 The study reports that human recombinant-cystitin-9, R-CST-9, protects against Francis elatulorensis in vitro and in vivo by decreasing intracellular bacterial replication and increasing killing via preventing escape from the phagosome. It also induces autophagy in macrophages through MTOR signaling pathways, upregulates anti-inflammatory proteins while restraining pro-inflammatory associated proteins and directly decreases the viability and virulence of foot. The study suggests that R-CST-9's immunomodulatory functions may be exploited for therapeutic purposes during infection. This article was authored by Tonya E. Spiles, Jignesh Patel, Emma Origi, and others.