 So, last class we have started construction and construction monitoring, so we have started this materials, materials in this materials grain size distribution analysis of material like core filters and drains, then you should ensure that material installed meet the specifications, make sure that as I explained also earlier borrow material do not change that means if you take borrow material from one place you will have to take the same material from the same place, then material tested that means triaxial extension as well as shear test for filter and core for filter and core and consolidation for core material because you need to have less permeable material, then hydraulic conductivity lab test for filter as well as core and field clay that means by means of double wing infiltrometer and centrifuge permenometer, proctor test you will have to conduct proctor test for the source material in the boropit and material haul to the site, field compaction uncompacted layer thickness that means 300 mm maximum compaction equipment is suitable, moisture content and maximum dry density you will have to do by means of nuclear density sand core or rubber balloon method, make sure that if you are using nuclear density, then nuclear density equipment should be calibrated and place loose soil in the field and compacted to make soil strong as far as possible, so that you will get maximum shear strength and very little settlement and low hydraulic conductivity for soil lowest em highest dry unit weight, take the for soil means lowest void ratio, so that you will achieve high dry unit weight, up to this we have completed, then also this is a table for this soil compaction, if you look at this it has been divided into 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 parts, fine aggregate make it into clay and silt, coarse aggregate it is sand and gravel and rock field, cobbles and boulders, if you look at this clay application primarily for dam construction, dam construction, embankment for road, rail track, airport construction trenches and back field and sanitary land field construction, clay fraction generally would take if it is less than this fraction is finer than 2.002 mm or 2 micron silt is from 0.002 to 0.06 and compactability difficult to compact due to the cohesion, if you go for a compaction for clay soil difficult to compact because of cohesion, compaction effect depends strongly on water content, because you will have to add water, it depends strongly on water content, material needs high compaction energy, then compaction equipment primarily heavy and medium size single drum roller, primarily if the clay soil has been used for this dam construction, this equipment is used single drum or medium size single drum roller, smooth or pad foot drums, trains compactor and heavy for trains compactor and heavy plates also used. Now, if you come back for sand and gravel for particularly coarse aggregate sand and gravel application is primary for embankments, sub bases that means embankment, sub base for road, road base, rail track, airport construction, foundation for building, coarse aggregate generally used foundation for building, trenches and back field, you see it is given here in the pictorial view how the sand looks and your gravel how it looks, gravel generally range is 2 to 60 mm and sand is 6 micron to 2 microns means 2 mm and compactability that means depends upon the grading, that means it depends upon the your grain size distribution, too much compaction may be detrimental and compaction equipment generally used vibratory rollers of single drum rollers, that means smooth drums you can use, heavy and medium size plates, if you are using compaction by means of plates, then you can go for heavy and medium size plate, if you compare both these fine as well as coarse aggregate for these heavy plates as well as trains compactor used, but in this case heavy and medium size plates has been used, then rock fill that means cobbles and boulders, application primarily for dam construction, embankment for road and rail track and airport construction, foundation for building and the size of the cobbles is greater than 60 mm and boulders are greater than 100 mm, look at this how this boulders looks like cobbles looks like and compactability layer thickness should be 3 times, 3 times thicker than maximum particle size, that means layer thickness is you will have to take, you will have to decide what is the thickness of the layer to be compacted, it should be maximum that means it is 3 times than your maximum particle size, material needs high compaction energy particularly the material needs high compaction energy, compaction equipment primarily used heavy single drum rollers and heavy plates, these are the overall soil compaction, if you want to use for your dam construction suppose fine aggregate, coarse aggregate or may be rock fill, what should be your compaction, what type of compaction you are going to use and what is your compaction equipment you are going to use and how means this gives a brief idea means what type of equipment you are going to use, if it is a fine aggregate if it is a coarse aggregate and if it is a rock fill, now application guidelines for particularly vibratory rollers, these are all your rollers, if you look at this rollers earthwork dams, particularly earthwork for particular dams, rocks and loams, granular base and sub base that means gravel, gravel sand, asphalt base is your road, road particularly asphalt base, coarse and asphalt wearing coarse and this static linear pressure because you will have to apply a minimum amount of pressure, so that you will get value of e should be minimum and maximum density should be achieved, it should be kg per cm, kg per linear pressure, kg per cm square. So, if you apply it, it should be greater than 30, 30 for particularly earthwork dams and for granular bases and sub bases, it should be greater than equal to 10, it should not be less than 10, for asphalt base coarse and asphalt wearing coarse, it is varying between 10 to 30 and amplitude, generally what amplitude will give in mm that means it is greater than 1 or 5, it is greater than 0.4, 0.35 to 0.9, frequency generally what frequency we are going to apply in terms of harsh, it is 28 for earthwork dams 28 to 35, for granular base and sub bases 28 to 60, for asphalt base coarse and asphalt wearing courses 30 to 60 and 40 to 60 and rolling speed kilometer per hour, what is your rolling speed you are going to apply 1 to 2.5, 2 to 4 and 2 to 6, look at this how this sheet foot roller suite looks like, if you look at this sheet foot rollers, there are just threaded parts around the periphery of the roller, so that it has been used particularly for clay soil because it has a high cohesive, so the rolling can be done very effectively. Now, soil compacted wet optimum will be doctile and self healing and soil compacted dry optimum will be brittle and susceptible to cracking and specify optimum plus 2 percent for clay coarse, what do you mean by if you look at here compacted in wet optimum and compacted in dry optimum, if this is my compaction curve for example, if this is my compaction curve, if this is my compaction curve, if you look at the compaction curve that means dry unit wet versus moisture content and this is your this is your this value in this compaction curve, this value is coming about this is your maximum dry density corresponding to your OMC optimum moisture content, left hand side this side this side is your dry optimum means from optimum it is your dry side and this side is your wet side, this side is your wet side, wet side this is your dry side. Now, if you look at here that means soil compacted on wet optimum will be doctile and self healing will be slightly doctile and self healing for wet wet side that means this side of the right hand side of OMC, similarly soil compacted in dry optimum, similarly soil compacted in dry optimum that means this side from here to this side dry optimum side generally it is a brittle and there is a chance of crack. So, generally you will have to specify what is your compaction generally optimum plus minus 2 percent for clay coarse that means if this is my OMC, so let us say 15 percent is your OMC, this is your optimum moisture content which is your dry density generally you will recommend for 2 percent that means 15 percent plus to 17 percent of your compaction moisture density for particularly clay coarse. Now, soil compaction measurement how do you measure it soil compaction measurement there are different way different as I said earlier one is your core test other is your sand replacement method and third is your nuclear gauze this is your nuclear gauze method. Now, in this in case of soil compaction measurement by means of sand cone method use dry sand with known dry density if you are using by means of sand replacement method in this case what you are going to do use a dry sand use dry sand with known dry density before you are using this method you should know what is the dry density of that sand and specific gravity also and specific gravity also use dry sand to get volume of hole quick and reliable method. Once you are using a dry sand that means volume of hole it particularly it will be quick and it gives a reliable test if you go back if you see this by means of sand cone method a hole has been specified hole has been made that means once you make a hole you know you know this height you know this height you know this width then you can know this what is that volume of this hole and with that volume you will apply of a dry sand to pore inside. So, that means weight of the volume of the hole replace by dry sand if you know then you can find it out what is your compaction how much your compaction has been done means by means of your sand cone method another one is more most effective nowadays it has been used that is called nuclear gauze method that is called nuclear gauze method in nuclear gauze method what happen generally radioactive material has been used to get moisture content and soil density. If you look at here this generally a nuclear gauze is there from radioactive material has been used to get the moisture content and soil density it is a very effective and quick method reliable it is very reliable you will have to calibrate every time once you do it you have to calibrate with the known density once you know if you know the density of this soil known density if you know then you calibrate from this by means of nuclear gauze how much you are getting then you take it then do this where your soil compaction has been made radioactive device therefore special transportation and rules must be followed that means for calibration has to be done and because radioactive device it is a radioactive device definitely you will have to follow certain rules because it should not be exposed to public compaction level that means in situ dry unit weight unit weight divided by maximum dry unit weight proctor into 100 percent into 100 it is generally mentioned in terms of percentage standard proctor specification 95 to 100 percent maximum dry unit weight m d u w is maximum dry unit weight similarly if you are there are as I said earlier there are two methods one is your standard proctor method another is your modified proctor method in case of modified proctor method generally this compaction level once you compact if you get a compaction level of 90 to 98 percent that means you have achieved your compaction level if you are using a standard proctor generally 95 to 100 percent has been used that means that is your standard so it is your m d u w is your maximum dry unit weight by using modified proctor specification that means 90 to 98 95 to 100 how do you find it out compaction level in situ dry unit weight what is your in situ condition and maximum dry unit weight by means of proctor into 100 if you look at here in terms of graphical point of view there is a compaction curve dry unit weight versus moisture content then this is your compaction curve this is your compaction curve and this is your optimum moisture content and with respect to optimum moisture content whatever you are getting that is your maximum dry density and with this 95 percent field specification you have to mark a 95 percent of field specification makes your compacted soil same as proctor material means whatever you are compacting in the soil in the ground it is the same material it has been used while doing in the laboratory test it should not be a different material and this is your specification and you can mark it is your 95 percent field compaction line where it lies then first part is your measurements then is your instrumentation second part is your field instrumentation generally particularly dam these are all very sensitive project as well as the cost is very high generally the field instrumentation that means you will have to make the field instrumentation means you will have to make instrument in the field particularly during the construction so that major performance of structure during the construction means how during the construction how it is how what is the performance of that if it is a earth field dam that means what is that performance then long term monitoring of structure behavior and health particularly long term monitoring of structure behavior and health must not impact structure performance it should not be used to it should not be impact your structural performance whatever you are doing your field instrumentation engineer should develop justification for geotechnical instrumentation program on their project means particularly if geotechnical engineer is there you will have to justify in practice such program are used to save life save money and reduce risk failure reduce particularly there if there is a chance of risk of failure you can if you measure it hardly then you can rectify it reasons to install instrumentation that means indicate impending failures provide warning it also give some warning if there is any problem reveal unknowns it gives what are the unknowns you left for the design evaluate critical design assumptions critical design assumption assess contractors means and methods it also assess suppose you are you have already design something and contractor has given some specification and methods it also assess whether it is tallying with your this contractors means and methods minimize damage due to this adjacent structure if there are structures nearby it will minimize by means of instrumentation then control construction you can have a control over the construction you can change on the field from the beginning that if there is any mistake you can change during the construction control the operation also how you are doing this construction this entire operation has also been control provide data to help select remedial methods to fix problem that means it gives a data provide data to help select remedial methods to fix problems documents performance for assessing damages in form stakeholders satisfy regulation regulators reduce litigation and advance state of knowledge this is more important your state of knowledge also you will gain state of knowledge day to day how actually we have done in the test in the laboratory we implement in the field how it is how far how far whether it is close to this laboratory whether it is how far it is from this laboratory test whether it you are getting this result up to your desirable design parameters field instrumentation there are different field instrumentation one is your piezometers piezometers generally used to measure excess pore water pressure pwp pwp is your pore water pressure generally it has been named as pwp excess pore water pressure in the core during compaction that means if there is a compaction during compaction you can measure excess pore water pressure uplift pressure piezometer gives an idea what is your uplift pressure as I said as I said if this is a dam section if this is a dam section then if this is your upstream and this is your downstream if this is your flow lines then it gives if the flow lines exit in the downstream phase then if there is any uplift pressure build then it can give also uplift pressures and foundation head loss how much head loss that means water passes from upstream to downstream what is your head loss then core periodic surface if this is the core if this is the core then what this periodic surface core periodic surface also it gives that means piezometer has wide application number one measurement of excess pore water pressure in the core during compaction or during construction second is your uplift pressure that means at the downstream phase what is your uplift pressure generated third is your foundation head loss how much is your foundation head loss then fourth is your core phreatic phreatic it is wrong it is not phreatic it is phreatic ph phreatic core phreatic surface then this is your use of your piezometer second one is your field instrumentation that is your inclinometers that means inclinometers generally used to measure this stability of slopes and foundations whether it is a stable if there is a slope if there is a slope this kind of slope whether this slope is stable or not you can measure it by means of inclinometers then there are settlement gauges settlement gauges generally used to measure the settlements settlements of the foundation settlement of the compacted layers then extensometer then earth pressure earth pressure total earth pressure that means earth pressure soil earth pressure earth pressure generally provided along the soil to measure if is there any soil arching if is there any soil arching so these are the different field instrumentation different parts that means piezometer inclinometer settlement gauges extensometers total earth pressure now suggested piezometer locations if this is your earth dam and this is your core this is your core and this is your earth fields suggested piezometer location if you look at here generally this is a cut off wall this is your core you can provide piezometers piezometers along the field as well as along the core as well as bottom first number one is your control placement of field if you see number one this is your number one point that means control placement of field this means your placement of field has been done it will control that means it will monitor pore water pressure to find shear strength and measurement of earth pressure why the piezometer location at this because it will control the placement field because this is a field material also it measure the shear strength measurement of earth pressure two is your same thing it is in the upstream side along the field it is in the downstream side along the field second is your also this is your second control the placement of field monitor pore water pressure pwp is your pore water pressure to find shear strength and measurement of earth pressure and monitor also seepage it monitor also seepage how much is your seepage is passing from upstream to downstream also it monitor then third if you look at your third these are all third points along the inside your earth dam the third points means control placement of field control the placement of field how it has been placed it will be control also monitor the seepage how much water passes through these earth dam also it monitors piezometers piezometers generally if you look at this piezometer how it looks particularly piezometer it is a it is a cross sectional view and piezometer water pressure has been given there is a stand pipe then bentonite cement grout has been done then there is a heater tip then it has been connected with the vented cap means detail view of your piezometers has been it has been shown then second part is your second part is your inclinometer if you look at the inclinometer inclinometer what happen it measure your whether the slope is stable is there in lateral movement or not if you look at here this is a dam cases in these cases inclinometers has been provided along the slope 1 2 3 so it is generally monitor lateral earth pressure movements if there is a movement of this slope lateral earth pressure movement in embankment this is an embankment that is detect movement of downstream of earth field dam the movement you have done by means of filling compacting downstream phase if this is my upstream this is your downstream it dictates any downstream slope movement in the downstream any field material or any movement of the soil in the downstream phase particularly during impounding and determine types of shear and zone of foundation also determine types of shear and zone of foundation means how it is here types of shear and zone of foundation monitor stability of upstream slope during and after impounding also it monitors the stability of slope of your upstream phase also it determine depth direction magnitude and rate of movement look at here depth along the depth means at here at here at here at here along the depth and direction whether in x y or z direction vertical lateral or may be inclined direction any direction then magnitude how much what is that rate of settlement and how much is your rate what is the rate it determines depth direction magnitude and rate of movement this is about this use of this in kilometer typical in kilometer if you look at this typical in kilometer it has been shown different parts it has been typical case has been taken from this James Cook University in Australia how this in kilometer has been used as I said in embankment locates your zone and help identify whether shear is planner or circular if I provide the in kilometer if you look at here this is your in kilometer this is your in kilometer potential slip plane that means the slip plane is simply a planner or slip plane is a circular in shape that you can determine by means of in kilometer measure the movement at shear zone along the shear zone if this is the shear zone along the shear zone it may measure how it move movement along the shear zone and whether movement is constant or constant rate or maybe it is in a faster rate in details you can find it out by means of in kilometer so in kilometer what is the basic part is in kilometer must be founded into a solid foundation so that it should not be it should not be disturbed if it is a weak foundation in kilometer also move in kilometer should not move it should be founded inside a solid foundation so that it is stable so these are the results some of the results of the in kilometer how there are movements at the top part then at the bottom it there is no movement it has been shown similarly some results also displacement versus time has been shown by measuring from your in kilometers there are also called tilt meter one one equipment one instrument that is called tilt meter it monitor changes in the tilt of the structure if there is a structure whether the structure has been tilted or not it has been it generally used to monitor the tilt of the structure activities such as dewatering tunneling exhibition causes settlement or lateral deformation you can measure it placement of surcharge and pressure may cause hips dam impounding exhibition beyond diaphragm wall also you can measure monitor different settlements also dewatering so this is called a tilt meter will generally called in kilometer or tilt meter it is the same name has been changed because it will measure the monitor changes of the tilt in the structure that is why the name has come as a tilt meter then settlement gauze or settlement sales settlement gauze or settlement sales generally is a pneumatic settlement provide at a single point measurement of settlement if you look at here they can be read from the central location and partially useful where access is difficult and monitor consolidation during the construction and long term settlement in the foundation of the field this is most important the settlement sale monitor consolidation during construction means if I if this is my field material if I allow the settlement sale during the construction how much consolidation occur it will also monitor also in long term in long term if this dam how much it settle it of the foundation soil it also monitor as I said monitor long term settlement and consolidation in the foundation embankment this is an embankment foundation embankment if you place the settlement sale so it can measure long term particularly long term settlement it can measure these are typical settlement sales borehole extensometer in this borehole extensometer it has been provide also another one is your borehole extensometer another way of borehole extensometer monitor the settlement heaves convergence and lateral deformation in the soil and rock this is called borehole extensometer inside the borehole an extensometer has been provided for vertical settlement provide profile it has been used to measure your vertical settlement profile generally it has been used in if you look at here this is called borehole extensometer monitor vertical settlement particularly earth field dam in the toe of the dam in the toe of the dam if this is the hill this is the toe in the toe of the dam you can measure your vertical settlement monitor settlement to determine whether construction can continue or not it borehole extensometer vertical settlement it measure whether you can also decide whether the same construction can continue or if you want to modify the construction techniques then there are total as I said total pressure sale it is measured combined pressure of effective effective stress as well as pore water pressure the moment you use your total pressure sale it will measure two parameter one is your what is your effective stress as well as how much is your pore water pressure develop so embankment dam particularly if I assumption and once of soil pressure in excess of those a structure is designed to withstand it determine distribution magnitude direction of total stress it determine distribution magnitude and direction of your total stress what is your stress distribution what is its magnitude and in what direction it is there it measure earth pressure sale how it typical looks earth pressure sale it is a visual you can see how the earth pressure sale it looks and total pressure sale how it has been put it inside then typical instrumentation of large dam and this your instrumentation in particularly your rock field dam also and earthen dam so up to this I can stop it here next class I will continue the other part of this thank you