 Felly rwy'n gobeithio, dydych chi'n cyflawnio'r gynllunau Ysgrifenni Pdf, sydd y gallwn ni'n cael cyflawni'r gropbox ymlaen. Rwy'n gwybod i'r gweithio'r gynllun o'r gynllun i'r gynllunio, a rwy'n gweithio i'r gynllun i'r gynllunio'r oed, mae'r gynllun o'r gynllun amser ar gwrthu'r gynllun iawn. Mae'n gweithio'r gynllun i'r gynllun o'r gynlluniaid, ond mae'n gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'n mynd i'n ddweud hynny o'r lluniau yng Nghymru ac mae'n ddiwedd o'r wych yn dweud o'r gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Cyngor, os ydych chi'n fawr? Rwy'n credu i fod y gweithio'r gwahodd y rhan o Gwylwyr Dynai Tesdur, yn ymdweud yw fawr yw'r drwg. Unwyd. Dyna blynydd i gael'r gwelw'r aneth. Yna gael sut yw'r newidio DNA test. Pas yna, dweud yw'r newidio'r frontiwn yn genetig geniwleogiaeth. A i ddweud hyn o'r proses ymdrygiadau am ychydigol a dolio'r amser o'r ddysgu'r ddaeth o'r ddysgu'r ddau i ddysgu'r ddysgu'r gweithlo bach, ac os rydyn ni fod yn rhan o'r gael gael. Mae gweld yn ddigon o'r modd, ond y gallwn wahanol ffordd, mae caith o grwpio i gyllewinio'n gwahanol. Rwy'n hefyd, rydyn ni'n wentrynyddiolyn nhw, ond oed yn fwy rai sydd ti wedi gydag gwell iawn, ac rydyn ni'n grwpio'r ffaith ddangos gweithio a gweld gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, ac oedden nhw'n rydyn ni'n gweld gweithio'n gweithio. Ac wedyn, roeddwn i yn dweud, maen nhw'n gweithio ddim yn rydyn ni'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Ac oeddwn i'n meddwl, rydyn ni'n entau i'r gweithio yn fanydd arall, a dyfodd rwy'n meddwl i'r gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'r llaw. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'w gweithio'r gweithio ar gyfer gyda'r gweithiau. Mae'r ddweud o ddweud i'r dynnu ddechrau a'r ddweudio'r dda, a'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud i'r ddweud, Yn i'n meddwl sydd wedi cael ei wneud yn ymddangos. Felly yn 2007, y 23, mae'r unrhyw ffordd cymdeithas yw'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r test. Felly yn ymwneud, mae'n $999 a'r ffordd tynnu'n mynd i'r cyfaddu lleol i'r ffordd hynny yn yw ddechrau. a жyddo diwethaf rhydych i chi'n gweithio chi'n gweld y prosesol gyda i'w ddweud a'i'n gweithio gyda i'w ddweud yn driodog ynny i'w ddeithas pethon, fe fyddwn i'n cael drafodaeth o'r 499 a'r dod yn ei wneud hyn i ddweud i chi'n ddweud i chi'n gweld i bobl i'w pethau. Acolodau amser Rydych yn y markyfi~! Mae yno yn rhoi'r ddweud yna mae yna, mae'n rhoi'r ddweud o'i roorod yn tuning yn America. Felly, yn ymlaen i ddweud hynny. A wedyn, bydd y prys yn ymdweud hwnnw i'r g yn ein gynhyrchu, ac bydd yw 2013, y ffamiliaeth yng nghyrch yn ymddiol, bydd y prys yn ymddiol yn $99. A bydd ymddiol yn $99, bydd y prys yn ymddiol yn ymddiol yn y pethau'r prys hynny. Ac gydw i'n bwysig yma, ac yna'r sgwrs mwyaf, mae'n meddwl i'r prys yn Ynrydd. Felly, bydd ymddiol yn ymddiol, Mae'r rhai i-draethe'r bwysig yn ddysw. Dwi'n ei wneud ond i gael digon, felly mae gennych yn yn Spefio'r gweithio'r bwysig, daepu'r fforddau i gael ei ddysgu yn y ddysgu'r gweithio. Mae ydych chi'n meddwl am gael, dyna profiadau a'r adnod i ddecheddigfeyddol sy'n meddwl i ddechrau imbranaethol i ddysgu'r tessu? Deryf yn gwneud? Dwy'r hoffiadau meddwl i ddechrau mwy 23 oes? Fyddwch chi yna? gorff luckyw stip shirt. We are now at a stage where we have got three different companies offering these tests. Now if you're in America you've got a very nice choice and if you pay $99 whichöb het company test with it's the same price. It's very different matter and you have to pay another $瓣 Imperial pointing You have to pay 169 euros for the 23andMe test and if you pay for the access 3DNA test online, you have to pay the shipping and it works out about 161 euros. Whereas if you buy a family tree DNA test for the family finder test it will cost you just under 100 euros. So on-price alone that is one of the main reasons why most of us are using family tree DNA for the bulk of our testing. A'r Gweithio Gweithwyr yn ei ddechrau i gael'r gweithwyr yw ein gweithwyr yw'r dweud. Ond rwy'n meddwl gael i gael gweithwyr Poloedd, ond mae'r gweithwyr yn ei ddechrau, so yn dda i ddiwedd, byddai'n gwneud fynd i'r rhancestri. Ond mae'n meddwl i'r gwneud i gychwyn ffaint o'r cwzareddau yn ddiw gwrs. Yn dechrau'r gweithwyr yw'r gweithwyr, ond fe ddim yn ymgyrch, Mae'r mwyaf oedd ydych chi'n gwybod, mae trafnodd yma yn ddechrau ar ôl arall, dyna ychydig ond rhai, mae'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio arall, ac yr 23 oedd ymddangosodd mwyaf o'r gweithio arall, fel bod y tîm hwn wedi bod o'r llyfrgei'r gweithio arall y gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio arall. Felly mae'n ymdyn nhw'n gweithio'r gweithio arall. A llwy o'r gweithio arall, mae'n gweithio arall, felly mae'r cyhoedd ddim yn gweithio ychydig ar hynny. Felly, yn dweud, mae'n gweithio chi'n gwybod ahwyraeth yma i gyd yn gweithio wanth gweithio a fyddai nhw'n gweithio ar gyfan gwaith. Fy erbyn gweithio bach oedd ei wneud i gweithio'r gweithio fan unedau. Mae'n mwy o'r FFB i gyd, rwy'n meddwl chi'n gweithio i gweithio'r gweithio hwnnw er mwyn fydd gweithio ac mae'r gweithio ar sut eich cyhoedd ddathbeth gweithio gwai rhywbeth. Ac mae'n edrych yn fwy fideo'r adeg o'r bwysig, mae'r adeg yn cael eu bod yn eitemol. Felly dyna'r adeg o'r adeg yn trafnio'r ysgol yn ymgyrchau'r bobl yn ymgyrch ar gyfer Tim Jansen, ac yn ddweud o'r wahas a'r bobl yn eitemol. Ac mae'n meddwl i'r adeg o anses yn teimlo, mae'n gallu ei hun o'r adeg rydyn ni wedi'u gwneud y gallwn'n gweithio'r adeg o'r adeg o'r adeg sy'n ddataethau, o'r adeg o'r adeg o'r adeg o'r adeg, ac mae'r ddweud yr wych yn 39 dollars ac yn Elefiannol sefydlu yw'r euro yn leolion a'r 30-35 euro. Ddiolch yn ymlaen i'r amser ac mae'r ddweud rhywbeth yn ni'n credu yma heddiw yng ngyreddu o sylwedd a ddiant diwethaf yn ymwybu fynd yn ein cyfrwyng ac yn ddiwethaf yn y ddechrau. Dwi'n credu i daf, yma bod y dyfodol wedi ddysgu lŵi ddechrau. In each human cell in our body, we have 46 chromosomes. But chromosomes come in pairs. We get one set of chromosomes from our mother and we get one set of chromosomes from our father. There are two chromosomes instead of what are called sex chromosomes. If you are a female you get two x's and if you are a male you get an ex chromosome and a y chromosome. Fy gorth o clywed y mygam, mae'n nesaf gyda chysylltu erioed chi'n gweithio. Mae gennym. Ond oesion fyeth, mae'n cysylltu ar bod yn y brif tarw, mae'r gennym y ddyn ni, mae'n un iddo i fynd arwain ar y prif sydd o rhan ar y ddyn ni, a'w eich bwysigol ar y prif sydd. Rhywbeth ddyn ni'n gweithio arwain, mae'n oed yrhaith i fynd i fel o rhan ar yr rhan o'r chysylltu. reilidio'r diwethaf, ond o'r grannu'r diwethaf, rydyn ni'n meddwl 25% o'r ddeunydd, ac rydyn ni'n meddwl o'r casmau o'r gwahodau arweithio. Rydyn ni'n meddwl 29% o'r grannu, ac rydyn ni'n meddwl 20% o'r rydyn ni'n meddwl o'r gwahodau, ac rydyn ni'n meddwl hynny'n meddwl yma ychydig o genaidd. Rydyn ni'n meddwl, yn y cyflog, a'r Isobwci, rydyn ni'n meddwl o'r gweithio'r diwethaf ar y llwyddoedd ydych chi'n gwneud yn ei gwrs, ac yn dda i'r ddau lle rwy'n ei wneud gweithio i'r llwyddoedd maen nhw, ond rydyn ni'n fath o'r gweithio, ac rydyn ni'n fath o'r relasau. Rydyn ni'n rydyn ni'n gweithio chi'n ddau'n rhaid o'r ddau'r gweithio. Rydyn ni'n fath o'r gweithio i'r ddau'r llwyddoedd, beth rydyn ni'n sefydlu'n dod. Ac y ddiwedd ar y blaen ymlaen yma yw'r trwy geniologig yn ymgyrch yn gweithio'r trwy geniologig? Yn ystod, mae'n mynd i chi'n credu o'r trwy geniologig, ac mae'n mynd i chi'n rhaid i'ch glwyddiad ar y rai ffordd rai fan i chi, rydyn ni'n gwneud nad yw'n ei rai yn ei ddweud. Ond o'r trwy geniologig, rydyn ni'n rhaid i'n rhaid i chi'n ceisio'r trwy geniologig. Felly mae'n gweithio i gael eich cynnig o'ch cyfathwyll yn cael 5 o 6 gennaeth, ac mae'r proses, mae'n cael ei wneud mwy o'r morhau, felly byddai'r gweithio o'i 10 gennaeth, mae'n cael y rhaid i'r ddeithas yma, o'r ddraebu ar y 3rhyw ar gweithio'r ancesau, yn dda i gael y têf. Oni'r cyfathwyr o'ch gweithi a'i gweithio yn cael wneud i'r pethosus yma, mae'n gweithio i'r pethosus i gweithio'r pethos sy'n gweithio'r pethos gydy'r llwyddyn i chi wedi cael ei gaelhael. Y nodd minsottau rûl Gaelhael yn ymddugodau Rh muito newydd o'ch taroedd o'r holl ti yn ddodol. Mae hanfod ar y ddweud yng Nghymru. Mae cymryd yn ei gaelhael yn y gaelhael, ond â y gweld Haenry, mae'n bod yn cysylltu'r Throt ac Cymru yn ddwych ar y gallan rhan, ond mae'n tynnu'r ddysgu Felly wrwydd mae'r gaelhael yn unrhyw o gaelhael, 5 o'n 5, 6 o'n 5, 7 o'n 8 o'n 7, Ac rwyf wedi gwelio'r advice sgwrs, mae genny'n mynd i weld wiren conductriant rhywun subscribers ac chwarae wcodaeth ar detailum hŵr fel hyn ymlaen a rhoi amlo chi. Ytau だfrwy. gael eu cyfanshwyr i wneud bod yn dweud i'w brach. Yn y cwmplirIAID yna, mae'r cwmpliriaid yw'r rhaid i ffreshol drwy'r maes. Nid ywch chi'n rhaid i'r sauce, ond fel y cyfanshwyr yn ymweld y nifer y maes, mae'r cwmpliriaid yn ymweld y maes. Yn ymweld y maes yw'r rhaid i'w cyffredigol yn ymweld, mae'r cwmpliriaid yn ymweld ymweld baraf, 23 yn ddweud yn ymweld y nifer y maes, Mae would like to have profile profile, and it will only report the first 900 matches, unless you have contacted the people you match, the matches start to drop off your match list. I was actually quite concerned. I have actually lost a large number of matches over the last year, so my number of matches has gone down at 23 o'n my without me doing anything about it. Mae 자주 yn ddechrau phran er mwyn i gai gawain at y pryd iawn, ac mae'r pwysig yw'ch gave ar ôl yn cael bod y pryd iawn yn cael mwyhaethau'n gweithio,kgwch a gweithio'n gweithio, ond nid o gweld newydd yn y gweithio'r rhaid, ac mae'r pryd iawn yn ei gwaith arall ond mae hoffwysig ar段 sy'n gwybod. Felly, mae'n calthau'n corth oedd y rym ni'n ei chyfnod eich yw sefydliadau yn y gwaith hynny, ac mae'n cael ei roi sicrhau i chi i'r adeg, Mae'r unrhyw ar gyfer yng Nghymru yn wirio'r geneddiaeth genniologynau Ileid goshiau. Rwy'n mynd i ysgiliau'r nifer o wahanol sy'n meddwl i'w gwaith. Mae'r rhan o gyd wedi amser yw'r maceithio ar hyn. Yn y trofyn llwy at 23 yma, rwy'n meddwl â 1000. Fodus Ond mae'r yn hebodd y gwirionedd. Mae yna wedi gweithio a'r 500 o'r hanff trofyn 1000. Rwy'n meddwl â'r dyn nhw yma, mae'n meddwl o'r 2000 o'r ymguigoid. y'r rhan i ddim yn gweithio, yn 670, 790 a 4000, sydd hyn o'r cyffredinol yma yn 4000 ydw i'i bach i gael, yn ymddangos i'r Ystodol, ac rwy'n credu y gallai wneud hynny, ac ynddo i'r外fod i Gwych yma, dy'r rhan i 500 ac mae'r rhan i gael mae'r cyffredinol gweithredu peiron, 316 o'r cyffredinol 3900 o'r cyffredinol. Ond yn dweud, mae'r stag dwy'r geisio, felly y gallai gweithredu yn gallu cyfredinol yn rhan i gael y gweithredu. Ac mae'r fawr yn gweithio y lluniau, ac mae'n fawr yn ei fawr. Cynllun oedd yn ymddangos, mae'n fawr yn ymddangos, mae'n fawr yn rhai, mae'r ystagiaeth yma ym Llyfrgell Gael, Eiffany yn cyfleu'r 1,3 o'r sefyllfa 1,4 o'r dynni ar ein gweithio'r drws, ac y lluniau yn y genedlau geniadiau i Cyngorau Ilyfrgell, mae'r gweithio'r gweithio'r dynni yn llwych i'r fawr, mae'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r dynni, gyda chwanhau oedden nhw i'r cyfnod ar gyfer a gael allu'r gwirionedd genialog. Mae ei chael i chi wedi gynhyrchu. Mae'r Argynchyn, mae'n cyfrifio'r ysgolwydd, mae'n credu rhai o'r ddweud mewn gwirionedd yma, ac mae'n cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r amguedd yma. Mae'n gwirionedd i'ch chyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio. Mae'n gwirionedd i'ch cyfrifio'r amguedd yn y 1600. a dyna fwyfyd nesaf o bwysig o'r dynnu'n tynnu o'r lluniau, ac mae yna'n ysgrifennu o'r ddechrau o'r ddweud o'r cyfnod. Mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r lluniau, oherwydd mae'n gwybod i'n gwybod i ddweud. Mae'n gweithio gael eich ddechrau o'n ddin yn eich ddweud, mae'n gweithio'n ddweud o'r rharnol, fel yna'r ddweud yn ychydig ymlaen o'r rharnol, o'r rharnol, o'r drwy'r rharnol. Ond maen nhw'n rai meddwl hefyd o'n cymryd baeth ar hyn, mae'n mynd i gael â eu cymryd yn oed yn ôl negahol, ac mae'n rhoi'r cymryd yn oed yn lle. A'r CMF yn yma yn yma yng Nghymru ac yn gorau yma. I cael ei fod yn gallu bod'r cymryd ond sy'n cymryd fydd yma sy'n wneud fod rai wneud o'r gynhyd o gyfan rhywunol. A rai fawr ar flod, oen bob y cymryd yn dda'n meddwl y cwmwys gyfryd wedi'r cymryd mewn cyngryd yn ymryd yma, bobl'r seidio yma i agorodd. Rwy'n mynd gwaith gyda'r ddiamhau yw y fath ar JAID ond oherwydd mae'r gwybod yw ddлиg yn fawr, mae'r effeithio wedyn wedi'i'n gwybod yw ei bodau a rhywbeth yn Ymddirft yn y maen nhw. Rwy'n mynd wnaeth y ddwy'r gwyl ffodol iawn oherwydd mae'r ffifthor ddysgwydd Ass, mae'r ffifthor i ddysgwys Ass. Felly gynnydd hynny'n ddaeth i'r rhawddio'r ddysgwys, You not sorted out so that all the A, C, T and Gs on the left are from your Dad, and all the ones on the right are the A, C, T's and Gs and from your Mum. Now, when you actually can do something called phazing which means sorting out those columns so that you've got the ones from your Mum on one side, and the ones from your Dad on the other side. ond yn y trafodaeth a oedd o'r ddaod am Ymdd更. Yn y dweud, fod efallai automaton yn y tro, efallai yna bod efallai bod efallai tithau i fy ysgrifydd dyfodol a'r ddaod am y ddaod gyda'na. I'r ddweud, yn eich ddweud, i ddweud o'r ddaod, i le lanchwyr o adrach, ddweud ei ddweud o adrach ac efallai ddweud o adrach, ddweud efallai ddweud o adrach i fy rion o fod yn y ddweud. Ysgrifyddur, Mae hyn yn gweld o'i amgylcheddau'r ffordd ac mae wnaeth oherwydd bod ni wedi bod ni yn gweithio'n mwyaf y ffordd ac mae'n gweithio'n wneud. Tychai'n gweld ar y cherيم yn y cyfbryd, rwy'n ymgrifuddłach ar hyn yn ei wneud y bod ni wedi i'w gweld y cifryd ar y fan nhw hynny. Ond y byw yw'r bobl ar y cyfrifyddi, yna yn gweld o'r ei wneud o'i ati a ddeu chi? Mae'n gweld o'n gwneud o'r lle i'r thym ni, mae'n gweithio'r holl yn y proses, rydyn ni'n dychryell. maen nhw'n gwybodau llogio, i'w meddwl i'r rhefn am gyflwyner Walthfrydd yma. Yn gwybodais sydd i'n gwybod 6 oed, i'n bwysig i ystrym o gallu'r ffordd o ddaeth mae'n cymaint o ffordd o ddwyach a byw o'r ffordd o'r ymgyrchu, maen nhw efallai i ddwych gwybodol o ffordd o ddwych o ddwych o dwydd dangos. Rwy'n gweithredu ddwych chi'n arwhefn amdannu llawer o'r llogio'r llogio'n cael bod ddweudio'r proses i ddim. Onw'r cy lleidio cyfnodd, John Warden, ydw i'w gwaith gyda gyda'r amser, ond I'n gwaith gwneud y ffordd ac rwy'n gwneud y ddweud yw yw ddweud 9,000 gydag. Ond rwy'n gwybod, i ddweud y ffaforau a'i ddweud yma, o'n sefydlu ar y bwysig oedd y gwiriaeth. Wrth yn ddweud o'r cyffredinol, As the segments get smaller and smaller and smaller, the chances of having false positive matches increases enormously, so once you get down to 5% more goods, you've got about 85% of those matches are false. Now we do have some people who are still trying to use these small segments and trying to claim they've got ancestors who came from the Mayflower or whatever, and they think they've got this tiny little segment and they share it with someone else, and they think that must mean something, so don't fall into that trap. We will be able to use these segments when we have whole genome sequencing, but we're not there at the moment. So this is something to be wary of. When you look at your matches, you really need to focus on the larger segments and be aware that when you start going down into the much smaller segments, there is a danger that you could be led astray. OK, so now I'm just going to run through what we do with the actual results. This is the result. I'm going to use the Family Finder browser and everything to show this. Now the first thing when you get your results, the most important thing is to go to the settings at the top here. Has everyone entered their list of surnames on their genealogy page here? Who hasn't entered their surnames? Who's going to own up to it? So that's the most important thing. I normally enter the names and also the location, and the reason for doing this is that your surnames show up in other people's match lists, and it's much more helpful if you've got a location for someone so that they can zoom in on that. And if you can, do try and upload your family tree. The family tree is not that brilliant at the moment, but I understand there are supposed to be improvements in the pipeline. And then do go through all the privacy settings and make sure that everything is as you wanted. Now the other important thing that you can do, Family Tree DNA have a very nice system of projects. And all these projects are run by volunteers. A lot of the administrators are here at the conference this weekend. So do join a project because once you've joined a project then you've got an administrator, someone who can actually help you with the results if you're lucky. And you can be put in touch with other people in the projects. Now not all of the surname projects will accept family finding results, but some do. But if you've already taken a name, you've probably taken a YDNA test, you'll have that advantage of being in the surname project anyway. And there are lots of geographical projects. We saw that it's very nice that the name project, there's an island YDNA project that you can still add your family finding results to that. You will find this family finding projects and geographical projects in the ice off wiki there. Now one of the advantages of being in a project is that you can actually search for matches within a project. And that's from this menu on the left here. And this bit here where it says advanced matches. And you can also access it from the bit further down where it says tools and apps as well. Now when you go into this bit, you get this menu here and you get a list of all the projects that you're in. And then you can actually, if you tick the family finder box, you can go down and select the different projects and then just search for matches in that individual project. Now I run the Devon project and now when people join the project, I always check to see how many matches they have within the project. And now I'm finding that most people who join, they have at least two or three matches within the project. So that's one way of refining that vast list of matches. And then at least if you match someone who's in one of the projects, then you know that it's much more worthwhile to residue that match. That's just the box there. Now the other thing, this is the page that you get with your matches on on the family tree DNA personal page. Now I find it very useful. You can just put your surnames in the surname box there and search for matches by surname. But I find by far the most useful thing to do is to actually download the list of matches. And that's this bit at the bottom there. And you can put all the matches in a nice big Excel spreadsheet if you're familiar with Excel. And then I get a nice spreadsheet like that. And then it makes it much easier to sort the matches and you can search the matches. You can add notes and you can highlight the ones that you think are worth pursuing. And you can perhaps cut out the ones that you think are not worth the effort. So that's one useful thing. And the other useful thing that I find, if I didn't mention that here, is when you look at the matches here, you also get the email addresses. And I find it useful just to look at the email addresses so you can look for, say, people who've got the IE and the email address for other people who are in Ireland. Or I can generally recognise the UK email addresses or Australian ones or New Zealand ones. So I find that's a good way of actually refining the matches. I'm looking for mostly people with English ancestry and it's generally Australian, New Zealand, Ireland, those in Canada, those in the countries where I'm looking to find the matches. So the first steps, I would say, first of all, do the easy things. Look for the shared surnames that you have in common, and particularly the rare surnames. If you have a match and someone else has got a smith or a ground or a sullidan, then the chances are that you're related on different lines. But if you both have a nautasoul DNA match and it's a very rare surname, the chances are that it's much more likely that match is legitimate. And the other thing is to look for the shared geographical locations of your matches. And again, that's much easier if you've downloaded the spreadsheet with all the matches. And it's, I don't think it's worth the effort at the moment of trying to focus on those fifth to distant cousin matches because a lot of them will be false. And I'm finding difficulties even finding the connections with the closer matches. So just focus on the close ones. And it is really just a matter of patience otherwise as more and more people test and join the databases. And also, if you want to keep things easy, just focus on the people who've got the largest segments in common. So if the largest shared segment is probably at least 10 cent in organs, if not 15 cent in organs. If you're from an endogamous community, do we have anyone with Jewish ancestry here? Right. OK. If you've got Jewish ancestry, you will know the problem. You've got thousands and thousands of matches. Right. OK. That's a different subject. So you would have to focus on the longer matches. And that's much more complicated. It's probably the subject of another talk. And just ignore any matches that have got the tiny segments because it's just not worth wasting your time on those. Here's the email. I knew I had it somewhere. So these are the clues that I normally use when looking for the matches with... ..and I'm trying to identify the country where someone lives. I actually wish they would put the country where people live in the database, but that doesn't happen. But I find this is a useful proxy a lot of the time. Now, if you're lucky, I'm just going to run through one of the stories from my own results. The surnames will actually stare out of the page at you. So when you've got your surnames listed here, if a surname shows up in bold, it means that the person you match also has that surname in their family tree. So that's another good reason to make sure you've entered your surnames. And this is my dad's page. And his surname is Cruz, C-R-U-W-Y-S. And I was checking his match list one day, and then I suddenly saw this Cruz surname show up in the list as one of his matches there. And the other person that he matched all his ancestry was in Canada, from Prince Edward Island in Canada, and there was only really one possible way that we could have been related. So we went on to explore that. And in fact, one of his ancestors had a brother who disappeared from our English records, and I had an inkling that this family probably had gone to Canada, but I'd not been able to prove the link. I managed to get a marriage record from Prince Edward Island, and that was the marriage record, a very scrappy piece of paper. It gave the names of the bride and groom, but it didn't give any other information about the parents or where they were from or anything else. So we had no way of actually tying the records together. But when the match came through, the trees that we'd constructed where we thought there was a link, the relationship was, as we expected, and this man in Canada, the prediction was second to fourth cousin, and when we went back to the records, he was actually a third cousin once removed to my dad. Now I mentioned one of the nice things to do with autosomal DNA to test lots of family members. If you can test your parents, test an aunt, an uncle, first cousin, second cousin, the more people you can test the better, because it gives you much more confidence in the results, but I've also found it a fascinating process just to learn about the inheritance process of the DNA, and you can see that here when I compare my own results to my dad. My dad has got these three orange segments of DNA, and when it comes to me, I've only got one segment of DNA, so that just shows you how quickly these segments can drop off, and then I also went on and tested my son, one of my sons, so you can see here I'm on the left and my son's on the right, so that segment, again, it got passed on from me to my son, and if we can actually track these segments through time, we can have much more confidence that they are real segments, and we're now finding that it actually helps to have this multi-generation data like three or four generations, so we've got a number of people who've been doing studies, and some people have even got data from four generations, which is shining a lot of light on how these processes work. Now, Tim Janssen, one of the pioneers of our community, he's tested, it must be, it's well over 100 people, and one of the exciting things when you're able to ascribe segments to particular ancestors, you can do something called chromosome mapping. This is what Tim Janssen has done to great effect, and this is actually his mother. He's given me permission to use this slide here, and he's able to identify huge segments of a genome that come from particular ancestors. So what this means is if you have a match with Tim, and you match him on a particular segment of a particular chromosome, you will be able to tell you, okay, well, our common ancestor must be Paul Youngman or it must be Harriet Lawrence. So this is the future of autosomal DNA. We're not there yet, but imagine in five, ten years' time when we've all, and the data base is up to 10 million, we will, and chromosome mapping like this is automatic, we live in hope, you will almost be able to get an instant answer out of the DNA as to which segment belongs to which ancestor. At the moment it's a lot of hard work doing this sort of thing, it's not for the faint-hearted, but for the, there are a lot of citizen scientists out there who are trying to do this really pioneering work. Now this is my rather pathetic attempt at chromosome mapping. I've managed to map three whole segments for my dad, but I'm hoping that perhaps if I come back next year, that picture will have improved greatly. Whoops. Okay, so the next thing I wanted to look at was the in common with menu. Now, in fact, there's the pointy here. There's a little thing at the top there. Can you see where it says show simple view? You have to toggle backwards and forwards from that to get this menu so that you can see the in common with matches. This is where it's really helpful to test other relatives as well. If I match someone, I can run the in common with and I can see if they match my mum or if they match my dad. If you tested a second cousin, you can see if they match the second cousin and then at least you know if you both match the second cousin, the match is likely to be on that particular line. Rather than having all your family tree to look at, you just narrow it down to that one small section of your tree. What you can do with the in common matches, you can then add them to the chromosome browser and then you can do something like this. This is a comparison where I've compared four people and that was my dad and three other people. My dad is where I match him on the entire chromosome because I've received one chromosome from my dad and then the other bits are where these are in common with matches. You could see two of them actually match on the same segment there and one matches on a different segment. In theory, if two people match on the same segment, then that is a clue that you all share a common ancestor. Of course you've still got the possibility that one could be matching on a maternal chromosome, one could be matching on a maternal chromosome or there's a possibility that the segment could be false. But if you've got more than one person matching on the same segment, two different family trees to work with rather than just one family tree, so you've got much more chance of finding the surnames in common. Now I mentioned false positive matches. Now I've tested my parents and I have 485 matches and when I run the in common with tool, I find that I worked out I have 198 matches in common with my dad. So do you think it's possible to, if you only test one parent, do you think it's possible to deduce that the remaining matches are shared with the other parent? How many hands up people who think that's the case? Right, lots of very sensible people here. Okay, so when I actually did the calculations, I found I had 166 matches in common with my mum. But that means that 28% of my matches are not shared by either of my parents. So what that means is some of those matches are going to be false positives, but also some of them may be false negatives. They may just be falling under that match threshold at the family tree DNA, which is a rather artificial threshold and that's something where we have to do other things to try and investigate that. What I found is all these ones that don't match my mum or my dad, it's all those fifth to distant cousins, which is why I don't think, when you've got 28% of those that are likely to be false, I just don't think it's worth the effort of trying to investigate those unless you've got a shared surname in common. Now the other thing you can do if you want to, again this is probably more for advanced users, you can download the matching segment data and you do this from the chromosome browser whereas a little bit at the top there where it says download all matches in Excel format. This is rather a simplified version of the spreadsheet and once you've downloaded a segment data you can sort it by chromosome, you can sort it by centimorgan size, make sure that you don't want to download all the tiny little segments under five centimorgan, just make sure you get rid of those through a spreadsheet and then what you will find is you do end up with lots of segments that are overlapping and if you've tested one parent or another, as in this case here, I can assign a P where they match my father or you can assign an M where they match your mother. So this is what people do if they want to do chromosome mapping. I'm not going to go into all the details of doing that at the moment, there's a page in the ice of wiki, it's not something you have to do and there's a lot of pleasure out of doing this. One of the things I mentioned, what we have noticed is that you do get a lot of these overlapping segments all on the same part of the same chromosome. Ancestry have done some very interesting simulations and what they found was that if you have three fourth cousins, the chances that three fourth cousins would all match on the exact same segment are actually 0%. Now that's very different from the data that we're seeing when we're looking at the matching process and quite often we're seeing lots and lots of people matching on the same segment. So there's obviously something very funny going on here and the reason is something called pedigree collapse and this is something that affects people at different times in their pedigrees. Now I have to go back to about the 1600s before I find somewhere in my family tree two first cousins marrying each other. But in a lot of Irish communities, the rural Irish communities, that pedigree collapse is going to hit you a lot earlier. Also a lot of Americans have a very endogamous ancestry in that period between about 1600 and 1800. So ancestry, when they looked at their they've got a DNA circus feature they found that the matches going back four generations, the number of matches that people were getting was as expected. But then as you go back more and more generations, when you go back seven generations people were getting far, far more matches than we might expect. And the reason for that is once you get back to that point of pedigree collapse when you match someone, you could actually be related on multiple different lines and that makes it much, much more difficult. It may be you match on a segment and it may be you share a family tree with someone but the person you've identified in your family tree may not be the person from whom you've inherited the DNA. So that process becomes much more difficult. The further you go back in time, ideally everyone would have researched their family tree and filled out every single box and it will know every single ancestor going back for five generations and then you would hope that everyone who matches has done the same, but that rarely happens. How many people here have managed to identify all 64 great, great, great grandparents? Anyone? How many people have identified all 32 great, great, great grandparents? Right, that's pretty impressive and how many have identified all 16 great-rates? Okay, so you can see how difficult it is to start drawing false conclusions if you suddenly leap on the first name that jumps out of the family tree at you. Now the other problem that we notice is that on certain regions of the chromosome people have inordinately large numbers of matches. I've actually used, this is from Donworth's autosomal DNA segment analyser which gives a nice visual representation and this is one of my chromosomes and all those big rectangles that's all one chromosome where all these people match me and I've seen some of these charts where the actual segment is absolutely huge and some people have got hundreds of people all matching in the same segment so there's something very strange going on there we don't actually know what the answer is at the moment it may just be this common shared heritage and all people who have colonial American ancestry they all have to share so many common ancestors that they just pass on that same segment it may be something to do with the fact that we're using chip data we're not using whole genome sequencing and perhaps when we do sequence the whole genome we'll get different matches but this is something to be wary of I have a theory that the more people you match the best likely you're going to be able to find you're going to be able to use that segment but it's still very early days at the moment so there is this process of triangulation some people are trying to triangulate on segments but I think it's actually a dangerous practice to try and triangulate if you match a fifth cousin and you've got other fifth cousins who all match on one segment I think you can't start drawing conclusions in the absence of any other data you have to triangulate from the known to the unknown and triangulating from the known means triangulating from known relatives so if you've got a match and you match with your father or your mother or you match with your son or your daughter and you share the match with a cousin and then you also match someone else who's a fifth cousin you can be much more confident that that is a real match some people will try and tell you that if you have a match and the segments triangulate regardless of the size of the segment then that means that it's a real segment but no one is actually trying to test that hypothesis and my theory is that if you triangulated segments are subjected to the same laws of inheritance as any other segment and the smaller that they get the more likely they are to be false but you will see some people trying to look for this claim that triangulated segments are going to be real segments I'm being perhaps a bit controversial saying that but I think this is one of the things about being in a pioneering field where we are still feeling our way and the other takeaway point is that when you have a match the identified paper trail ancestor is not necessarily the one who has contributed the segment so be prepared to sometimes change your conclusions but what I do think we may see is that some of these triangulated groups may actually provide clues to common origins most of my triangulated groups they all seem to be matches with Americans but I've got one little triangulated group that happens to include a few gleesons in it as well which I think is an Irish one and beware of the small segments under 5CM so do be prepared to modify your conclusions in the light of new evidence now to close I just wanted to quickly run through the origins reports these I've just regarded as entertainment value don't take them too seriously I've just put my results up here I get different results from all three companies 56%, 57% are British and Irish from 23 and me ancestry only think I'm 21% British and they think I'm 20% Irish I've only got one Irish great-great-great grandmother but one of the tools that you can use is GEDMATCH and they if you are interested in doing these admixture analysis they've got all sorts of tools on there where you can compare yourselves with ancient DNA samples and populations from all over the world but the other advantage of using GEDMATCH is if you can actually compare results of people who've tested with other companies I've not been able to get any update on how many users they have this is from about a year ago but it must be several hundred thousand by now I'd imagine so if you meet someone who's tested at, say, 23 and me and you've tested at Family Tree DNA if you both upload your results to GEDMATCH then you can do comparisons there and if you've got a match with someone and you think that it's not showing up at one of the other testing companies again you can do the comparison of GEDMATCH and it may just be if it's something like a third cousin it may just be that it's just a victim of the GEDMATCH thresholds and you can do the check on here there's all sorts of extra tools that they provide you can look at your eye colour and there's also another tier where you pay a subscription for all sorts of extra features and I won't go into all the details of that now and these are all the different admixture tools I still regard these as entertainment value but some people seem to like really like playing with all these things and just seeing what percentages they get from them and that's my Eurogene's K12 if that means anything to anyone it doesn't mean anything to me but it just gives me a very nice pretty pie chart there now there are a whole range of tools that you can use to use with your data if you go to the ISOC Wiki there's a list in there the one that I really like is the Donworth's autosomal DNA segment analyser that I showed earlier and there are all sorts of other nice tools that you can use on that DNA GEDCOM website if you want to get into the chromosome mapping that automates a lot of that process for you this is just to remind you of the ADSA segment analyser and the nice thing about this is you can actually click through on your matches from the segment tool and you can email them and you can actually see all the details on the here and this is all done free by one of our citizen scientists we've got some just absolutely amazing tools out there and a lot of these tools are produced by the adoption community in America we've got a lot of adoptees desperate to find their roots and these tools actually came off the back of that where they're trying to get every single ounce ounce of information out of the data and I even had this is another exciting thing about this field at the moment there are new things happening all the time I had to update my presentation this week because a new tool has just come out and this is actually from the academic community something called DNA land and you can upload your data here is a couple of scientists from the New York genome centre and they are even doing the relative matching but the idea is that you can put your data on to DNA land and then the scientists can actually use your data and you can also get something out of it as well and I haven't even had a chance to put my own data on here but one thing I was intrigued to see was that with the segments they subdivide them into recent segments and also ancient segments using different algorithms so that's just another interesting new innovation that we have so we're just bewildered with data at the moment and tools to use you could spend hours you could spend all day every day playing with your autosomal DNA data if you wanted to we have a very active community these are the key sites that you need to go to to explore you'll be able to click on those from the PDF so just to sum up with autosomal DNA some people have instant success when they take a DNA test we do have some people who find matches with first cousins even with siblings and half siblings and parents in the database when they first test but for most of us it's really more a question of patience and waiting for the database to build so that we get more of those cousins that we want who can help us with our family tree research there is a very active community out there do participate in our community do join the mailing list and the Facebook groups and do contact the volunteer project administrators who can help you we're all learning together in this process and things will keep changing as we go along but it really is a lot of fun to be one of the pioneers and to be in at the start of this really exciting period in genealogy so, any questions? Thanks very much, thank you we have questions from the audience I missed it, but DNA adoptions has made new classes on how to my father was adopted when we were young brothers we were able to sort of phase on the matches in which country the young don't know and we had a class out of the methodology that's right, yes they want just $35 and they're having a land school coming up to them it's a lot of information and it really is very helpful if you're trying to construct the tree that goes back to you and adopted by your father in one of the hours a lot of it is actually doing the genealogy research and it's a woman I know we've got these search engines out there who are spending hours and hours and weeks and weeks just pouring through genealogy trees constructing trees and just trying to find bits where it's like a process of tree triangulation trying to find bits of trees that triangulate so a lot of autosomal DNA it's actually doing the genealogy research rather than the DNA the DNA provides the clues and then you have to follow up with the genealogy research last year I was talking to the DNA adoption group where they reckoned they reunite about 125 adoptees each year currently, last year I didn't identify the adoptees of their birth family so that being half siblings reunited that for this time I was 75 when they contacted me in January by March she was reconnected with her siblings she found four of them I was just going on to that point about people that contact you and they have no information because they are adopted how would you approach such a person that they contact you as a match as a court as a court because of a match I've got my family tree on there so I just say that they can look at my family tree the problem I've had is the people who contact me they're adopted and they're in America and I don't have any recent relatives from America so I'm happy to help if I can but I just don't think my results can help them if it's a close match it's a different matter but if it's a fall cousin match then there's not really much that you can do I wish them well and say that you're happy to help if there's anything you can do I mean, with the adoptees what they're really hoping for if they can get a first or second cousin match or possibly even a third cousin match then they can work the trees forward but it's much more difficult when it's fourth cousins and then they're trying to look for patterns in the trees there was just one person that contacted me and she was the thought her father was the highest up match to my father and she had a couple of names and I was trying to figure out should I be circumspect with why I would reply because of course the answer has to be somebody else well it could be but in that situation any information that you can give her is helpful and it's a clue she may not be able to use it or it may come in handy when she has matches with someone else and for these adoptees we had a really moving talk here last year from Rob Wharton where he was looking at his wife's ancestry and she was adopted and just having that connection she was in America just having that connection with someone in Ireland she just found that just so meaningful and she actually came along and met the person in Ireland he was actually in the presentation just do what you can and what you feel happy with and refer them to the DNA adoption group so a lot of adoptees may well actually know that there is a group out there for them there's also a Facebook group that they can get proper advice and information from like Barbara was saying they do go in classes where they can teach adoptees how to use their particular methodology because really adoptees going in blind and they've got very little information from their own family tree so what they're hoping for is that they're going to have several matches a small triangulated group who might be able to figure out that particular group's common ancestor which hopefully will be the adoptees common ancestor as well so they're really relying to use other people's work as a proxy to find their own common ancestry The Facebook group they need to go to it's a group called DNA detectives and that's a very active group where a lot of the search angels are able to help with doing the research doing the genealogy research and there is also a page in the ISOB wickey just type adoption into the wickey where you will find all the mating distance that will help them siblings take the blood of someone and I expected each of them individually I don't know let's say over 100 150 but when I put the two together just for fun they really only matched maybe about 5 or 7 people why would that be and they're all of 5th cousins so if they're siblings shouldn't all the people match up No no not at all because you only get half you only get half your DNA from your mum and half from your dad and your sibling will get a completely different representation of the DNA from your parents to you so you wouldn't expect to have all the same matches you'd probably expect to have most of the closer matches going out to that 4th and 5th cousin therefore you'll probably end up with quite a big range of different matches that's what you would expect unless you were twins you would have identical matches Not very a question more a statement on the adoption thing Debbie made a very interesting point and a very important point about geography and if you mention in your details the geography it gives her a sign first I recently found out the luxury generation of my 84 year old mother's Matra Farda and my co-authority who was able to match me on autism and to be in those same family history organisations so that's another point that's been networking with organisations in the local environment in a geographical place of interest so that does a very interesting point about geography I think we need to highlight that or geographical scenarios if you want to make some valuable to spend on those festivals now we have one story for you and also the entrance road share so if you want to be in the show no you've got different sections to fill out I don't think I've got the full menu here but the surnames are for autosomal DNA and then for the wide DNA you have to fill in the most distant known ancestor on that paternal line so that's just on the surname line so you might put in I don't know John Sullivan born 1808 County Kerry or something but in fact with that menu you can use the wide DNA of the mitochondrial DNA in combination with the autosomal DNA and that can sometimes help to rule out rule matches out or in well that doesn't show up on the autosomal DNA result it's only the surnames that show up on that if you've done a mitochondrial DNA test you can put in your most distant known ancestor with that but again that won't show up on here but it's best to put the family tree up if you can and upload a GEDCOM I don't know I'm a big genealogical society so I don't know if there's a local doubling family history society Gerard Corcoran is the ISOB representative for Ireland and he's probably the best person to ask for local organisations within Ireland Oh this is Gerard here right, it's okay Yes It raises a very interesting question should we have a special interest group devoted to genetic genealogy in various places all around Ireland and that's something that would be of interest to a lot of people we're not quite there yet with the organisation because we're still quite a young organisation we're all volunteers we're all day jobs but certainly in the US where there have been more events in terms of genetic genealogy there are special interest groups popping up all over the place so I think it would be a very feasible thing to have Epic Ireland coming on board next year maybe to have regular workshops in Epic Ireland for the Dublin area and maybe also have regional centres as well or say Clare Heritage Centre various emigrants and heritage centres around the country that would be useful to have people like yourself who are starting out and then able to maybe communicate your confusion and also the things that you learn so it's very, very much a kind of a grassroots movement that we'll have to try and get going here in Ireland Debbie, thank you so much for fascinating on this discussion Debbie, thank you