 Namaste. In last few sessions, we are studying the analysis of statements, so we have in detail studying the shipping corporation case, calculating the comparative common size as well as trend and then we went for calculation of ratios. So for Havels Ltd, we have calculated first the balance sheet ratios, three important ratios, one was current ratio, quick ratio and the third one was debt equity ratio. Then for P&L, we have calculated profitability as net profit after tax, popularly known as NP ratio, net profit before tax ratio and also EBITDA or cash operating profit ratio. Is it clear to you? Now we will continue the case and try to calculate return and activity related ratios which pick up one figure from P&L and one figure from balance sheet. So you have to keep both the sheets ready now. Now first of all, this profitability which is calculated as a percentage to sales, naturally we would be interested in knowing profitability on their investment which is called as return ratios. So we would try to calculate return on equity, popularly known as ROE. Do you remember the formula? Let us check from the sheet. So this is the return meant for the equity shareholders which is profit after tax. So we will take the final profit and divide it by from the balance sheet, we take the total shareholders funds, I will just do it again. So profit after tax divided by shareholders funds. So you get 0.27 as a percentage it is better understood, it means 27 percent is the profitability with respect to owners or shareholders. There has been a good change from 22 it has improved to 27, you can easily compare with normal returns which you get from bank FD which is 8 or 9 percent. So definitely it is a good return but there can be scope for even higher return. Now the other measure is ROI also known as return on investment or return on invested capital. So what is the formula? Instead of taking profit after tax we will take profit before tax and to this we are going to add the interest income if any, sorry interest expense if any. Now here again should we take PBT or should we take profit before exceptional items? Maybe it makes more sense to take profit before exceptional item because you are trying to calculate profitability of the business, exceptional items are not regularly going to recur, you can see it is a big amount 202. So we will go for 711 which is in the numerator, we will put it in bracket because this is a profit before tax and before exceptional items to this add finance cost which is interest and such types of costs. This is the numerator and divide it from the balance sheet we have to take shareholders funds plus borrowings. So what we are doing is in the numerator we are going to take profit before exceptional items before taxes add finance cost and in the denominator we have taken owner's fund plus debt. So we got 27 percent and in all the 3 years it is more or less constant at 27 percent. You can see here mainly it is only because of effects of taxes that there was a slight change. So this was ROE and ROI. Now let us try to calculate activity ratios. So to know how efficiently the company is using its assets. So we will go to balance sheet. In balance sheet you are having fixed assets, we will compare them with sales. Maybe from P&L it is easier because we have got a sales figure here. This is fixed asset turnover ratio as it is known as. So normally we will go for operating revenue, total operating revenue and divide it by total fixed assets. So you are getting it 5.02. Can we convert it into percent? Actually no it does not make sense because this is number of times. That means you are using your assets to generate revenue 5 times in the year. Over the period of time you will find it is more or less constant although their profits the revenues are increasing slowly the fixed assets are also increasing slowly. So more or less steady fixed asset turnover ratio. Now we can also calculate other type of turnover ratios so I will just keep them here. One is TAT that is total asset turnover ratio. So let us compare the total revenue and divide it by total of all the assets. Now naturally the ratio has gone down because in the first ratio that is FAT we had taken in the denominator only fixed assets. Now we have taken all the assets. So you can see there is a compare it to FAT this is lesser ratio it is slightly going down but it is more or less constant. So this is how now going for little bit of working type capital types of assets we can calculate inventory turnover ratio. So for inventory turnover total operating revenues divided by the value of inventory which is 6.93 or 0.7, 0.5 and 6.91. So it is more or less constant the efficiency of use of inventory had increased a bit now it has fallen. Now would you like to convert it into number of days it is known as inventory velocity. Let us try to do that what is the formula we can just transpose this take 1 upon the given inventory turnover and then multiply it by 365. So this is in terms of days so it was 52 days then it came down to 42 days now again it is 52 days. So that means any inventory which comes in remains with the company for 52 days. Same way it can also be done for daters and for other assets. Now we can calculate more ratios but we will not go into that depth we are going to consider two more cases of different companies where we will calculate much more variety of ratios. But now let us understand two other important ratios which are already calculated. One is EPS what is the formula we have discussed it earlier do you remember that is earning per share. So we take profit or loss for the period and divided by number of shares. So here you can see there was a fall in EPS from 38 to 7 and then it has increased now to 11.45. You can check the share capital which is more or less constant. So you can see here that this is the EPS as calculated by the company. There are no pending warrants etc. So diluted EPS and basic EPS is more or less same. Equity share dividend for first two years was constant in the current year they have increased the dividend to 374 and this is the tax on dividend. So they have also calculated equity dividend as a percentage to their nominal value of capital. So earlier it was 300 percent now they have increased it to 600 percent. We can also calculate their dividend their EPS which is already given and we can go for their payout ratio dividend payout ratio. Now there are two ways of doing it either we can go for DPS by EPS but right now we do not have the figure of DPS but we know the total dividend. So what we can do is take the total dividend and divide it by the available profits which is equity dividend of the company divided by the profit for the period. So you are getting 52 converted into percentage. So you can see earlier company was distributing 40 percent of their profit. Now since the profits have increased but they have doubled the dividend. So the percentage of distribution has gone to 52 percent. Is it good to have higher or lower ratio? There is nothing good or bad but higher ratio signifies that company is able to company has decided to distribute more profits. A lower ratio will mean that company is distributing less but retaining the profit for own growth. So it depends on the strategy of the company and on the opportunities which they have. So we have just calculated few important ratios here. Now in the next problem we will go for more detailed ratio taking out a particular company and looking for variety of aspects of that company. In the meantime I will request you to go through the ratio sheets which are given to you and also variety of problems which we have already discussed. Having calculated variety of ratios of profitability, return as well as the activity. Let us have a look at expense ratios. So this is our profit and loss account. We have got number of expenses particularly the larger expenses cost of material consumed. So it will be of interest for us to know cost of material consumed is what percentage of the revenue. So the formula for expense ratio is that particular expense ratio divided by sales. In this case since we know the revenue from operations and we have also been given other operating revenue we can also take total operating revenue in the denominator. So let us find the cost of material consumed as a percentage of total operating revenue. We are calling it cost of material consumed ratio. Like that you can give it any suitable name. So it is 0.52 it is better understood if we convert it into percentage. So you can see it is more or less stagnant 52.89 then 53.15 and 53.95. There is no other major expense item in the P&L the largest expense was material consumed. So that is what is required that is the way we can also link other items. But still let us link one more item that is employee benefit expense ratio. So you can see over the period of 3 years it has increased it is almost 7 percent now earlier it was 5.28 percent. So these were important expense ratios. Now let us go to cash flow statement. In cash flow we have got cash flows categorized into 3. So the most important of that is cash from operating activities. Let us see what percentage of revenue it is. So cash from operating activities as a percentage of revenue. Now it is logical for us to take revenue from operations or total operating revenue. So let us take total operating revenue we get 0.09. So total operating revenue was 5.436 and the cash from that revenue of course we have incurred variety of expenses. The final cash which came into hand of business was 0.09. As a percentage it becomes 9.64. So you can see a slightly worrisome figure here. What was 13 percent in March 14 became 11 percent and now it is about 9.6 percent. So there is a fall in the ratio of cash from operations as a percentage of operating revenue. One can also link the net cash from operating revenues to the operating profits. So if you go to PNL we have got profit before exceptional and extraordinary items to that if we add finance costs we will get profit before interest and taxes. So we get 72 percent. So out of the profits which we are reporting 72 percent is available as cash from operations for the business. Here also you see a drop earlier it was more than 100 percent then it became 90 and now it is 72 which means that lesser amount is now getting realized as a cash which is not a very positive value for the business. Like that you can calculate a few cash flow ratios of course most of the important ratios are on the side of PNL where a different type of ratios can be calculated on PNL. So we will stop here. Namaste. Dhannevar.