteroid and elliptus looked pretty good, right? I'd be comfortable with any of these choices going forward. And I want to switch gears and talk about post-emergence fungicides now, right? So again, this trial was conducted in Crookston here. I have the data for two to three years in my slides. So the only difference in this trial was that we inoculated with rhizectonia sometime in June 23rd or 24th, and we applied these post fungicides on it. So untreated, there was no application on this. When we harvested, you know, I showed you that zero to 10 rating scale, you know, most of the beats were looking like a four, right? So a little bit on the lower end, actually. We got good rain in June and then some in July, but still, you know, after that it was a little bit dry. So we did not have too much disease by the end of the season. And here I have the percent of the roots with some rhizectonia on it. It could be one or 10. So 94 percent of the roots had some kind of rhizectonia on them. And then I used this color code just to show you that if I looked at the statistical differences, everything is very similar in terms of the percent of the roots with this one here, right? So quadrice, if you do a post application, you would do a 14 and a half fluid ounce or a later seven and 7.1 asteroid quadrice at a lower rate, 10 fluid ounce. I think it looks more or less similar in some years. It's not as good as 14.5. You know, Excalia, this is a new SDHI from Valent. It's labeled in 2020. And the rate I have here is 0.64 fluid ounce. And if you do this as a seven inch band, you know, all of these fungicides has to be applied in a seven inch band. I do have a quadrice broadcast as 14.5 fluid ounce and looking at the survey, at least 50 percent of you are doing broadcast and 50 percent as a band application. I would say, you know, broadcast is working, but it's not as good as 14.5, right? I mean, statistically, it's very similar. But when I, when I show you some data from the Ricardo Sucrose per acre, my untreated control at 8000 pounds. And most of these in the blue font again, from the previous slide, right? These are very similar. But look at the numerical difference. Now 9846 compared to 10,500, right? So there's a good difference. But anything in this blue that looked very good in 2020. And if I go to the second tier, even pre-action and propols, you know, all this with this black parenthesis here, these are statistically very similar based on the 2020 data, right? So the, my first preference would be from this batch. And then if you have some fields with low to moderate risk, you know, you could go with anything in this, in this other bracket here. Again, the data from 2017, although all the post-20 side, side by side here, everything was applied as a band other than this quadrice broadcast, the same trend, right? So asteroid and quadrice really on the top here and broadcast a little bit on the lower side. And even top guard EQ, it's a combination of DMI and also the quadrice part that says oxytrobin, you know, that looked good in 2017. Again, the data from 2019 here, my untreated about 3867, right? So we all remember the 2019 fall. I think, you know, that's like a once in a lifetime for a sugar beet grover. There was a lot of moisture that messed up some of the disease ratings and the disease development. But most of these in the blue font looked very good. Again, and see how the quadrice 14.5 is a band versus broadcast, you know, how it's tracking and the higher and lower end, right? So again, the answer to the question, can you do the broadcast? Yes, but don't expect it to be as good as 14.5 when you do a band application. And looking at the some combination of the resistant varieties and also seed treatment, info upon the site and the post application. So I call this as an integrated management trial. We had this trial in 2020 at three different locations. But the best data we got was from the Southern Minnesota. There was a lot of disease pressure. There was low to moderate disease pressure in Crookston. So we had two varieties, 3.7 and 4.4. You know, that's the best variety from the crystal area here. That's the reason that was included. And susceptible one was about 4.4. For at planting treatments, there was no seed treatment or info only Sistiva as a seed treatment and quadricemphorobid Sistiva, right? And looking at the planting dates more or less very similar for Southern Minnesota. A little bit later for the Crookston location. But when you look at the four and eight leaf post applications, these are very similar for both locations. And this is the timing that, you know, most of you are doing a post application here, right? Looking at the stance here, I have on the y-axis the number of plants for 100 foot of roll. And days after planting, this is at the Southern Minnesota. Now numerically, the 3.7 variety did a little bit better. But you know, statistically, there is no difference between 3.7 and 4.4. And the key again, the risotonia resistance really does not kick in until the beets reach at least six leaf stage. And at planting treatments, you know, Sistiva and Sistiva with quadrice, they looked very good. But once you move to five to seven weeks after planting, you can see Sistiva and quadrice, I mean, numerically, it was tracking a little bit higher. But you know, statistically, these two are very similar at the Southern Minnesota location. And untreated control, and we can see there's a good disease pressure, you know, we keep losing stance at this particular location for this. And some data between 3.7 and 4.4, this is for the harvest. Looking at the sucrose, you know, a little bit higher sucrose in the resistant one, because you know, there's actually less root rot, and also more sucrose per ton. And the final rating for risotonia, it was much lower for the resistant one compared to the susceptible one. The other pattern that we saw was when we compared these at planting treatments, really by the time of harvest, when we looked at the data across two varieties, we could not separate any of these parameters and not statistically. But the major difference we saw was in terms of the post-emergence application, right? So this is the foreign soil temperature from Renville location here. And 65, you know, this is the temperature we used to track prior to having seed treatments for risotonia. But now my message has been, you know, don't worry about the 65 degrees anytime between four and eight leaf application, you know, you're better off doing a post application here. Again, some of the dates for four and eight leaf application, we will look at the results now, right? This is from Southern Minnesota location, no post four leaf and eight leaf post application here, right? So we looked at like June 12 or June 22nd for this. And look at the yield, no post 27. This is averaged across two varieties, 34 and 34, about seven tons increase. And you look at RSA about 2,400 pounds or untreated control or without post application at this location. But there is a big difference whether it's a 3.7 or a 4.4 variety. You know, since it has the generic resistance for risotonia, there is a little bit increase in the resistant variety about five tons compared to the susceptible one, whether it's a four or eight leaf application is like a 10 tons per acre bomb. But again, this was a little bit severe in terms of disease development when we harvested this trial. If you're curious to look at the recoverable sucrose per acre for the resistant variety about 1,700 pounds for both four or eight leaf application, that is a susceptible one about 2,400 pounds over no post application, right? And initially when I described these trials, I said the one at Crookstone location was not as severe. We got probably low to moderate disease by the end. Here you can see a bump at least from 7,500 to 8,000 RSA with four leaf or about 7,900 with the eight leaf application, right? A little bit bump. But again, it has better tolerance for risotonia compared to the susceptible one about 900 to 1,200 pounds increase depending on four or eight leaf application. So we did see a benefit from post application at Crookstone location. The same thing was observed in 2019. So typically I see the response from a post application when over the July and August, if it's a little bit on the website and the conditions are favorable for risotonia development. With that, the take home message for 2021, the varieties, I think 75% of you said you're using a specialty variety for risotonia. It will pay off, especially if you have moderate to high disease pressure, but don't expect to see much benefit if you have low to moderate pressure. And seed treatments, most of the seed treatments that we have labeled right now for risotonia, they do an excellent job, but count on them for only four to five weeks or at most, you know, five to six. And in for a fun decides the key for this is the protection will last at least until the mid season. If you do the infrared application, but if you have light soils or, you know, if the conditions are cooler or drier during the emergence, they could hurt some stands. But the thing we observed was if you have severe risotonia and, you know, the benefits of in for a fun decide are actually better than some of the risks that you have. And when it comes to post emergence application, I would say 48 leaf application in a just go ahead and do your post. The other question we keep getting is, okay, do I need to wait for rain for doing my post application? I would say, just please go ahead and do your post application. Don't count on rain. You know, if it rains, I think it's good, but it's good if it does not rain too, but it's good to put your post application. Again, do you see any benefit from post? I would say yes, but that depends on July and August weather, right? You know, that's going to drive how the rest of the season is going to look for you. And the resistant variety oftentimes, if you have low disease pressure, you may not see some benefit, but especially from moderate to severe disease pressure, you will see a benefit just like what we have seen in 2020 and 2019. And for the best management practice, I think most of you were doing already based on the survey, you know, go with the seed treatment and the post application, you know, this is best for, you know, a lot of moderate disease pressure situations. But I think if you have a severe feel for risotonia, I would say go with the seed treatment and inforo fungicide and do a post application, right? I think one post would be enough if you do both seed treatment and inforo application there. And this is the chart I put together. So basically, these are different options that you have for seed treatment right now in the market. I did not list the combinations here because, you know, that will be repetitive and the inforo and then the post fungicides. And I did some color coding for this, you know, SDHI's and you have QOIs and you have a biological here. And some of these are DMIs. And the only difference here is the metalloxyde, the rhizalix component, you know, that's aromatic hydrocarbon, that's AH, and again some of the post fungicides, right? So if you are concerned about using the same fungicide inforine post, you know, this chart will be helpful for you to see. If you want, let's say you have a SDHI seed treatment, maybe go with the inforo of the QOI or come back with something different. Again, SDHI are a post, right? But if you look at the lifestyle for risotonia, you know, it has just like a one life cycle. It's not like sarcastra because it just wakes up, it kills beets and at the end of the season, it will go into dormant sclerotia, it will start its cycle next season, right? So the risk for developing resistance is low, but I think it's a good practice to rotate whenever you have an opportunity to rotate these fungicides. With that, I would like to thank the ARNI board for funding this work and the co-op. So I could not have done this work without their help and all the seed companies and then chemical industries for generously providing supplies for this. And most thanks to my team, you know, 2020. We know how difficult it was to do anything. So they went above and beyond to get this stuff done. I'm very thankful for them. Again, my contact information here. I'll be happy to take any questions right now or during the rest of the meeting via chat. And this is the QR code to get some of the credits for you. Thank you. All right, good morning and thank you for being here. Today I will discuss the strategies to manage our cost for a lease spot. And I will touch at the end very briefly a new problem that we have in some areas, white mold. So you just completed a survey and your major problem you indicated was sarcasm for lease spot. This is a problem for growers, especially in the south at southern Minnesota at Mindak and even now in the American crystal area. These are some pictures of field that were severely impacted with sarcasm for lease spot. And the left one from southern Minnesota on the right one from Mindak that was sprayed five times. And in this past growing season in 2020, unfortunately, we saw some fields looking like the one on the left in places like Morehead and in the northern factory districts such as Ada. What can we do to manage this disease? What are you doing? For the most part, most growers are following the recommendations for managing this disease. The first thing that we normally say is we should all practice corputation and we all do. In American crystal area, one of the things that you do that I wish everybody else could do is plant wheat or a barley crop before sugar beet. That's one of the best production practices that one can engage in to reduce inoculum pressure and other diseases of sugar beet. So I think over 90% of you based on the survey are planting a week before sugar beet. So yes, you're all employing crop rotation. One has to be careful and this will come on back again to avoid planting edible beans, soy beans. You don't use canola or even sunflower, any crop that is a hose for white mold as well, especially if you have a wet year for the preceding crop. We'll come back to this a little bit later. So continue to include your wheat as the preceding crop before sugar beet. What else are you doing? We recommend tillage. One of the question was should it be de-plowing? Know anything that you can do to incorporate the residue. If it's two inches or three inches deep, that would be fine. Most of you will probably have at this doing a little bit of tillage, some tillage. So just by incorporating the residue that will help in reducing the inoculum pressure. Right now the inoculum pressure is very very high, especially in the southern and the central part of the American growing area, but a wind I'm sure is taking some of the inoculum for the north as well. So continue to do your tillage operation. It helps in reducing inoculum load. What else is available? This picture here shows a coded variety trial in September. This trial was not treated with any fungicide. And what I'm talking about is this area here. These are varieties that have been approved already. These are new varieties. Some of these varieties will be coming to American crystal area, some probably in 2021 and more in 2022. You can see even in September some of these varieties are still green without any fungicides. This is some varieties that were approved in the Mindak area. Picture was taken in September without any fungicide and you can see even without any fungicides. These varieties are performing very well. Some of these varieties are approved for Mindak area. Some of these are in the pipeline from Beta Seed, from Aseed Seed. There is one from Cells Vanderhove. There was another one, ME, also in the pipeline, one of the Maribu varieties. So we're hoping that more of these varieties will also become available for American crystal growers and we'll discuss why varieties are important, improve leaf spot varieties. What else are you doing that we recommend? You use fungicides and I was very happy to see over 89% of you indicated that you use a fungicide mixture. Some people went on very late with a late application because you didn't want to have any issue later in the season and in those instances a grower may tend to use just one fungicide alone and not a mixture. The water volume, we are doing some work and right now the high water volume of over 15 to 20 gallons per acre. We use 80 psi in our research but a lot of the work that we've done was at 60 psi. So anything above 60 psi with about 15 to 20 gallons of water will deliver the fungicides. In a normal year and we'll talk about more what is normal, what is not so normal. If you can apply your fungicides without getting much rainfall, you can have 14 days of excellent control. If you have too much of rainfall as happened in 2020 then you need to shorten your interval to 10 or 12 days. We'll talk more about that but if you apply your fungicides and they're washed off by rainfall then you can have more severe disease and that is what we saw in 2020. I will show you some slides of the least spot. What has happened over time? How the population has increased? How the population has shifted from sensitive to resistant? So on the left hand side this is a picture of the sugar beet field on August the 29th showing you a lot of brown leaves and note in the picture which leaves are the ones that are killed which ones are brown the oldest leaves and they tend to be the most productive leaves. When these leaves die what the plant does as it looks here two weeks later it looks green it looks beautiful but what the plant is trying to do is to regain its growth continue with life and it does that by using the sucrose that was stored in the roots. So what happens now is that not only your tonnage will be reduced because the plant is using all its energy all its photosynthetic capacity to produce new leaves rather than to produce sucrose which is stored in the roots. In addition when you have these leaves that are killed you have toxin that goes in the leaves and this results in high amino N which reduces your sugar concentration. So you want to avoid this from happening. For many years headline which is a constituent of prioxor was our best fundicides this product became available it was labeled in 2002 became available in 2003 and until 2015 was one of our best fundicides but as in this picture here shows it doesn't matter if it's headline mixed with a SDHI flux of pyroxide gem which is trifloxy strobin or pyra none of these QOIs are working and the reason is over 90 percent of our sarcospera beticular population have become resistant to the fungus by just a change of one gene at position 143. What happens two weeks later as I showed you earlier the brown leaves are gone they're gone to the ground you have regrowth of leaves and what happens is that your yield will be a little bit higher than your check but these leaf spot rating of course will be 10 and you're not accustomed to get the high yields and the high quality sugar you're getting by using the QOIs so for the most part we're saying stay away from the QOI use other mode of action and hopefully we can get our population back again whereby we can probably come back with a QOI at least once in a season in a mixture we'll talk more about this later. What else is happening so we were fortunate that in 1999 the year after the 1998 epidemic we had eminent. Eminent was one of our best fundicides of course you have eminent in the form of eminent you have it in the form of Minerva you have it in the form of Minerva dual. When this fundicide came out it was very very effective and it remained effective for a number of years but what we have seen with triazils is that if you use triazils over and over again to spritz or cospora after a time the population starts to shift you have reduced sensitivity so the fundicide is not as effective as it as it wants war. So we then use other triazils like Inspire XT which is a mixture of two flu triathlon came on the market but it was never very effective and Minerva Inspire and NK Proline and those fundicides were just as good as headline but in 2016 what was happening was the population became resistant to the QoIs and less sensitive to the triazils so you can see in this picture here the Minerva was working a little bit better than Inspire and the flu triathlon was very very ineffective so although they're all triazils they're impacting the sterols in the fungus they are not working well and each one has its own level of efficacy. I have here a slide which shows you the non-treated check is 10 on a 1 to 10 scale which means that the oldest leaves are killed you have regrowth that happened in non-treated check that happened with Priaxor. Eminent Minerva Inspire and Proline along with Priaxor previous to 2016 will give us leaf spot rating of lower than six which will mean you may have a slight amount of leaf spot but you're not having economic damage. Now you may not have statistical difference sometimes sometimes you do you might have a bump in yield but rather than getting eight and nine thousand pounds of recovers sucrose per acre for these treatments you're only getting about five to six thousand pounds because of reduced efficacy. Some years depending on the amount of rainfall the triazils may work better than other years it seems that if you have less rainfall after the fungicide application you have better efficacy. The DMI this was in 2017 you can see Eminent was not doing very well Inspire was doing a little bit better and Proline was doing also better than Eminent. As I said each one has its own different intrinsic activity and they behave differently. Yesterday there was a question at Mindak which is one which the question was which is our most effective triazil at this point in time and we have about six or seven of them labeled consistently Proline is the one that is the best by itself but we do not recommend using any one of these alone. I just showed you 2017 this is 2019 when we had less rainfall all we had lots of disease in the check because if fungicides were able to be effective you had better disease control with the triazils. Here again we're still not recommending using them alone. I put a slide here to show you what happened in a dry year and this is what happened in a dry year versus what happens in a wet year. In the dry year the non-treated check is still high however the triazils were working much more effectively in 2019. You had 8,000 pounds of recovered sucrose in 2017 you can see the least spot rating became even worse and your yield became lower as well. So you have two things are happening. There's fungicide sensitivity and then once the fungus population becomes very high the fungicides are not able to control it especially especially when you have more rainfall after fungicide application and I will show you a few slides later what happens when you have really really wet conditions as using 2020 as an example. Now what works for us right now as a matter of fact as a matter of fact since we've had a population shift in 2016 tin by itself has continued to be our most effective fungicide. Tin by itself is our most effective fungicide however we shall not be using it alone and this will be our mantra for today so that's tin by itself. This is proline on the top two weeks later by itself not too bad but you can see some wrong leaves if you put tin and proline works wonderful even two weeks later. Now the question is one question we've had since proline and tin look so effective at controlling the disease why don't we use this mixture early in the season? If you're at American crystal in the grafting area and you're only doing maybe one or two applications of course you can probably use a proline and a tin and then you don't have that much issues with the resistance in the northern part of the valley you can use another mixture in your second application. If you need to use a third one you have another option again because you can use three applications of tin however when you did your survey just now many of you had four five and a few people had six applications. Let's say you have to use four or five applications since you can only use three applications of tin what we're saying is to use your tin and your pro your triazoles as your aces and then mix those with either a copper or an ebdc or maybe a topsin so you always have one of the good ones in the applications we'll come back to this a little bit later it doesn't only work for proline inspire by itself will give you fear control but you add tin to it it looks better the same thing goes to menerva by itself not so good but with tin much better and please note these pictures are pictures of plots that are treated with one fundicide multiple times we do not recommend this for growers this is just what we want we're doing to find out which fundicides or mixtures are effective we'll come to mixtures and a rotation program shortly the data also shows the same thing that you saw in the picture the triazoles by themselves in a dry year are doing well but if you add tin to them they do better and you get higher recoverable sucrose per acre we're shooting for about eight to nine thousand pounds or even more per acre now is there anything else we can use because if you're saying we have tin which is working very well the triazoles are not working so well and we need to mix those with something else what can what can we use we're saying use the multi-site tin is also considered as a multi-site the triazoles and the strobilurins or the qois are considered as site specific so you can see here again the check is 9.8 with 5 000 pounds of recoverable sucrose if you use an anyone of the ebdc manzate or dietane you get leaf spot rating lower than six that means it's not causing much economical damage or copper by itself or a mixture of a copper and an ebdc good leaf spot control or fairly spot control and high and acceptable recoverable sucrose per acre so the ebdcs and the coppers are more or less the multi-site fundicides they do not and have never worked as effectively as a site specific fundicides when the site specific fundicides were new and the reason is because they are not site specific they kill the fungus by acting in many different ways however one of the good things about the multi-site fundicide is that the fungus is usually unable to develop resistance to these fundicides so we use them to control the fungus and to manage fundicide resistance here you can see a mixture of manzate and inspire you saw tin and inspire work well well so does manzate and inspire badge and inspire a copper and inspire also work well one question I had was well if you use badge does it affect your your tubings if it's aluminum the truth is I don't know we do a lot of trials every year we have not seen any damage what I will recommend when you're using any copper product the copper products work well when the pH is a little bit on the lower side six six point five you don't want it to become too acidic acidic the more acidic it becomes the more effective the fungicide becomes and it can become so effective that it becomes phytotoxic so you have to be careful use it according to the label and you should be fine you can also use mixtures especially in the northern end of the valley you can use a copper and an ebdc if you want to try to get rid of strobelurin and triazole resistant isolates one treatment which has worked well for many years especially as you go from granforsen north is a mixture of kin and topsin topsin by itself is not very sensitive issue however if you want to start with a one of your best treatment I've shown you already kin is working well do not use the six ounces although this is looking good you do not want to put additional pressure on your tin use eight ounces and 10 to 20 ounces of topsin what will happen is if you have a rainfall after your application it will wash your tin off but topsin is systemic and it will have to provide some control so for over 20 years this treatment here applied early in the season usually in the first application typically end up with good cls control for the remainder of the year and high recoverable sucrose content if you really want to get after your your population that is resistant you have menerva duo especially people in the north if you're using less applications you can use a menerva duo and a badge so that's three modes of action or a menerva duo and ebdc what you're doing here you're controlling your fungal population and you're managing resistance plus you get excellent disease control which will result in high yield and high sugar concentration now all i've been discussing for the most part is which fungicides or fungicide mixtures work well we have done a lot of rotation program whereby we put mixtures in a rotation and then see what happens and i'll show you 2019 we had an untreated check our price was not very good so we got just 500 per acre and if you use fungicides a triazole with an ebdc a tin with a bensimidazole or typhonate me tile a triazole with an ebdc and what we're doing here we're never using the same mode of action we're changing things up so we're showing the fungus different modes of action trying to use different modes of action to kill the population that we have you have high recovered sucrose over 300 more per acre after you will have paid for your fungicide application you can also use super tin and a copper and a copper and an ebdc and still get good control but as you can see as i said earlier 2019 was a relatively dry year and we had good conditions after applying the fungicides but this was the mantra i'll start applying the fungicides and this one started early at roclosure you have one two three four application in a mixture you have excellent disease control here again i'm showing you pictures of different mixtures using a rotation program followed by tin and topsin i always prefer my tin topsin first but this will also work proline and amanzade a copper and ebdc and an american crystal you like to use a priax or a priax or in a tin you can see excellent disease control compared to your check if you change it around here rather than inspire and amanzade you can put two of your best inspire and tin but you're coming back here with a tin and a topsin another triazole and a copper and an ebdc here again excellent disease control this happens if you have a these varieties that i'm using here have a rating of 5.0 5.0 i don't think any grower is using 5.0 ratings so these are very susceptible but you have excellent control in dry years in wet years is a different story in 2018 and 2019 without using a qo i or a triazole just using tin and an ebdc and ebdc and copper in a rotation program in 2018 you can see green leaves compared to the check in 2019 this variety here was a little bit different a little bit more yellow but still leaf spot rating was very low with high yield just by using more or less the multi sites in mixtures and this can work fairly well for growers from crookston going north now in 2020 just like 2016 was a wet year where we did our research in foxo we had about 70 days where we applied fundicide in 25 of those 70 days in 25 of those 70 days we had rain so that meant that most of the time after applying the fundicide a lot of times within two days we had a heavy rainfall and what happened you will see in a lot of this area where it's kind of yellow which became brown later on you had varieties that were 5.0 and anywhere that you see green it's not only fundicides but more or less in this coded variety trial here there were no fundicides but you can see the varieties are still doing well because of inherent resistance this was august 25th this is august 2nd you can see more green here and as you come two weeks later on there is less green but there are still some varieties that are resistant you look here there is more and more brown never mind we were applying fundicides fundicides were applied in this area here until september 4th but if you had a fairly susceptible variety five or higher you are not getting control because the fundicides were being washed off I come a little bit closer if we look at this one trial here you have one two three four five six treatments going all the way down one of these here this one here will be your check the other five were treated all of these other ones here have a check but I cannot see the check visually because it's not color differently it's not brown here how can you know where your check is if you look carefully you will see that your your check usually there is no wheel tracks going through here no wheel tracks going through here so one of these here will be your checks the reason why this here looks so green we got an experimental experimental variety that is very tolerant to sarcasm early spot and we use from one to six fundicide applicate from zero to six fundicide application and you couldn't see the difference between zero and six because this variety was so good at tolerating the disease if you come to this next trial here you'll see a lot of brown and you'll see some green and I'll come back to ask you if you can kind of differentiate among the different varieties okay so we have four varieties in the trial that I showed you I just showed you let me go back so this is the trial here I've taken out some pictures of these plots and I'm asking you keep in your mind tell me out of this is variety a variety b variety c and variety d which one to you visually looks the best for a least spot control will it be a b c or d I don't know what your answer is but based on what I'm seeing and then based on the recoverable sucrose so I have that advantage variety d here look the best visually and in terms of yield because it looks so much better it was also one of those varieties that did well in recoverable sucrose now I will ask you if you were to compare variety a b c and d which one do you think had the most fundicide application which one do you think had the most fundicide application a b c or d and before you answer your question the heading of my slide is effect of host resistance on least spot control so variety a b c and d each one of these here has a different level of tolerance to least spot each one of them had a different level of tolerance to least spot this one here was the most resistant so what happened if you were to say maybe d had the most fundicide that's not correct all of them had the exact same number of four fundicide applications however because variety d was more tolerant to the disease the fundicide along with with its natural inherent resistance result in this one looking the best so when you have a wet year when you have a wet year I'll show you some more data you need more resistant varieties and I think as a whole that's where the seed companies are going over time this here is what happened at Fox so I made a variety that was five just concentrate in the first one two three four ranges this here was taken from september 2nd to september 24th and you can kind of see here if you look in this picture you can still see some foliage at the top here some of those were still looking fairly well in september 2nd but two weeks later before we harvested it was difficult to pick out which treatment was better than the other because at that time by the 24th by as a matter of fact the last application was made on the fourth and then after that time everything went downhill because the least spot control was not very effective because they were being washed away by numerous amount of rainfall now in a very wet year this is what happened the non-treated check was 10 the least spot rating the sugar was 12.8 and the highest the highest yield that we had in the best treatment this was our best treatment with about six or seven applications when this one started to be 10 this one was still 5.5 you can see the sugar was still very good surprisingly 17.8 percent sugar which was actually higher than the tonnage the tons was just about 17 tons that was the highest tons we had at this site here in 2020 with about 5 000 ponds of recovered sucrose so if you're going to go with a very susceptible variety in a wet year no matter how many times we sprayed we could not control the disease this was the second best treatment and all of those treatments here you can see if you go into the research production report when you see these three asterisks is telling us that we started applying the fundicides as soon as the rows were closed as soon as the rows were closed even if we did that it didn't matter because by the end of the season these fives we also became 10 just like non-treated check the sugar remained fairly good for these here between about 15 to 17.8 percent but look what least spot can do in addition to reducing your tonnage we'll talk about tonnage but you can easily get six percent reduction six percent reduction in sugar concentration if you do not do anything because of this spot another treatment that worked very well and what we were seeing was that any mixture any mixture for the most part of most triazoles or tin with another product and you put about six or seven application you'll get fairly good control all in the season but then your sugar start to go down and your recovered sucrose so we were getting about 17 tons in this resort site where we had about five tons where we had about if this spot rating of five most growers will not have this what did the growers get in the mendak area they got about 24 tons per acre 24 tons per acre and just under 17 sugar so overall this was mendak's average for 2020 where this trial was done remember I told you earlier we used one of those varieties that was very resistant resistant to least spot you had a check which you could not differentiate and you can see here we just had a few spots here and there and it didn't matter if you put six application or five application or two applications at different times or three applications or two this was one two three four five one two three four five and at a check the least spot rating was the highest was two which meant you hardly had any spots even if you didn't put any fun decides your yield was about 26 tons to about 28 tons and your sugar concentration was anywhere between 17 to 17.8 tons and your check was just as good as more or less some of your fund decide treatment so you had anywhere between 8,000 to 9,000 pounds of recovered sucrose per acre even when you did not use any fund decide I don't know what the variety is the company just gave me an experimental but this is the trend of things to come high yielding variety good sugar and good resistance to least spot we didn't check for resistance to other diseases so that would be another package we'll kind of look at hopefully we'll start to get more of these varieties in 2021 another thing we did we were I was trying to get varieties from the different sugar company seed companies with different germplasm that were developing these new generation of least spot varieties unfortunately unfortunately because they were ramping up seed production so that you the grower can have more varieties earlier and faster they didn't have enough to share with me so all I could muster was from one company and this was from beta seed what I did and just look at a forest range you have four reps this is replicated so whatever you're seeing here is somewhere else just looking here it's probably one of these this one is here probably here here and somewhere else so the same thing whatsoever you're finding in this forest range is randomized so these two are commercially available varieties this I'll show you the ratings this is about 4.8 this is about 4.4 this one here is a more tolerant variety not approved they just gave me this and this is a new generation variety the first one two three four five treatments in the forest range they had fundicides most of them will have had four or five fundicide applications the last one treatment six in each one is a non-treated check so you have a check here check check and a check you can see the tolerant variety there is no tracks going through there more or less without any fundicide towards the end of september is doing still doing very well the more susceptible variety as I said some of these had about six fundicide application we try to put on some of the treatment despite the rainfall we just went in there or pito went in and did it but still at the end of the season we couldn't control the disease I'll share some of the data with you you I'll show you here a video remember the forest five plots you see will be treated plots and number six will be a check so let's go starting so one two three four and five the middle four rows are treated you can see the guest rows and on treated check and the next set will be again one two three four and five and you can see the guest rows this is your check coming up here now that's your check those are susceptible varieties one two three four five a more tolerant variety with sprays this is the check and then an experimental variety one two three four and then the last one is here you can see there was really no tracks going through looks a little bit more pale yellow than let's say the ones that had fundicide and this was our data so I can as I tell you this was an untreated check for variety a no treatment was five thousand pangs variety b which was a little bit more tolerant just under five thousand pangs variety c under cls rating of four six thousand pangs and the variety d with no fundicides nine thousand pangs and if you put four or five or six fundicides we had as you saw from the pictures a little bit of rain too much rainfall so a few plots had some water damage but they yield rain from about eight thousand to ten thousand pangs of recovered sucrose for for this experimental variety another variety that is more or less experimental as well seven thousand to nine thousand five hundred pangs uh this one here didn't do so well in the absence of fundicides and these two commercial varieties as I said even if you put on four or five or six fundicide applications our highest yield was about seven thousand pangs and so one has to be careful the lesson here is that when you're going to start planting in april we do not know what kind of a rainfall pattern we will be having even if you apply fundicides every two weeks if it's there is no rainfall you will get a good crop good disease control but if this wet trend continues as we had in 2020 then when you're selecting the lower resistant varieties one has to be careful we're hoping that more and more varieties will be coming at four point three and lower so you will be having access to those and not only will they have resistance to sarcasm for a least part but they will also have resistance to rhizoctonia and the other diseases we have one of the things I liked in that picture that I showed you initially from Mindak was that at that site we did have rhizoctonia but even in September in those plots where the varieties were more or less approved although they did not have fundicides they did not have rhizoc so it is telling us that some of those varieties also have some good resistance to rhizoctonia so hopefully this trend will continue thanks to the seed companies for producing these varieties and we'll get more and more of these as time goes by one question that came up yesterday is there anything new in the pipeline no there is nothing new in the pipeline however I have done some work with some funding from the RNA board where we use chlorothalanil by itself it gives you fair control similar to an ebdc however when you mix just if you mix it with prax or which you like to do in American crystal area or you mix it with proline you have excellent disease control and high recubulus sucrose per acre after our meeting yesterday I had a call from a chemical company that are still interested in getting this product label for you so I will be working with them to see if you can get this worked out they still need to get an inhalation study worked out once that can be approved then we're hoping to get this product probably in 2022 or 2023 so we've talked a lot about sarcospera what I would like us to remember are just a few things most of you most of you are doing a great job if something didn't work it was probably not your fault it was more or less because of the rainfall you had continue to use a holistic system you're all using crop rotation try to avoid try to avoid any crop that will have or be a host for white mold soybean or edible beans not too many of you have sunflower you already do some tillage so incorporate your debris we know we have resistance issue if you're going to use a pyaxor mix it with something else our best products are the tins and the triazoles those are our aces always mix them with something else either an ebdc a copper or early in the season maybe in the forest application feel free to use a tin don't be afraid to use water 15 to 20 gallons of water right now we've been using 80 psi but all our other trials we use 60 psi and we have accident control on the favorable conditions if you're going to start if you are using susceptible variety especially in the crystal area make sure you start your fungicide applications earlier why we have seen over the past several years that lea spot can become very very damaging it doesn't matter if you're in moorhead or eta or the northern end of the valley and the reason is the population is very high so if you have a more susceptible variety anything like a 4.5 or a 4.8 start at reclosure start at reclosure if this disease gets out of hand because it's multi-cyclic every 10 to 12 days you can have a new generation it's difficult to play catch up and especially if let's say you spray and then you get a rainfall and it delays your interval to about 28 days there is no way we can play catch up as we recommend go to shorter applications during wet intervals if you have a rainfall probably less than 48 hours after fungicide application it's hurtful to tell you this but you may need to go back again and put on another fungicide as soon as it dries up if you're expecting rain one of the things you try to do in your application is to use a triazole use a triazole because it is systemic so your out of fun decide your mixture partner if it's washed off your triazole and your eb your tops in those are systemic they will still be able to give you some protection more resistant varieties are coming some of them 1.8 some of them 2.5 cls rating these will probably need less fun decides for the next growing season i hope to get improved varieties from the different seed companies and work out when will be the best time to apply fun decides so that we can still get high yields and not spend too money too much money on fun decides but not end up into issues of resistance now so that's my take on sarcos para i will now touch briefly on white mold white mold in sugar beet was not common until 2019 we found it in 2019 for the first time this is a picture from hector minnesota what happens the lowest leaves get infected they're the ones that die earliest and you can see this is what your fee looks like one distinguishing symptomology is this darkening in the mid-rib here in the petriol and in the mid-rib your roots look healthy on the outside and on the inside and if you bring the samples in grow them on a pda and inoculate leaves this is what happens the infection spreads from the tip of the leaf or from where you have it and it goes all the way to the crown this same pathogen is also very pathogenic not only in sugar beet but it will also affect your sunflower your soybean and pinto beans so likewise if you have these crops before sugar beet you are any setting up yourself for problems because this carotia can be in the soil for several years we've done some work already in the greenhouse in the lab and we are i'm happy to say that priaxar and proline compared to the control you can see the control here the fungus has grown it's all white looks fairly good at controlling the disease vortisan as well but we don't use this that much and dura another product from bsf bosculate looked fairly well but tops in i was disappointed in it because it doesn't look much different from the check this is in the greenhouse this is in the lab we'll see what happens in the field and what we also did we use a lot of triazoles eminent proline vortisan this is a dsdhi in spiral pretty good but it uh this is diphenkonazole by itself it seems if you put two different modes of action proline and inspire excellent control diphenkonazole and minerva also excellent control so we're hoping to get funding so we can do more work in the field and then we can give you some form recommendations one of the question i had which i couldn't answer but since you have much more experience than i do was does white mold affect yield and quality these are pictures from four different areas four different varieties a b c d somewhere a little bit more green but you can see the damage here later on today i'll give you an evaluation and one of the question i have there is do you think based on these pictures this was late september october and the disease start in august do you think based on what you're seeing here that white mold in sugar beet is impacting your yield and your quality with that i will say try to avoid soy beans or edible beans before sugar beet hopefully once we get some funding and do some trials we can be better able to tell you what you can use for funding sites for controlling this disease this here is your c u um you can take a picture of this um q r code so you can get your uh two c us and with that i've gone over my time a little bit i would like to say thank you to you the growers for funding my research seed and chemical and allied industry for providing all my inputs luke scans guard especially for taking lots of aerial pictures bruce sundeen as well from aqua communication kevin etzler for allowing us to do all this work on his farm the people at the east grand forks tear lab tear lab who do a phenomenal job of analyzing all of our samples at n d s u my colleagues who do a phenomenal job or harvesting thousands of plots and peter hack my students and field interns for making or doing all the hard work and making it possible for us to get recommendations for you day in day out this is my um email and address and telephone numbers any question if you don't have questions you can go into the chat box anything there tom yes there are there's there's three or two questions in a comment so let's try to do these quickly mohammed um glenn asked the question i don't see provisal in your trials how does provisal compared to other trials we've been using the trials by themselves for a number of years and based on the research i will say proline is number one inspire number two and everything else comes afterward menerva provisal lucento which has an sdhi in it however we're not recommending the application of any of these funding side alone we're always recommending using different ones with either an ebdc or a copper next question okay this is from mark and i'm going to read this mohammed with copper and ebdc not being resistant and fairly cheap compared to other fungicides that are resistant have you tried just using ebdc and or copper alone with four to six times and skipping the expensive resistant fungicides yes and if you go back we will make this and these presentations available to you towards the end of my slides there when i showed you 2018 and 2019 i use tin i use copper and i use ebdc in mixtures that work well and then another time i think i just use ebdc and copper for applications and this will work especially especially as you go more north i will say from crookston going north where the population is a little bit less um higher than let's say moorhead this was at foxdom and we had accident controls if you don't have much of a rainfall that would be one strategy to lower or even eliminate your population of resistant isolates and it worked well plus it's very very economical it may be one of the strategies for us to use when we do get the more resistant varieties to reduce our cost of operations mohammed cam wants you to compare headline and headline sc headline and headline sc in most of our treatments we were using headline sc for a long time before that we were using headline ec and then um basf said there won't be any more ec then there became sc i think the ec was better when we were using it in foro if i remember correctly but right now as far as i know there shall not be officially any more headline coming from basf there was one called pyrak that was on the market for a short while but i think that company went under so if you have anything it might be uh old stocks and if you need foreign information the best people will be basf kandibar will be able to give you more information in terms of efficacy we didn't see much difference between headline ec and headline sc anything else don't yeah i've got a comment from ashok so both of you can weigh in on this um ashok's comment is is some of the commercial varieties that are strong sycospora varieties tend to be a little weaker on on rhizoc so ashok is is advocating for using a rhizoc program post emergence i agree fully you got to look at the whole farm operation look at what else you have um if you don't have much leaf spot in your area let's say you're in the northern part of the valley in grafting but you have more rhizoc and more aphanomyces i'll say aim and those those will be a big problems not leaf spot if you are more or less in grand forks where leaf spot can kind of take over then you will need some varieties that will probably have leaf spot rhizoc and af talk to your agriculture is their best at telling you what are the best varieties for your specific area talk also to your seed company reps they can give you good advice but i'll say talk to your your agriculture is so um as always it's a privilege and an honor to visit with you um as ashok said we'd rather do this in person but this is working out as well pretty good um i'm going to talk a little bit about weed biology um and the point i want to make here is knowing your weeds knowing when your weeds emerge is absolutely critical to weed management so i'm catering my message to the northern part of the valley and i'm thinking about your your first weeds in the spring probably kosha and and maybe lambs quarter second um the neat thing about kosha is although it germinates early most of the time the duration of kosha is not as long as it is for some of our other weeds although with some of our newer biotypes that might be changing and something we keep an eye on but i want to talk about the two on the bottom red red pigweed and water hemp especially water hemp water hemp is not going to be one of those early germinating weeds it's it's not going to germinate and emerge until sometime in may but i will tell you that once water hemp starts to germinate and emerge um you can count on it um germinating and emerging um i think through the month of july and maybe even halfway through the month of august so from that standpoint it introduces some challenges for us that we haven't dealt with before so the first part of controlling water hemp is weed identification and i want to i want to contrast water hemp to red red pigweed so let's start with red red pigweed so look at these cotyledons on red red pigweed long and narrow okay sometimes i'll call these canoes because of how long and narrow they are now contrast that with water hemp the cotyledons are a lot shorter and they're a lot wider than red red pigweed is so there's other pictures here and you can see the same thing the picture on the lower right hand corner is red red pigweed again so early in the season look for cotyledons as a way of differentiating now you can see on the first true leaves that water hemp has more of a lancelate shaped leaf as compared to red red pigweed sometimes that's tricky but these cotyledons are dead giveaways what about later on so i've got four different pigweeds in this picture and i will tell you that they look very similar the one that's different though is water hemp so water hemp has a darker green color in the plant and once again you'll see those lancelate shaped leaves now water hemp is also free of hairs whereas red red pigweed and powell amaranth have some hairs on it so so so what i want you to do is get familiar with water hemp i don't care about the others i just want you to differentiate water hemp from the others and then the flowering structure of water hemp is also unique so it's a much more open flowering structure um flowers at a lot of different places on the the plant um branches or or some of the other areas as compared to red red pigweed where the flowering structure is mainly on the terminal branch the the main branch of the plant now over to powell sometimes we see that longer main branch that's not always the case but sometimes we'll see it but generally it's longer than what we see with red red pigweed maybe it's only six or eight inches as compared to this one which might be 12 or 16 inches but one characteristic of pigweeds and i don't care which one we're talking about is they make a lot of seed so i would encourage you to try to eliminate pigweeds from your fields because once you have pigweeds you have to deal with them for a number of years and i want to make that point with some data from um from Iowa State University so this is the longevity of water hemp and uh once it falls into the soil you're going to have to manage water hemp for at least four years maybe six years now the good news is is we have the highest germination rate the year after it goes to seed well over 50 but the point is is there's going to be the need to actively manage water hemp for at least four years now we used to think of water hemp as something that the southern part of the valley or mendak or southern men dealt with not anymore so this is our latest survey and we're we're looking at at at maybe just over 75 percent of our acres 500 000 of our acres have identified water hemp at some level either moderate to to severe levels so um the message here is water hemp is no longer a southern valley weed it's everybody's weed challenge and that's why we're giving it as much attention as we we are now where did those numbers come from well we just recently completed a survey and i'm only focusing on on the crookston district the east grand forks district and the drayton district so you can see the colors and and water hemp levels over time look at the spikes that we're seeing in 2019 and in 2020 and compare that to the average of the entire um um american crystal sugar district so you can see that we've had a tremendous increase in the number of acres the number of growers that identify water hemp as an important weed for them so why why is this what has happened in the last 10 years or so to to create such a a large infestation of water hemp and and i answer that question by saying that water hemp was designed for modern agriculture it was it was built using some of the farming practices it was built to succeed using some of the farming practices that we're using right now so first of all it's hard to identify i would argue that for the first few years we weren't identifying it properly i've mentioned this extended germination period i said may through the month of july maybe even the first 15 days of august it grows fast um the seed germinates and emerges off the soil surface or in the um the inch um top one inch of soil so conservation tillage is a good thing i'm not going to complain about that other than to say that water hemp thrives in those conditions so from a weed management side there was a period of time where we were using post-emergent sprays maybe two sprays maybe three sprays but the point is is for a weed that germinates and emerges continuously it's hard to get it when we're only spraying two or three times i've already mentioned seed production i've mentioned longevity the last thing is because of male and female plants so the flowers on on on different plants we've seen a lot of diversity both in terms of phenotypes and also the response of water hemp to herbicides okay so this is a busy slide this is our water hemp control program so it starts with pre-emergence then it has the early post the the mid post sprays um we're looking at some techniques in june including cultivating the use of the hooded sprayer once we get the plants over the canopy some people are using the weed zapper and we're pulling weeds out okay so our program for managing water hemp is continuous because it has to be that's how diverse it is that's how important it is i want to talk a little bit about the lay by herbicides for a minute and i'm focusing on the three actives on the right so the question on the table is which one do you use and my answer to that is is they all work if this is a conversation about water hemp control i say they all work okay and i stand behind that with the data that i've generated since 2014 they all work but the one you choose might depend on what's important to you so if you want to if you're concerned about replanting you'll want to use dual because outlook and and warrant have at least a three maybe a four week replanting interval where you're not going to get stand if you replant into those residues what about getting it activated choose outlook outlook is the most water soluble and it's the easiest to get activated okay i'm going to skip over safety because i'm going to talk about that since that's an important topic for farmers in the northern part of the valley length of control i think water hemp i excuse me i think warrant is the longest lasting of the three chloroacetamide herbicides and i think that you're going to get more lambscorters control with warrant than the other two then after that it's up to you you work well with different companies you work well with different um um ag retailers but don't forget about the generics especially the esmatola chlor generics i want to talk about crop safety sugar beet safety and i'll tell you whenever i i get to the northern part of the state and i talk about water hemp and control the question always comes up what about safety to sugar beets how do these chloroacetamides compare to round up and i will tell you that i've conducted 86 experiments by now 86 and there's one experiment that stands out the most out of these and that was one that i did in 2016 down in the wilmer area so you can see the three chloroacetamides you can see a single lay by you can see where we split the lay by pre followed by a single lay by pre followed by a split lay by so um as you know we like to use the pre split lay by program and one of the reasons we've moved away from a single lay by is because we've seen more sugar beet damage with that particular program so splitting our herbicide i think improves weed control but it also improves crop safety especially when you're using a post a pre-emergence herbicide so these are a couple of pictures from that experiment in 2016 by rose lawn this is the glyphosate check on the left um the three rows to the right in the picture on the right are the treated plot and this is the phenotype i see and this is a control over on the on the top side so what i see are sugar beets that don't have a good color and they're not actively growing so i i sometimes call these drunken sugar beets they're disillusioned they're standing still they're not actively growing and in this particular location it's because we had a heavy rain event right after application that washed the herbicide into the root zone so of course the herbicide that's the most water soluble went to the roots first and was taken up by the plants i want to reinforce to you that this is not a rare occasion but it can happen and it did happen before okay outlook and and the esmetolachlor product so dual magnum brawl um some of the others charger basic are all based on ec formulations so when you spray these on a sugar beet you're going to get this speckling phenotype you're going to especially get it if you're using other products in combination with either outlook or esmetolachlor so i've spent a lot of my time especially in the last two years looking at adding different products together with the chloroacetamide herbicide so we've done this in the greenhouse we've done this in the field and i want to talk to you about a greenhouse experiment that we did okay so we started with power max and ethofumazate that was basic and this experiment had oil in it and it didn't have oil but i've averaged across oil so let's not worry about that right now so when we added outlook i saw a little more growth reduction okay but when we added an insecticide a stinger to that we saw a dramatic increase in injury now the good news is is that injury is transient it goes away you can see that there was less at 14 days and when we harvested the tissue and weight them we didn't see any statistical difference all of these numbers are the same same using statistics but my point is is these complex mixtures especially products that have formulated oils are going to increase the damage that we get with with power max with ethol and with our chloroacetamide herbicide the question is is how much water hemp is too many and i would tell you that the data that we've seen either from dr schweitzer or from dr dexter on interference would indicate that even weeds that are spaced 10 feet apart are going to cause a weed a loss of yield so they're gonna the weeds are going to interfere so i want to reinforce for a number of reasons at trying to get total water hemp control in fields so how we're going to do that well i want to encourage you to cultivate so we know that cultivation removes the emerged weeds okay we know that but the question we often get is how is the cultivation going to interfere with my barrier so this is results from nathan how grudes experiments there's three locations here it's 14 days it's 28 days after late germinating water hemp emergence so we were looking at late germinating water hemp the blue bars are with cultivation the red bars are without cultivation and you can see there's no difference here cultivation did not cause us to lose herbicide or stimulate water hemp germination and emergence from fresh soil if anything we saw a bump with cultivation compared to no cultivation at all so the the you know the the electric systems are back we used to call it the lasco lightening weeder now we're calling it the weed zapper and the modern day version has more killing power the booms on the front there's a lot better safety improvements on it but how does it work so we've done some experiments in in 2019 and 2020 um we we looked at eight locations in 2020 and the first thing we looked at is this wilting phenotype and i can tell you it occurs immediately after you run the the the weed zapper through the field so we see that immediately and at least statistically there's no difference 14 days later necrosis well necrosis increases so that's the darkening of the stem and the leaves and you can see that necrosis increased three seven and 14 days after application and necrosis is is following overall control so this score for necrosis is almost mimicking the overall control and you can see across experiments we got pretty good control but i'm going to tell you two things so first of all remember that the water hemp has to be above the canopy before we can go out with the weed zapper so we're getting some loss of yield from interference just by letting water hemp get that tall and we also saw and we didn't have as many locations but for a highly branched plant like kosia our control was less mainly because the lower branches were um very quick to fill in the gaps created by um burning off the tops of the plants i am an advocate for pulling weeds i know pulling weeds it's hard work but i want to tell you if you're going to go through the work of pulling weeds get them out of the field and the reason for that is is water hemp is it's an example of a plant where once you see the flower you have no more than 14 days before you're seeing viable weeds or viable seeds so pulling out a water hemp plant with flowers it just means that that seed is going to mature itself while the plant leaves on the ground and you're going to still wind up with some seeds that are are causing concerns for next year so carry those water hemp out of the fields if you can okay so i'm going to switch to some other crops so i'm going to start with um we're going to start with wheat and this is uh dr howitz slide and what he's saying is there's a new a new combination of husky this is called fx and it stands for floxapyr or star rain that's part of the formulation so if you're going to use this particular product and and i know the co-op has a policy on on husky herbicide but if you're using this one i would encourage you to use the high rates because we know singly that we need the higher rates to get good water hemp control from star rain there's other herbicides most of these herbicides are oxen group products that are mixed together so i'm not going to go through these other than to say that in some cases there's three or so oxen herbicides mixed together the one that stands out as talon talanar so this has an hppd inhibitor herbicide group 27 herbicide this has a rotational restriction that doesn't allow sugar beets to follow so lots of options in in small grains especially wheat now i i will tell you that i i had 25 or 30 questions about controlling water hemp and wheat stubble last fall so we wound up and did an experiment we wanted to be sure so we looked at um power max alone we looked at um um a sequential power max application we looked at power max plus 24d um we looked at power max and sharpen and the key on this one is we mixed mso with the the sharpen because that's the way sharpen likes it and then we did a three-way um power max sharpen and valor so um i will tell you right now that i have concerns about valor and potential carryovers so i would only prefer to talk about the top four and i will tell you that seven days after application this sharpen treatment looked unbelievable okay there was there was hardly any um signs of water hemp left but if you wait till three weeks it was hard to see the difference between sharpen and 24d so i would suggest that both of those in combination with roundup are good ways of controlling um water hemp and stubble okay so this is a busy slide this is one where you might want to get your camera out so what this is what this slide is is the best programs that we know in soybeans and corn for controlling water hemp okay so some of these herbicides might have rotational restrictions again so you've got to take a look at that but if you want a list of good water hemp programs here's the list okay so the rest of my slides are going to be one slide topics so um bear with me on on the transitions from slide to slides common ragweed control okay we we talked before about two ounces maybe three ounces we talked about two followed by two what we would like to do is increase that from two to three ounces or if you were at three we'd like to go from three to four ounces and the reason is is because we did not see consistent control in 2020 so um you'll see this in the recommendations that the the co-op is posted you won't see two ounces anymore we want to increase two to three and three to four shop meetings we have scheduled shop meetings for drayton eastgram forks and crookston districts so the dates are on the screen we're working on the locations the key here we want to make sure that we're in a shop that's heated especially with this weather the key here is these are going to be small group meetings we're going to try to limit participation but i believe especially to do some training on water hemp we've got to get together and look at some plans so these have been scheduled through the agriculturalists controlling kosher in soybeans okay so remember a few years ago i used to talk about controlling water hemp and soybeans with liberty use the liberty link soybean system if you have kosher in soybean i'd like you to go two different ways to mix liberty with roundup and use the appropriate soybean or to mix liberty with enlist so using the appropriate soybean now while dr jenks's data indicates good kosher control with liberty alone i'm doubting thomas on this one i i i think his conditions we don't usually see liberty working this good this early in the season at 65 degrees so for kosher control i want to see you mix liberty with either roundup or 240 i've talked before about wild oat resistant weeds and this is a continuation of that message these are site of action one and two herbicides it's not uncommon especially in pembana county to see wild oat resistant weeds so that's something that should be important as you're making decisions in small grains a quick palmer amaranth update so we're starting to see some challenges with palmer amaranth in north dakota we especially had some concerns in 2020 so these green counties are places where um we had some introduction in fields because we were using sunflower screenings that were used as livestock feed and then the manure spread on field so um that's a practice that has been eliminated but you can see we have some counties where we're going to have to be vigilant to track palmer amaranth on the minnesota side you know by and large minnesota has um has eliminated palmer amaranth especially from these original counties um they've gone back and there is no evidence of palmer amaranth left so the counties that are where they're still actively monitoring are lincoln county in the west and winona and houston counties in the east but by and large minnesota is fighting to eradicate palmer amaranth and we're going to do the same in north dakota we're just not as far along a new biotech trade so the trade is called ht2 sugarbeets and it combines glyphosate dicamba and glufosinate so we're starting the field evaluation of various programs in 2021 this is a kws project that kdkws will call true vera so that'll be the the commercial name for the ht2 concept and once regulatory approval occurs and we're hoping that occurs sometime in 2025 um then um the other companies will be able to license the trade and and sell it from kws so this trade is still a ways off we have to be extremely vigilant so we can get to those years um but there is a biotech solution in the pipeline so with that i i like the others i i get my funding from um the sugar beet research and education board which means my funding comes from you and i'm extremely grateful for your generosity likewise there are growers in the northern end of the valley that have collaborated with me um james bergman is on the phone today thank you so much for for working with me um sometimes doing weed control work is is difficult thanks for working with me on that and of course with the experiment stations in both minnesota north dakota so my contact information um these numbers are the same numbers that my predecessors have used please call me please email me follow me on twitter if you want to see some of what i see in the field and then with that here's the code so um the uh qr code for getting credit for the meeting i'll get the cursor out of the way so you can take a picture of that and get credit for listening to my presentation very good well uh as the others have mentioned thanks for joining us in this somewhat unusual format i guess it's become unusual for a lot of us to work through zoom and other platforms like it so uh great to have you and uh i'll get going uh this first slide uh you mentioned in your survey responses that springtails were an issue for some of you so i did want to uh include springtail management and this data is actually got a fairly good infestation at a site in eastern montana near the north dakota montana border and it's the second year we've gone out there the growers out there are experiencing pretty significant uh springtail infestations and uh they uh there are some growers out there that have reported what they would classify as failures of some of the uh the neonicotinoid seed treatments to manage springtails effectively so uh we're not only trying to help them because they are some of them are north dakota citizens as well and part of our sugar beet group so we want to help them but i'm also concerned about maybe down the road us having issues like that so we really want to optimize as my title of my talk indicated optimize the uh efficacy of some of our control programs for for this group of insects uh the springtails are a complex or many species and thus far what we've seen is they have a different species out there in the mondac growing area so uh what we had a lot of variability at this site not only in the springtail infestation but uh within some of the plots as well as far as agronomic things so as you can see here this is i'm just focusing on yield and then revenue the revenue gain is that above the untreated check so uh we just subtracted the revenue uh gained gross revenue from the untreated check and that's what you've got it's not a true net gain because it doesn't incorporate the cost of the product uh that's kind of a moving target every year and there are bonuses it's too hard to really keep up with that stuff but this gives you some idea of the relative returns you'd get from some of these treatments as you can see in the yield column they're all followed by an a they're sharing a letter so they're not statistically different from each other so i can't really say a whole lot about them other than uh we see some trends that counter at a higher rate did perform better mydac and newly registered products that a few of you indicated you're using perform pretty well and better at a as a t-band than it did dribble in furrow so that's a little bit of a negative result because not too many growers want to have nozzles on or a nozzle on each row of their planter other things we've seen over the years this this follows product or performance uh patterns we've seen before but with mustang we tended to see a better better performance when we t-banded it than when we put it put it dribble in furrow we had more treatments in this trial than than are indicated here i actually had to cut some out but mustang as a dribble in furrow was was uh down below below mydac dribble in furrow so those are kind of the trends but what we're trying to do is see if we could maybe combine at plant insecticides with seed treatments and it suggests that the findings here suggest that that may be a good way good tool for if you're having trouble managing springtails in sugar beet so to kind of summarize that part and then we'll move on to root maggots the the seed treatments in our area should provide pretty good control but if you do experience what you would classify as a failure or unsatisfactory control then you might want to combine it with another type of tool either at planting next i'll move on to sugar beet root maggot and really concerned about the trend the population trends that we've been experiencing for the last few years this is a 14 year data set and the our fly counts these are fly counts on a valley wide basis an average per trap across the entire valley and this number here for 2020 is the second in the last second highest in the last 14 years so the trend is not going the direction that you nor i would want to see it go next this one is a valley wide illustration as well but this looks at activity over time within the growing season and like we've seen the last few years we had well we had a main peak but we also had a pretty significant increase in activity early on in in early june about two weeks later was the main peak so that's another concern you know what are we going to be doing with these early emerging flies what we've seen as far as its majority males we still have a lot of data on that to really put that in stone but that's what the pattern suggests so there wouldn't be a lot of mating going on then but those those males will be maturing then over a few days and we'll be mating then with females over the next few you know a week or so so anyway the numbers are very high and we've got bimodal peaks happening more often and early emergence happening more often as well that has translated also to slight increases in in magut feeding injury in grower fields this data is collected from fields that reached the fly count the cumulative fly count threshold of 43 flies per trap again that's cumulative and then we go back in and we damage rate all those fields and that trend is upward as well a two on a zero to nine is not that big but within this average there were a higher frequency of fields that were in the five range so growers were losing money in those in those situations next they'll move on transition to the what we're looking at for a forecast this year this is published in the crop and pest report typically American Crystal puts it on their website we also have it in the pocket guide and it will be in the research extension reports as well so this says 2017 as I've mentioned before this is not a typo this I'll transition this I'll animate it so it goes through 20 what it looked like here and then through to 2020 and then what we expect for 2021 there was the change to 2020 that's from 17 so a couple of years gap there but quite an expansion in its range quite a bit especially over into Minnesota and then what we're expecting in 2021 is a lot more moderate infestation those areas are filling in and we're not necessarily having more of the severe the high risk areas but we're really seeing an overall expansion of its territory in between some of those areas that were orange last year or were filled in some of those that were yellow last year so a lot more moderate risk in the map this time each year I produce a list of locations that we expect the highest risk and typically on this map a few years back I was able to squeeze the high risk field locations and the moderate risk locations in the same slide because of the expansion of the root maggot infestations there's not room for that on this slide so this is what our moderate risk areas look like and that's a fairly long longer list for each state than typical as well next we'll move into some research findings over the past several years multiple year trials will be presented some of those are two to three year trials there's maybe one that's a single year I guess it's a couple of them and then there are a few that are between five and six year data sets so they're pretty robust data sets that I think you can hang your hat on this first one involves at plant protection plus a single granular application at post emergence or a single at plant granule along with a seed treatment and again I've got the significance letters here indicating differences between treatments anytime any one of these treatments within a column share a letter they are not statistically different from each other and just to make this easier to read I put the blue rectangle in there and essentially these top four treatments were not statistically different from each other with regard to either recoverable sucrose or root tonnage and provided some pretty good returns on investment as well one thing that's been interesting over the years again this is a six year data set the at plant application of of counter and you could use lorsban 15g as well it is at its mass max rate but combining that with a insecticide treated seed tends to perform very well so it's fairly simple where you just put put stuff on it planting and you do well but we have also discovered over the years that counter works fairly well as a post emergence material this next one involves post sprays which is more commonly used as your survey response is indicated we've got varying at plant applications of counter and then we've got poncho beta also as an at plant and then either a loan or with a either a one or a two pint application of lorsban and we've used both lorsban for e and advanced we've done some testing and they don't really perform differently with regard to root maggots so I took the liberty of combining that data and by the way all of these combined data sets that I'm showing you I do rigorous statistical testing to make sure that I can combine this data before I do share it with you so these have been tested for that that integrity and again these top treatments I've put the rectangle around they're all sharing an a so they're not statistically different from each other so either a seed treatment and then maximizing seed treatment or a moderate rate of counter and maximizing your post spray is a fairly good approach and then or making it a little more you know you optimize or you actually add a little revenue by going more aggressive at planting with your at plant granule this is what some of the plots look like over the years our untreated check was beaten up pretty bad by the way this this we randomly collect root roots from these plots and we stop at a prescribed location within each plot same location with each plot within each plot there and this happened to be one random location where there was no beat so that's how bad the pressure was up in the top upper left we've got counter alone at a high rate beats don't look too bad but they're a little bit scarred near the tip when we add the lores band we get a little better protection but those are a little bit beaten up too the pressure has been pretty substantial similarly the poncho beta with a as a seed treatment and then combining with lores band looked pretty good also a few years ago we started looking at dual and then comparing those with a single or even triple applications triple meaning at plant of some form combined with an at plant granule possibly if it's a seed treatment and then coming back with a post either a single post application or a dual application of post components and this treatment on top here turned out to be very good we're beginning to start looking at lores band advanced or lores band we're actually shifting now and looking at 4e as well but maximizing this part of it and going with two pints and that also looks pretty good but we're we're able to actually do very well with with this as you can see with the revenue and the yield and you can see the trend here as well generally dual and triple application regimes if you will tend to do very well and optimize not only yield but also the gross revenue above the untreated check even the single treatments were easily paying for themselves and this happened to be a five-year dataset this is what the plots look like and i think this illustrates pretty well that you can't necessarily assume that your field that may look okay above ground may be more stressed than you think this happened to be a fairly wet growing season that these photos were taken and there was a pretty significant differences between treatments in this this trial last year was the first year of mitak being used in sugar beet registered for use in sugar beet and a few of you indicated using it and i've been getting questions about well how does it look compared to counter and counter brings comes up a lot because the majority of granular use is involves counter and what we found this happens to be a three-year analysis and it performs similarly no statistical differences between mitak when applied dribble in furrow and counter at its moderate rate that's just 84 percent of the full labeled rate so it's not a comparison necessarily between counter at its best in you know type of scenario so it looks okay it's it's not a catalog i would say but it may fit very well into growers production systems this is what some of the plots looked like this was actually taken two years ago you can see that there's similar canopies between the two actually in this one the mitak looks a little stressed excuse me next i wanted to show you this is some work we've been doing the last few years but i'll just show you this 2020 finding because it involved are some new look a new look at asana and what we wanted to look at these are all single applications they're not really foliar only but we're many so any of the peak flies are foliar and then where we have three tb that's a three inch t-band so what we found is that these four were the top treatments with regard to root injury or root protection i guess i would say recoverable sucrose and tons per acre generated excellent results it's quite amazing that we got this kind of a result out of a single application of counter at its high rate this is a first year this 2020 was the first year we were looking at at yuma this is essentially lores band 4e there's no at plant protection in these peak fly treatments and then there's no post-emergence treatment by the way for the treatments that have a banded application and so that was one finding that was surprising yuma at two pints looked very good when we applied it at one point it didn't look quite so good i mean we were probably getting some help out of it if you will but it was not statistically different from the untreated check on any of the parameters that we measured another thing and that's the reason i've got this highlighted in blue asana we used we applied it at its maximum rate this was at plant is as a three inch t-band and we combined it in a tank mix with exponent which is a synergist for pyrethroid insecticides and it definitely made it different this is just one year of data but it looked uh looked very good it it brought asana up to where it was not statistically outperformed by the very top treatment as a single application so i i think that suggests that we've maybe got another option in the toolbox which is really good news this next one has a lot of treatments i actually deleted two out of here so it could have been even busier what we were wanting to look at here though was uh applying at plant insecticides with 10 30 at the same time as 10 34 oh and then and then some combinations as well so on the far left we've got counter at its moderate rate either with or without 10 34 oh fertilizer the fertilizer was dribbled in furrow and then we've got the same thing at a high rate the high label maximum labeled rate uh then we've got mydac in the green bars here kind of in the center dribble in furrow or a t-band and then we've got the mydac with t-band or t-banded tank mixed with 10 34 oh and then a post application of bifender and uh bifender is not labeled for sugar beet yet but it's something that vive crop protection is pursuing so we did want to include it in the the presentation today the next series of bars we have poncho beta either with just 10 34 oh we've got then poncho beta and mydac in these bars with the hash marks on them and then the far right one of that cluster includes asteroid at plant in that tank mix with 10 34 oh and mydac and there are no differences here as this indicates suggesting that we didn't really have any negative significant negative impacts on stand counts when we took this to yield the I would say the results were were generally even better um with counter it looked like possibly dribbling in furrow the 10 34 oh at the same time as apply not with but at the same time going across the field with the uh dribble dribble in furrow 10 34 oh fertilizer it was not statistically different but there was a slight uh I don't even want to call it a reduction but at least numerically there are slightly lower yield but not statistical so we're getting good protection and good yield as well with mydac we found that the dribble in furrow tended to do better it's not always statistically different but that's pretty a pretty sizable difference in yield uh moving over to poncho beta when we uh added the mydac we started bumping up the yield those were not statistically different from each other but uh the good news on this is that we don't have a negative impact on yield by combining mydac with 10 34 oh and asteroid on poncho beta treated seed uh I will uh wrap the root maggot stuff up with a point I want to make this I mentioned earlier about uh differences in canopy or uh lack thereof symptomology for uh regarding root maggot feeding injury this is what our plots looked like in a moderate infestation at thompson north dakota a couple of years ago I think tim myron is in the audience and uh uh we have him to thank for uh letting us do our work on that that land uh this is what the roots ended up looking like uh the counter alone was significantly impacted as was the poncho beta alone they don't necessarily all that beaten up uh it was a uh a little dry on top and so a lot of the feeding was near the the tips uh the the untreated check got me beaten up actually quite badly and this is what the data looked like so even under moderate pressure we were uh getting these kind of increases in revenue and statistical statistically significant increases in revenue or yield both recoverable sucrose per acre and tons per acre by uh we could go on with moderate moderate rate of counter or a seed treatment and then come back with a more aggressive or maybe a not so aggressive but a post-emergence spray rescue spray uh made quite a difference in in all the parameters that we studied or measured in this trial so it really drives it home this included not only thompson but this included a couple of years at st thompson where we had more more moderate infestations over the years so with regard to root maggots um I'm really concerned about the population trends and the number of locations that are at high risk um as you saw in the data during the past few years we've had early fly emergence and double peaks so that complicates how we manage this past one thing that can help with that is a early uh sort of a jump start with a strong at plant control program and uh maybe this is just more of a rhetorical thing but are we possibly not being aggressive enough why are these populations and increasing like they are is it possible that we're not taking the moderate infestations seriously enough with that the keys to to uh good control with uh of the root maggot I would say know your acres very well that's within season as well as as historically if you're at if you've got areas that are at moderate to high risk uh try to be aggressive with your root maggot control there's uh at plant protection is is really a a very good way to start the growing season another thing I would say avoid solar relays reliance on on some of the lesser performing products we've got a lot of data indicating what the better products are for at plant and post merge this as well so just uh try to be aggressive with managing those populations another key to success would be monitoring what's happening in the field as well as in your neighbors fields you can do that by monitoring the fly counts that are posted online three times a week during the growing season and it's always good to keep an eye on what's going on in your own fields also we uh have the NDSU root maggot model that's really helpful in predicting when outbreaks are going to occur and it's published in various venues online and in print as well so as far as controlling the root maggot we know the seed treatments and mydac perform similarly to 7.5 pounds of counter uh the mydac we believe it works best as a drivelin furrow application we've seen that mydac is safe when combined with with a seed treatment and 10 34 old starter fertilizer it's kind of a new kid on the block for at plant applications asana appears to perform well but you've got to use that that synergist exponent with it to optimize control uh post emergence control there's really no substitute to that with moderate to high infestations you really almost have to expect you're going to have to put something on and we've seen major benefits from those applications liquids we want them applied between two and five days ahead of peak fly if you're expecting to apply two applications i i'd air toward the five or six days even ahead of peak fly especially with early emergencies like we've seen uh granules can be much more flexible uh post emergence anywhere from five to 13 days ahead of peak fly uh if you're not set up for post granules and a lot of you are not uh consider applying an at plant insecticide of some form along with your insecticide treated seed i threw this in there if i have time for for a just a couple more slides um early season injury i you mentioned in your surveys that grasshoppers were a concern or you had to treat for grasshoppers this past year that could be an issue this year we've got a dry winter thus far and they do very well and they get going very well in dry springs we don't currently have an economic threshold for managing them managing them in sugar beet but i've put together some guidelines based on economic thresholds from other row crops so generally within the field you're needing to get up in that five range on a per yard basis before you should think about controlling them and you can tolerate a whole lot more in the field margins if you've got grassy field margins keep an eye on the field and you can even do border treatments to manage them also grasshopper in some mentioned cutworms as well i would say these all of these products work fairly well on cutworm control also but this is for grasshoppers these these all these products should do a pretty good job the larger the grasshopper the more product you should probably use so i would that would be applied to asana as well as as chlorpyrifos which is lores band and all the generics and then i wouldn't i wouldn't back off of the rate the full rate of mustang max either i've got this highlighted here because we have to be careful if it's a later season infestation of grasshoppers which you may not need to treat they can take some defoliation but if you choose to treat later on in the season you have to be careful of this pre-harvest interval of 50 days with that i'll wrap it up and i want to especially thank the research and education board for funding our research for the confidence you place in us to research these issues for you i want to thank my technician jake rickus for helping make the program succeed i want to thank the american crystal ag staff who helped us vastly increase our the breadth of our fly monitoring program we used to do about 30 fields this past year we did over 120 thanks to their help i want to thank the seed and chemical industry as well for providing materials for us to test and to use in our trials and i also want to thank my colleagues at the universities for assisting with harvest and and other interactions as well i also should thank uh several growers there are multi-year datasets there so i had a long list of growers that i should sell help or thank also for helping us with land to do our research on their farms so with that i will wrap it up if there are any questions in the comment box or if anyone would like to unmute and ask and while we're waiting the qr code we're again we're repeating is on the top of the slide there if you do want to scan it and get credit ceo credits credits was one question in the chat box mark so i want to like to know if you have tried conctor 23 conctor 20 g band and my doc di f together to control roth mangot or will you recommend using the two together or will there be a fight to toxicity problem that's an excellent question and usually when someone says it's an excellent question that means they don't know the answer we have not tested that combination yet it's certainly open to pursuing that you know with might act being a moderate performing as a standalone at plant it's something we probably should look into and we're wanting to do some more plant safety trials this coming year so if we have room that's something that i probably should look at but you know we have not tested that yet thank you any other questions yeah there was one more with moderate root roth mangot pressure uh should we use two pints of large band ahead of the second peak of the force or the second peak um i would say under moderate pressure um if you're pretty much anticipating or planning on making more than one application split applications work really well and we've seen that they actually if you're going to apply a total of two pints which you maybe don't plan it that way but we've seen that one pint applied twice is more effective than uh two pint supplied in a single application and i think that's very applicable now with the early emergence that we're seeing so uh but in in yeah i'm uh it kind of depends on to really answer your question kind of depends on what your at plant uh procedure was if you're using a moderate moderate performing product like a seed treatment or uh say a Mustang at planting then i i i would suggest being more aggressive post emergency going with that two pints and you could even apply that a second time if you needed do you hear things any word for your producers highlight industry yeah thanks again all the researchers for another round of great presentations and education so thank you yep you're hitting our top concerns that uh our growers are worried about cacospora after last year water hemp the battles there um ritt maget and our ritt diseases so we'll be having a your way to grow meetings as well being a lot of those same topics with their ag staff and you guys and any questions that you have during those or you think of some afterwards uh we're happy to work with you too and answer those questions and with the production practices that can improve those situations so thanks all right i think it's good for us to meet in person but on a call here like today it's it's good to kind of be in your office or in your home here it's warm and get all the information that you will get at the grower seminar so thank you for signing up thank you for participating and we will be getting more information in a similar manner to you during the growing season we will be working through joe his things and your leaders and we'll be getting more information for you during the growing season with that thank you all have a wonderful day