 A very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindi news analysis brought to you by Shankar ice academy for the date 19th of November 2021. These articles have been chosen today for the discussion and along with this we have a practice film's question session where I have a quiz question for you. So listen to the discussion carefully as the quiz question has been framed on today's discussion only. So without wasting much time let us get to the first discussion. Our first discussion for today is based on this news article which is about the All India Presiding Officers Conference in short IPOC. See this conference was held recently and many important matters were discussed in this conference and according to this news article the delegates at this conference failed to arrive at the consensus on whether speakers power under anti-defection law should be limited or not that is whether the speakers power with respect to disqualification of legislators should be limited or not. So in this regard a committee was set up for this particular purpose therefore into this discussion let us see some important details about this committee. We'll see about disqualification and the important constitutional provisions related to it and we also see the power of speaker regarding disqualification and finally we'll also see a resolution taken by IPOC regarding question R. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for reference. See first of all let us see about the committee which I just mentioned. This committee was formed in 2019 it was formed to review anti-defection law under the leadership of Rajasthan Speaker CP Joshi and the report of this committee was presented to the presiding officers in IPOC that is in the recent conference. Now according to the news article in the conference it was said that the power to disqualify members of parliament and members of legislative assemblies under the anti-defection law should also be given to political parties and the justification behind this demand was that if a member of the assembly who wins the election on a ticket from a particular political party is not behaving properly then the president of that particular party should have the power to disqualify that particular member. So such a demand was also placed in this conference. Now in this regard you should also remember some other committees regarding anti-defection law. The important ones are the Dinesh Goswami committee on electoral reforms of 1990 and there is an important report based on anti-defection law which was the 170th law commission report of 1999. In addition to this in many instances supreme court has also recommended the formation of a tribunal consisting of former judges to deal with disqualification cases. So remember these two facts but what is this disqualification and the anti- defection law which i'm mentioning again and again. We also saw that in the ipoc the delegates failed to arrive at a consensus regarding speakers power under anti-defection law. Now to understand this anti-defection law first we need to understand the important constitutional provisions regarding the disqualification of members of parliament and state legislature. Now the first important provision is the article 102 of Indian constitution. This article deals with the disqualification of members of parliament. On the other hand article 191 deals with the disqualification of members of state legislature. Now according to these articles a member of either house of the parliament or a member of the legislative assembly or legislative council of a state can be disqualified based on two sets of conditions. Now let us see the first set of conditions. Now this first set involves many conditions like a person shall be disqualified if that person holds any office of profit under the government of India or the government of any state. Then the person can be disqualified if they are of unsound mind and they have been declared of being unsound mind by a competent court. Thirdly they can also be disqualified if the member is an undischarged insolvent. See simply speaking undischarged insolvent means that person is unable to pay his or her debts or their liabilities cannot be covered by their assets. And a person will be an undischarged insolvent if a bankruptcy petition has been filed by them to the court of law and their debts are still being assessed by the court. Now another condition for disqualification is that if that person is not a citizen of India or if that person has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign state and then they can also be disqualified if they stand disqualified by any law or under any law made by the parliament. For example they can be disqualified based on the grounds given in the representation of pupil act of 1951. So these are the first set of conditions under which a member of either house of parliament or a member of state legislature can be disqualified. So now what is the second set of conditions? See as per the second set a person shall be disqualified if that person is disqualified under the 10th schedule to the Indian constitution. See this 10th schedule is also known as the anti defection law. So what is this defection mean? Defection refers to a member of parliament or a member of legislative assembly or a member of legislative council switching sides. For example they will be switching from one political party to another. This is called as defection. So we have a anti defection law. So such a defection that is changing from one political party to another political party is prohibited under certain conditions and this is listed in the 10th schedule which is also known as the anti defection law. Now this 10th schedule lists certain conditions or grounds of disqualification and these are the second set of conditions that I mentioned. So let us see these conditions. See a member can be disqualified under the anti defection law if that member voluntarily gives up the membership of the political party on whose ticket that member was elected to the house. And secondly the member can be disqualified if that member votes contrary to any direction given by his or her political party or if that member abstains from voting in the house contrary to any direction given by their political party. That is whatever direction is given by the political party they have to adhere to it. If they vote against this direction or if they abstain from voting then also they can be disqualified. Now thirdly if any independently elected member joins any political party then also they can be disqualified. And fourthly if any nominated member joins any political party after the expiry of six months then they can be disqualified. Now these are the grounds of disqualification under the 10th schedule that is under the anti defection law. And this is where the role of speaker comes in. It is because the question of disqualification under the 10th schedule is decided by the presiding officer of that house. And the decision of that presiding officer is final. This is as per paragraph 6 of 10th schedule. Or in other words we can say that the disqualification is decided by the chairman in case of Rajasabha or legislative council and it is decided by the speaker in case of Lok Sabha or legislative assembly. But remember that this condition is with respect to the set of disqualifications under 10th schedule. This does not apply to the set of disqualifications which we saw in the first set. Because under the first set the decision of the president or of the governor is final as the case is. For example as per article 103 any question regarding the disqualification of member of either house of parliament is referred for the decision of president and the president's decision is final. Now with respect to state legislature we have article 192. And as per this article the question with respect to disqualification of members of legislative assembly and legislative council is referred for the decision of governor and the governor's decision is final. So remember this difference but with respect to 10th schedule when it comes to Lok Sabha and legislative assembly speaker's decision is final. And this is the power of speaker relating to the disqualification of legislators which we saw in the beginning. This is the power we are talking about today. Now there is a demand to limit this particular power. So why there is a need to limit this power? Now first reason for limiting this power is that it has a detrimental effect. Why? Because as you know speaker is a member of the ruling party. So there is always a suspicion that being a member of the ruling party the speaker may be favorable to that particular party to which he or she belongs. So if there is a disqualification regarding the member of that ruling party then the speaker's decision may be biased. So this is one of the reasons as to why there are debates about limiting the power of speaker relating to disqualification of legislators. Now secondly there is also another reason because there is no particular time limit mentioned in the constitution for the speaker to decide on the disqualification. And there are instances where the speaker has already unnecessarily delayed the proceedings. And we can also mention some reasons based on which the speaker may unnecessarily delay the proceedings. For example the speaker may delay the proceedings due to the pressure from the distinguished party leaders or the speaker may delay to save he saw her ruling party on the floor of the house or the assembly. But on the other hand the speaker may also delay to maintain a cordial relationship with the accused member. That is a member who stands for disqualification decision. So due to these reasons the speaker may delay the proceedings of disqualification. So there is no time limit is another reason cited for limiting the powers of speaker regarding disqualification. But here you should remember that as I already said the 10 schedule or the anti-defection law does not provide any time limit for the speaker on deciding on the disqualification petitions. But according to the Supreme Court it is understood that within a reasonable time frame these disqualification petitions should be disposed of. That is the final decision on these petitions should be taken. And here we should remember an important case law dealt by the Supreme Court in January 2020 with respect to Manipur Legislative Assembly. This case law is the Kesham Megha Chandra Singh versus the Speaker of Manipur Legislative Assembly and others. Now in this case with respect to deciding on the petitions that is the disqualification petitions by speaker, Supreme Court has observed that when there is an exceptional circumstance then the speaker can take time to decide on the petition. But in the absence of such exceptional circumstances then the speaker must decide within a period of three months from the date of filing petition. But again here the term exceptional circumstance is under debate. It can be questioned whether a circumstance can be called exceptional or not. So because of these two main reasons there is a demand of limiting the speaker's power with respect to disqualification proceedings. But now you may have a question as to why whether the court can intervene in the decision of speaker or not. See for this you should note that as per article 212 and 122 the courts are not to inquire into the proceedings of parliament. So article 212 and 122 mentions that courts should not inquire into the proceedings of parliament and as per 10 schedule disqualification proceedings are termed as proceedings of parliament. So because of this reason initially the 10 schedule in the constitution prohibited judicial intervention to protect the legislators from speaker's action before the petition is decided. This means that the court cannot issue an interim order protecting the member of legislative assembly or the member of parliament from disqualification proceedings. But what this law does not prohibit is that enforcing the disqualification proceedings when they are unnecessarily delayed. So at this point of time judicial review is allowed and this was allowed by the Kehohto Halahan versus Zajshilu and others in the 1993 case law. So regarding disqualification and the 10 schedule or the anti-defection law you need to remember about these constitutional provisions and these important case laws because while writing a main answer it is important for you to mention these case laws to substantiate your viewpoint. So because of the reasons which we saw the IPOC was to decide on the matter of whether there should be limitation on speaker's power with respect to disqualification or not. But according to the news article they failed to decide on this particular matter. But other than that they actually passed the resolution with respect to question hour and resolution for disruptions for question hour has been passed. First of all let us understand what is a question hour. So it is the first hour of a parliamentary sitting which is devoted to the questions and that is why it is called as the question hour. Now this question hour has a special significance in the proceedings of the parliament because asking questions is an inherent and unfettered parliamentary right of members. Why? Because it is during this question hour a member can ask questions on every aspect of administrational and governmental activity and that is why this question hour is quite important. But there have been many disruptions in the House proceeding including the question hour due to certain reasons in the recent time. For example there were disruptions due to failure to arrive at the consensus or due to protest by opposition party and they were also disrupted due to the pandemic. And if you look at the data regarding this disruption it could be found that in the last five years nearly 60 percentage of the time allotted for the question hour has been lost due to disruptions. That is only 40 percentage of the time was actually spent raising questions and obtaining oral replies from the concerned ministers. According to the data given by Rajesh Saba between 2015 to 2019 Rajesh Saba held a total of 332 sittings. Now in these sittings 332 hours was available for question hour. But only 133 hours and 17 minutes were spent for raising questions and obtaining replies. And if you look at this data here you can see the percentage of time utilized out of the time allotted to question hour. And you can see that 100 percentage efficiency was never achieved from 1999 to 2019. And there were even events when no question hour was conducted in Lok Saba and many times in Rajesh Saba. And this has been constant after 2013 in case of Rajesh Saba. And to limit these disruptions only now a resolution has been passed where it was mentioned that no disruptions should be present during question hour. So this was the resolution regarding question hour. In addition to this IPOC also discussed the need to increase the number of sittings of legislature to ensure proper functioning of the legislatures. And they also discussed the need for evaluating the function of standing committees. So like this many decisions were taken regarding the parliament and the legislatures. So that is all. In this discussion we discussed in detail about the grounds on which a member of parliament or a state legislature can be disqualified. We saw two sets of disqualifications and under that one set was based on the 10th schedule that is the anti-defection law. And then we also saw the power of speaker with respect to disqualification and why there is a need to limit that power. And finally we saw about question hour and a resolution that was passed for limiting disruptions during question hour. So with this discussion let us move on to the next one. So our second discussion is based on this article from the business page. It talks about the famous Sahara versus Sebi case which revolves around the optionally fully convertible debentures. So let us have a brief understanding about this case. Then we will see about this optionally fully convertible debentures. See Sahara India Parivar is a conglomerate. Now two of its subsidiary companies they issued optionally fully convertible debentures. But then Sebi told these companies to stop issuing these bonds and to return the money to the investors. But on the other hand Sahara claimed that Sebi does not have any jurisdiction over these bonds. So the issue was taken to the securities appellate tribunal. And this tribunal also upheld the decision of Sebi and it ordered the company to return the money to the investors. So after this the company appealed to the supreme court and in its verdict supreme court also asked the company to return the money to the investors. We will get into the case details some other day. Today we are going to focus about the debentures on which the case was based on. So to understand the optionally fully convertible debentures in short OFCD we need to understand what are debentures first. See debentures are an instrument of debt. They are issued by a company and such instrument acknowledges the company's obligation to return a quantity of money at a predetermined rate. And such a money is returned along with interest. So to put it in simple words we can say that these debentures are similar to securities but they are issued by a private company or corporate. And these debentures are one of the methods of raising the loan capital of the company. See if you recall capital can be raised by a company through both debt and equity in the share market. Now through debt the company borrows funds for a specific period of time but in equity the ownership of the company is sold by the company. And here you should remember that debts are usually short term that is less than one year and equity they are usually long term in nature that is greater than one year. So the debt reflects the money that is owed by the company to another person or entity. So this debt can be kept for a limited period and it should be repaid after the expiry of the term. And if such kind of debt instrument or securities is issued by a private company then it is called as debentures. Now these debentures can be classified into two types. One is the convertible debentures and the second one is the non-convertible debentures. Now convertible debentures are the debt instruments that can be converted into equity shares or other security and they can be converted at the discretion of the company or the debenture holders. And note that such debentures are either entirely convertible or partly convertible. So if they are entirely convertible they are called as fully convertible debentures. Now on the other hand the debentures which cannot be changed into shares or into other securities they are called as non-convertible debentures. And note that most debentures that are circulated by enterprises fall in this category. So now what is the optionally fully convertible debenture which we are discussing today. See as the name suggests it is a fully convertible debenture. So what does that term optionally mean here? See since it is a fully convertible debenture it is a kind of debenture which can be converted into shares and can be converted at the expiry of a certain period at a pre-determined price. And it can be converted only if the debt holder that is the investor wishes to do so. So to put it in simple words if the debt holder or the investor desires then the debenture can be converted into shares at a pre-determined price at the end of a specified period. And this is possible only if the investor desires to do so. And this is the reason why the term optionally is used because the option of converting it is given here. So this is the basic that you need to know about debentures and optionally fully convertible debentures. So now let us move to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which is about the recent verdict of Supreme Court that has overruled the decision of Bombay High Court in a Poxo case. As you know Poxo stands for Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act of 2012. If you remember the decision of Bombay High Court became a controversy because it acquitted the accused person who was charged with assault under the Poxo Act. So actually what happened? Let us see now. See the case law which we are discussing here is the Satish versus state of Maharashtra case law. In this case law the High Court of Bombay acquitted the man who was accused of sexual assault. And this man was acquitted solely on the grounds that the action of the accused person does not fall under the definition of sexual assault. See it is said that this accused individual groped a 12 year old child over her clothes. So here focusing on the fact that the child was groped over her clothes the High Court of Bombay interpreted this action as not involving a skin to skin contact and therefore it is not a sexual assault. See here the High Court interpreted that skin to skin contact is inherent in the definition of sexual assault as defined in section 7 of the Poxo Act. So let us see what this definition is first. See according to section 7 of the Act three sets of acts are said to be constituting a sexual assault. Now first it is a sexual assault when someone touches the sexual parts such as vagina, penis, anus or breast of a child with sexual intent. Or secondly on the contrary someone makes the child to touch such part of that person or such sexual part of any other person. And thirdly sexual assault involves any other act that is done with sexual intent and which involves physical contact but without penetration. So based on these criterion the High Court of Bombay inferred that here the terms physical contact and touch means skin to skin contact. But since in the case which we are seeing the accused person groped the child over her clothes here the High Court interpreted that it does not amount to sexual assault as there was no skin to skin contact. And as a result of this the accused was acquitted. So here you can see the statements made by the judges who delivered this judgment and you can see how imprudent these statements are. So this decision led to a widespread controversy across our country and then Supreme Court came into the picture when this decision was appealed in the Supreme Court. And now in this appeal only Supreme Court has delivered its verdict and in that verdict it has reversed the judgment given by the Bombay High Court. So while reversing this judgment Supreme Court has made certain observations regarding this section 7 of Pogso Act. It has observed that the main ingredients of the offence of sexual assault under this section 7 was this sexual intent. It noted that the main ingredient is not skin to skin contact rather it was sexual intent. And based on this Supreme Court even called the interpretation of High Court as being narrow and it worried that such kinds of judgments would lead to very detrimental situation. And in this regard the judgment also referred to the dictionary meaning of the terms touch and physical contact and Supreme Court noted that these two words have been used interchangeably in section 7 of the Pogso Act by the legislature. So in this manner Supreme Court held that the act of touching the sexual part of body of any other act involving physical contact if these acts are done with sexual intent then they would amount to sexual assault within the meaning of section 7 of Pogso Act. So that means here the main ingredient is sexual assault and while noting this Supreme Court worriedly also stated that it would also include touching the sexual or non-sexual parts of body of a child with gloves, condoms, sheets or with clothes and if these acts are done with sexual intent then it would amount to the offence of sexual assault under section 7. Now while delivering this judgment Supreme Court has given certain insights into how a law should be or how a provision should be interpreted. It states that while interpreting a statute the court should strive to ascertain the intention of the legislature that enacted it. So it is the duty of the court to accept an interpretation or construction which promotes the objective of the legislation and which prevents the possible misuse or abuse of such legislation. So based on this if you see what is the objective of this act you should note that it was enacted to protect children from offenses of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography and therefore Supreme Court opined that this intention has to be kept in mind while interpreting the provisions of this act. Therefore now according to the Supreme Court any act of touching the sexual part or non-sexual part of body of a child if it is done with sexual intent then it will be a sexual assault under section 7 of Voxo Act. So here whether it is skin to skin contact or it is done over the clothes it doesn't matter rather here only the intent matters and in legal terms intent is called as mens rea which means the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitute the part of a crime. So that is all these are the important points or the takeaways from the Supreme Court's judgment and thankfully it overturned the imprudent judgment of the Bombay High Court. So with this discussion let us move on to the next one. Our last discussion for the day is based on this editorial article. It discusses about an important issue in the urban development. See it talks about the involuntary resettlement of slum dwellers. They are resettled as part of slum clearance measures. So in this discussion we are going to see the definition of a slum and why they are proliferating in urban areas and why they are considered an issue within the urban areas. And we will also take the example of Tamil Nadu especially Chennai regarding the slum clearance measures as discussed in the editorial article. So in this discussion you can use Tamil Nadu that is Chennai as a case study to explain the issues with the policies regarding slum clearance etc. Let us see these aspects now before that the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for a reference. Now let us start our discussion the understanding of slum. What is a slum? See as per the Indian definition which is used for census purposes a slum is defined as a residential area whose homes are inappropriate for human habitation. Now they are considered inappropriate for human habitation maybe due to lack of maintenance due to overcrowding due to bad building arrangements and design or due to narrowness or faulty street arrangement and also due to lack of air lack of light or sanitary services or lack of any other basic necessities. Now due to these factors a residential area of slum is considered inappropriate for human habitation according to the Indian definition. So we can say that the word slum is used to describe informal settlements within the cities that have inadequate housing along with miserable living conditions and these slums are often overcrowded where many people are crammed into very small living spaces. But now you may have a doubt like if it is inappropriate for human habitation then why do they choose to stay in such a place? Why there are slums in urban areas and why there is increase of slums in many urban areas and metropolitan cities? See you should understand that slums are not a new phenomenon they have been a part of almost all cities particularly they became a part of a city during a time of urbanization and industrialization and these slums proliferate because the cost of living in a city rises as the urbanization and industrialization in that city accelerates. Now in such cases these slums become the only type of settlements that are affordable and accessible to the poor in these cities. In addition to this another reason for increasing slum areas is due to rapid and non-inclusive patterns of urbanization which is triggered by increasing rural migration to urban areas. So simply if we have a closer look at this situation we can say that the population in the slums are actually the urban poor population. But the problem with these slums is that many of these settlements are in environmentally sensitive and dangerous areas which are prone to many natural and man-made disasters like landslides floods etc. So this makes the poor residents in these settlements particularly vulnerable. Apart from this a considerable portion of slum dwellers also suffers social and health problems that are worse than those who do not live in slums or who live in rural areas. So why they suffer from social and health problems? Because these places have plenty of issues like alcohol and substance misuse and abuse we can see youth criminalization in these settlements and there is also safety concerns with respect to women and girls. Now all these problems are exacerbated or aggravated because the civic bodies they do not provide the required municipal services in slums on the grounds that these settlements are located on illegal space. Therefore the slums are considered major issue within many urban areas particularly from the perspective of transportation, population, health and safety. So actually who else reside in these areas? Most families who are affected by urban development projects also reside in slum areas and these people are under consideration for resettlement or rehabilitation. And according to the author the problem of slum areas is so large that it is beyond the ability of municipalities that have a weak budgetary base. So here there is a need to examine slum areas and to examine their living conditions and also to determine the most critical and problematic zone of the slums and there is a need to provide proper policy support also. So in this regard the metropolitan city of Chennai has taken measures to relocate slum dwellers and according to the article Chennai is a place where forced slum relocation has been practiced for at least two centuries. And particularly in the last two decades alone approximately 55,000 families have been forcibly relocated to massive state-built slums outside these cities and these relocations actually happened in the absence of proper policy. So on what basis these slum dwellers were relocated? Their relocation was based on ad hoc government orders or guidelines of specific projects. So to address this particular issue only very recently in October 2021 the Tamil Nadu government has issued an important draft policy. This policy is the resettlement and rehabilitation policy and it is up for public consultation and this is the reason why today we are discussing about slum clearance. Now according to this draft policy it aims to ensure that slum dwellers are treated fairly and they are treated humanely when they are resettled from objectionable porambok lands. Now what is this porambok land? Selegally it refers to the unassessed lands which are used or reserved for public purposes or which are used or reserved for the communal usage of villages. So this policy aims to ensure fair resettlement of slum dwellers when they relocate from problematic porambok lands. But according to the author this policy is premature in many ways. So firstly this policy suggests that the slum inhabitants are to be relocated to distant areas. So this means that rather than basing the policy on the goal of integration and participation of vulnerable populations into the mainstream this policy just focuses on eviction and resettlement procedures. Because if really the policy aimed for integration of slum dwellers to the mainstream society then they will not be relocated to distant areas rather near their current settlement areas. So this was the first issue. The policy lacks with respect to integration of slum dwellers to the mainstream society. Now second issue is that the policy is not using its earlier successes that were achieved through earlier policies and concepts. Now to understand this issue we need to understand the history of slum clearance in Chennai. So according to the author Chennai has a history of implementing innovative and inclusionary models of slum clearance. And Tamil Nadu also has a history of being the first state in the country to provide large-scale low-income housing through land acquisition along with providing regularization and upgrading of informal settlements. And these were made possible by the 1980s sites and services project scheme to which Chennai was a part. See here this sites and services program or project is quite important. The objective of such a project or program was delivery of incremental housing for the poor through the provision of small serviced plots with neighborhood facilities. And sometimes such plots will also have a core housing unit. And during the 1970s 1980s period this particular sites and services program was widely used by many countries across the world. And in India 27 cities across different states were targeted under this sites and services program. And one of the major investors in the sites and investors program was the world bank. It is said that between the 1970s and the end of 20th century the world bank invested in 100 sites and services projects across 53 countries and it invested around 14.6 billion US dollars. And out of this total investment 1 billion US dollar was invested in India from the period 1973 to 1997. And many sites were selected in the 27 cities across different states in our country and averagely the projects were implemented in eight years. And among the selected cities there were two major project cities. These were the cities of Mumbai and Chennai. In these two cities itself around 200 million US dollars were invested for developing 28 sites. So we can see that Chennai was a part of this major development project. And this project led to the creation of roughly 57,000 plots that were scalable, cost effective and successful in promoting long term socioeconomic mobility for its residents in Chennai. This initiative created mixed income and mixed use neighborhoods as it gave varied sized plots for different income groups and these plots were selected on the state owned lands and it integrated industrial and commercial spaces into these locations. And particularly this program dramatically increased the supply of affordable housing over time and it allowed the families itself to design, build and incrementally extend their homes to accommodate growing families or rental units. And these settlements were built near existing developments with access to critical infrastructures like road, water and public transportation. And after 20, 30 years of the implementation of this program these sites have grown into flourishing and dynamic neighborhoods and they have been fully integrated into the urban core. So the sites and services program was actually a success. So it was also a success in Chennai. But instead of utilizing these successes that was achieved through this program the Tamil Nadu resettlement strategy that is being proposed through the draft policy it implicitly clings to the outdated and failed concept of mass peripheral resettlement. So according to the author this move of the policy is depicting like the government does not want to allow low income households to consolidate their presence in the metropolis. So this was the second issue. Now the third issue was that the policy defines its scope as resettling the people who are evicted for implementing court orders or the developmental projects or enforcing various acts or rules. That means the policy simply subserves the government's desire to remove encroaches who are otherwise defined as non-title holders. So author feels that these slum dwellers are not being relocated for the reintegration society rather they are being relocated for fulfilling government's desire to remove these encroaches who are defined as non-title holders by the government. They may be relocated for many discretionary purposes of the government like for mitigating disaster vulnerability or for clearing land for smoothing traffic or they may even be relocated for various infrastructural or developmental projects. So reintegrating them into the society is not a part of this problem and this creates a vulnerability to eviction because according to the author a huge amount of urban land in Indian cities they lack legal ownership. So if they do not have the ownership of the land on which they are residing then they can be easily evicted from that for fulfilling any of the government's desires. And such a decision will not also have any remedy according to the author. So this is the third issue. So like this author has cited many issues with the draft policy of the Tamil Nadu government and as a conclusion author has also asked the state government to learn from other states and their successful resettlement policies. For example author has taken the example of Odisha which has an award-winning slum rehabilitation program. This program has provided land rights to the slum inhabitants. So learning from these initiatives the Tamil Nadu government should also alter its policy to a well accommodative one rather than this one which merely focuses on eviction of slum dwellers. So that is all. In this discussion we saw about slums. We saw how and why the slums are increasing and we saw the draft policy of Tamil Nadu as a case study based on which it is planning resettlement and rehabilitation of slum dwellers and we saw the issues with this policy and while discussing that we also saw about the sites and services projects which was a success in many parts of our country including Chennai. So you can mention this example as part of your urban redevelopment initiatives of the government. So with this discussion let us move on to the next session which is the practice questions discussion session. Now look at this first question it is about shares and debentures. Now the first statement is a share represents ownership of the company whereas a debenture is only acknowledgement of debt. This statement is correct. In the discussion itself we saw that debentures are similar to securities and they are only an acknowledgement of debt whereas the share represents the transfer of ownership. So in this manner a share represents ownership of the company and the debenture acknowledges the debt of that company. So first statement is correct. Now the second statement a share is a part of the owned capital whereas a debenture is a part of the borrowed capital. See a company which issues a share it is a part of the owned capital of that company. On the other hand debenture that is issued is a part of the borrowed capital and during discussion also we touched upon this aspect. So this statement is also correct and here the question also asks for the correct statement so the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2. Now this next question is based on Poxo Act. It asks which of the following constitute as sexual assault as per Poxo Act 2012. Option A making physical contact with sexual parts of a child's body with sexual intent. Making physical contact with sexual parts of the child's body without sexual intent. Making skin to skin contact with non-sexual parts of a child's body with sexual intent. Now during discussion we saw that Supreme Court has held that sexual intent is the main ingredient of the definition of sexual assault. So that means statement B cannot be in the answer because it states it is without sexual intent. Now statement 1 is right because it talks about physical contact with the sexual parts of the body of the child with sexual intent it is correct. Now Supreme Court also held that whether the contact is with sexual parts of the child or non-sexual parts of the child but if the contact is with sexual intent then it is a sexual assault. So that means statement C is also correct. So based on this our correct answer to this question is option D both A and C. Now this is the quiz question for today. It has been framed based on our anti-defection law discussion. Read these statements carefully and note that the question asks for the incorrect statements. You can pose the correct answer to this question in the comment section and I will tell you whether your answer is right or not. And if possible also mention why that statement is correct or incorrect. So with this quiz question we are done with the problems practice question. Now we are taking up mains practice question. Today we have two mains practice questions what is based on the disqualification of members of parliament and the other is based on a social issue. So interested aspirants can write answer to these questions and post it in the comment section for peer review. So viewers with this we have come to the end of today's hindi news analysis and practice questions discussion session. So viewers if you like this video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankara Ice Academy YouTube channel for receiving more updates related to civil services preparation. Thank you.