 In terms of the impact of my research, I've been looking at judges and their role in our democracy since I wrote a book called Judging Judges in 1988, and here we are in 2019. This summer saw a most amazing day when we changed prime ministers, but we also had the announcement of three new justices of our Supreme Court and a new president on the same day. Who's going to have more impact in our society? Is it going to be the politicians or the judges? Now what's been happening earlier in 2019 is that a retired judge, Jonathan Sumption, gave the prestigious BBC Reeth Lectures in which he said, judges have got too involved in what are essentially political matters and we judges should back off. It's up to elected politicians to decide a number of issues around, for instance, medical law. If parents want to take a little child who's dying abroad for potentially life-saving treatment, is that really something which a judge should resolve? Or should the parents be allowed to do it? Or should parliament make it clear who decides? That was his argument. I think it's more complex than that. I think that was too simplistic and I said so in an article in The Times. I drew an analogy to what John Major was saying, retired Prime Minister, at the very same time he was saying as a politician, actually I want to go to judges now. I want to challenge if the future Prime Minister, he said now our Prime Minister Boris Johnson, if he tries to take us out of the European Union without a deal by proroguing Parliament, I will go to court and ask the judges to stop it. And so we seem to have a paradox of democracy. Judges are saying, whoa, I think law is getting too important. It's up to politicians to resolve the big issues. Meanwhile, politicians are saying these issues are so big we can't sort them out. We need law. And so the impact of my research and the research of others in citizenship and governance is to explore these issues. What's special about politicians? Obviously one thing is they have no votes. They get elected and they can be removed. What's special about judges? The opposite. They are independent. They are unelected. That allows them to stand up to government and to stand up for the rights of minorities. So democracy is complex. Citizenship and governance requires a deep understanding of how law and politics change in their relationship to each other through the ages. That's research with impact.