 Now we are going to discuss about the topic which is outsourcing. In retail, outsourcing is one of the key things nowadays because a lot of expenditures has been incurred on the regular cost, regular operations. So what retailer do, they normally try to involve a third party outsource company to run one or more of its operations. So as per the definition also that a retailer normally deploy a third party outsourced company assigns some of its operations functions and of course payments it. If we talk about general discussion, let's say let's take an example of housekeeping. Normally in the retail organizations you will observe that housekeeping is one of the functions which can be outsourced first. So in retail stores you will find the general manager, you will find the floor managers, the department managers, associate staff, supervisors, all these people who are actually running the key operations of the business. On the other side, to clean the store, to maintain the hygiene of the store, you need to have the cleaning staff, the housekeeping staff. So normally because it is not this core competence of the store to do that particular function, so that's why all these functions are normally the retailer preferred to outsource it, giving that operation to a third party. So in this way, for example, if I talk about any company, any retailer, let's take an example of Pakistan, if we talk about hyperstar, if we talk about metro, so again both have this housekeeping third party outsourced, which means that particular function has been given to a third party and the company pay for it. Normally it is assigned with job responsibilities, on which it has complete accountability and then the outsourced company they get the payment of it. In this case, the employees they are actually at the payroll of an outsourced company, they are not actually at the payroll of the retailer. Similarly, there are contracts for maintenance or contracts for IT services. There are both examples. So normally let's say in a retail store if there is a generator or there is a UPS, there is a power solution for which you need maintenance, there is a maintenance of four clifters. So in terms of any equipment maintenance, the retailer normally what they do, they have one or two maintenance persons who have basic coordination or who are basic workers or either they coordinate with the outsourced company to execute the contracts. And normally these contracts are done on a yearly basis. These are all contracts that the retailer of this function because they are not the specialists of it. And there are companies which are actually specialists of maintaining the, let's say generators, UPS, coclifters, batteries, so and so. And then IT equipment, for example, laptop services, the services of the laptop, the services of the ROM, the services of the RAM. So anything which is related to services because the retailer is not an expert in that particular field. So what they normally do, they deploy, contract with an outsourced company for a period of time. Normally that period of time is 12 months. And in this duration, the retailer's specific functions perform outsourced company and the retailer pays it. Similarly, logistics or delivery services are also called outsourced. Again, this is also possible. There are big retailers in the world who normally take the delivery services or logistics services as their own. But at the same time, because your strength, your area of business is retail, is not supply chain or logistics. So what a retailer normally do, they acquire some companies to perform that task. For example, if you talk about the courier company, that is talking about inbound logistics company, that is talking about outbound logistics company, to give to the customer, to be supplied, in every perspective, when the retailer is outsourcing their own services, which are delivery services or logistics services to a third party outsourced contract. So again, this is called outsourcing parameter. Normally, we often give the option of security guards that is very much, especially the countries like Pakistan, where very much outsourcing is considered to be a security company as a third party or third party outsourced company. So the inside store security of the store and the outside store security of the store, to ensure that normally the companies have the contracts with the company, pay the security companies which are outsourced companies, per employee or per resource, as per the job description, as per the roles defined, they take care of that particular function of store security. So outsourcing is one of the key aspects of retail which have many such operations of retailers which are normally handled through outsourcing business. And retail has a lot of importance and with the passage of time, retailers, all the services, all the operation functions in which there is no strength, they are normally going towards outsourcing.