 I'd like to introduce Paolo Feligate, as it says he's the archaeologist, and archaeologist working at the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, who has kindly agreed to inaugurate the spring lectures, and if you're not on the mailing list for announcements, there's a link on the ARC website where you can stop and enroll. With an introduction to the archaeological collections curated by the museum, which isn't the title that we... No, no, no. In fact, this is a bit of... This is a bit confusing. Sorry about that, but... Well, thank you very much for the kind introduction, and welcome back everybody to the spring 2017 Berkeley semester at Berkeley. Two years ago, I was here attempting to provide a general overview of the archaeological collections curated at the Hearst, at least I was attempting to. It seemed a good time since the museum recently embarked on a massive renovation that besides the many, many headaches, gave us a golden opportunity to dust off large amount of archaeological assemblages that had perhaps started to fade in our collective memory. And this was the introduction slide that I used last year, two years ago. But today's presentation will focus on one of those collections, one that started very early and yet spending the entire time Krober is at the head of the museum and the department. One of the reasons for this choice is that archaeologists from California and beyond are certainly familiar with the vast assemblages collected by the California Archaeological Survey, starting from 1949. But the earlier collections and the names that are associated with them might not ring a bell too many. While you might have heard of Nelson Nelson or Uli, how many of you remember people like Eugene Golemstock? Indeed, during the entire time Krober was at the head of the institution, the museum maintained an interest in field archaeology, a strong interest in field archaeology, mostly aimed at increasing the collections while following tips and accidental discoveries from various sources. Between 1904 and 1949, the museum dispatched a number of archaeologists across the state. But by the late 30s, most of the museum resources and spaces were dedicated to the ethnographic collection. And the pace of archaeological research started to slow. And in this, it's a bit out of focus. Oh, fantastic, thank you. And in this slide, you can see some of the language that Krober starts to use in the mid 30s to signify the slowing down of the pace of archaeological research in the field, at least when it comes to collecting material that comes back to the museum. The story of early archaeology in California is certainly a fascinating one. And I feel lucky to work in a place that was one of the centers of it. The personal stories of the archaeologists involved in these early endeavors became one of my principal interests. I discovered a lot after I visited Kent's class one day to recruit volunteers for one of our projects. With his well-known generosity, Kent introduced me to the class as the archaeologist that sits in Robert Eiser chair. As flattering as that sounded, I knew it was a bit misleading. And I got curious, who's chair am I sitting in? L.L. Loud is one answer to that question. And I just would like to point out that this is an abstract of the obituary published in the annual report for the museum in 1947. And this is a picture of L.L. Loud wearing a garment made of bird skin that he collected at Love Lock Cave. Loud worked at the museum from 1911 until 1946. And he is on record as one of the most active field archaeologists after Nelson Nelson. He was with Krober at the same time of issue. He worked at the museum until his death and even after. I should say now that L.L. Loud indeed donated a skeleton to the museum with the express wish to be used in the teaching of physical anthropology to college students. His skeleton is still on loan to Professor White's lab. Loud worked at the museum from 1911 until 1946. Many of the sites he excavated remain quite relevant in today's archaeology. And while the yellow photos and dusty field notes radiate a sense of nostalgia, they also shine lights on a landscape that is now largely gone and is one of the reasons why this collection deserves special attention. Today's presentation wants to offer a brief overview of Loud's contributions to Berkeley Anthropology, a contribution he made through his field research, certainly, but also through his publications. The slides on the screen are populated by sketches, notes, photographs and comments he left in the archives of the first museum in over 30 years of employment. In addition, I will provide some testament of what has since been the faith of the sites he excavated and why his collection remains relevant today. Unfortunately, not much is known about L.L. Loud. When he died in Oakland in 1946, Krober published an obituary in American antiquity. And you can see an abstract here that remains the only source of information about his private life outside the museum. Krober told us that Loud was from a rural county in Maine that he left after graduating from high school at the age of 22. Loud made his way to California after years of different jobs in many places, but he also found the time to enroll as a student at the University of Washington. He continued to work and study at Berkeley between 1905 and 1910 with a focus on anthropology and religious studies. He actually entertained the idea of going to Africa as a missionary for a while. In 1911, Loud arrived at the museum where he worked as a guard, janitor, preparator and unofficial field archaeologist until his death in 1946. In his obituary, Krober also summarized in few lines his contribution to archaeology. And this is how Krober summarizes contribution to archaeology by naming few of the very important sites that he excavated, not all of them, and there is a very quick distribution map of the sites that I mentioned here. But how big is that contribution? Because if you look at this picture, you probably don't get a sense of the magnitude, but a simple query from our database will give us a better sense of how big that contribution really is. And it will look like this, boring, but impressive. A total of 9,000 Catholic records from more than 300 sites. A massive contribution and certainly for an unofficial archaeologist. He kept himself busy. I don't know what class is Loud attended at Berkeley, or if he received some field training before being dispatched for his first assignment by himself. He was in friendly terms with Nelson, we know that from the correspondence, and it is possible that Loud accompanied them in the field at times. We know he used Nelson's famous map of the Bay Area shell mound, as well as his notes, as a constant reference for much of the work Krober tasked him to do. Whatever his academic background was, he certainly writes to his boss with a confident language from day one. And this is day one of Krober in the field, and you can see what is the tone of the message. He actually makes a joke that the water is freezing and the night is cold, but all it would be more comfortable living in the sunshine in the shadow of the museum. And I would also like to point out that if you're working under Krober, you might find yourself in the cold on Christmas Eve. Despite the display of confidence, Loud was certainly aware that Krober keenly aware probably, that Krober dismissed brushley. Krober's work at the Emeryville Shell Mound. Krober wrote that Krober's interpretation of culture changed during the life of the mound was flawed. Krober believed that Indian culture had been substantially identical for hundreds or perhaps thousands of years, and of course this is an oversimplification. But so firm Krober was in his conviction that no graduate student was allowed to study Central California archaeology in 1947 when Heiser came permanently to the department. Did Loud feel the pressure of that environment? Well, I certainly would, but there is no answer for him. It is clear that Krober did not intend for Loud to feel that kind of academic pressure, but he was expecting him to follow strict instructions with minimal deviations, frequent communication, and within the allowed budget. And this started with the first project in Santa Clara County in 1911. So the Ponce, or Cossuto, or Castro Mound, Santa Clara 1, it's the Trinomial, is the first assignment in the field for Loud to execute by himself. The site, I'm so sorry, the mound was being, the site was already known from the National Survey a few years back and was tested by a professor at Stanford one year earlier. The mound was being used for soil and so Loud was sent to salvage some of the antiquities that were popping up from the ground. Loud collected about 400 objects and recognized at least one house floor and left one nice sketch of it, at least one house floor within the mound matrix. He didn't think much about its antiquity and while the mound has been excavated later by UCAS, Loud Collection was never published. The site is a very good example of the radical changes that happened in California landscape in the last 80, 90 years. The exact location of the mound is no longer clear. Two years ago, also because it's under many parking lots and many, many buildings, two years ago, barracks actually, colleagues working for the National Guard came to the museum to look at Loud and other people's map and sketches as the guard was planning work in the area and they were really hoping to avoid the mound. Our colleagues promised to be in touch with the museum just to let us know, we're not really involved in the research, but just to let us know that they relocated the mound if they do. In this photo, there's also one good example of the way Loud used to describe his things. You know, in a way, a bit naive we can see it today, but truthful and honest. During the spring of 1912, Loud leaves California for the Nevada Plateau Churchill County, where he would spend five months mostly camping, serving and testing many surface sites. And here's one excerpt from the publication, explaining just very quickly, and here's a sample, of course, of the many, many objects he collected from the desert surface in Nevada. While this is an image of how these sites in the desert look like many years later, in 1965, when Heiser and the Department of Anthropology will revisit Loud sites for new excavations, and yet, and so, large collections came to the museum as a result of those new expeditions as well. Following instructions from Krober and Merriam, Loud arrived at Lovelock Cave, where he attempted to rescue as much material possible from the Guano deposit that had been mined already for almost a decade. He wrote to Krober the conditions under which he was operating. And you can see here that he's camping, we know that, but he's also cooking with water that comes from a barrel because it's fresh, but it's muddy and refuses to settle after being drunk. So I think it deserves sympathy just for this. He shifted the Guano digger's back dirt and located many spots where the deposit was a time less intact or less disturbed, more intact or less disturbed. From these lots, he recovered more than 1,500 catalog records. And when I say catalog records doesn't mean single objects, one catalog record might contain more than one object, so 1,500 catalog records might total to about three, 4,000 objects in total. They included mummies, basketry, textiles, the famous duck decoys, and other hunting tools, all of them in amazing state of preservation. And here's an old map that they eventually published in 1929, sorry, where the location of this intact pockets of deposit that he excavated. So he wrote to Merriam about his findings and his desire to continue his work there. He believes strongly in the potential of the cave. And you can see the language that he's using with Merriam, that at that point is the Department of Anthropology. He insisted with Krober later about the need to continue digging and even defied more than one order from Krober to disengage from the cave and go back to Berkeley. And here's what he answers one time. You might answer back, no money. But then when a gold mine is really discovered, there's usually enough money discovered to develop it. And if you do not discover the money, the American Museum or the Smithsonian Institution will. It seems to me that such a collection should now go to the East Coast. The collection from Nevada altogether will ultimately include more than 3,000 cattle records from about 20 different sites that he mapped and recorded, included some of great antiquity, like the Leonhard Rock Shelter, Pershing 14, the Trinomial in Pershing County. The details of his expedition would be published many years later in the Lovelock Volume, co-authored by, with Mr. Harrington from the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian excavation was followed by numerous other expeditions in the cave from different institutions. The museum, the Hertz Museum, will accession the assemblages collected by Heiser in 1930, 1946, and 1969, making the Hertz Museum collection of Lovelock Cave probably the biggest one out there. Lovelock Cave is still a very well-known place in American archaeology and beyond. The name has always been the center of many stories, legends, and also many hoaxes. It is now a protected site under the management of BLM. But I want to close with other excerpts from Krober writing to Mr. Loud and showing, still, some disappointment in how the job has been done. And he keeps reminding him that I can judge more accurately and more quickly the results to date if you were to sit down for three days and write a description. He really doesn't like, he really doesn't like Loud to use his time in the field to study whatever he is collecting or to look at the things he is collecting. He really wants Loud to just get in touch with him very quickly. And another little comment that will kind of follow us for many years, while Lovelock Cave was immediately recognized as one incredibly important place, Krober still doesn't miss the opportunity to say, well, how can we put this on exhibit? It's really dusty and it's really not. But if we clean it, it would make it for something. Krober was never a big fan of the exhibit galleries and at the museum. He didn't think that the museum should dedicate that many resources to exhibits. One of the many things, one of the many characteristics of Krober that are less known. The Presidium Mound, San Francisco 6, was a short period that only lasted for 10 days in the fall of 1912. It resulted from a tip received by Krober and Gifford during the works for the World Fair and here's a little newspaper clipping that talks about the accidental discovery. The museum had some objects that were collected from around the Presidium back in 1872, but they were accompanied by very little information. It's allowed for the first time, records the mound in 1912, but in the end he arrived too late to excavate it because most of the mound was already covered by feet and feet of soil in order to make the platform for the World Fair buildings. He then advised Gifford and Krober to call off a bigger project. The site was forgotten until 1976 when the army inadvertently discovered a deeply buried human burial nearby. Michael Morato did whatever salvaging was possible, but the notes of loud remain today the primary record of the Presidium Mound. His detailed sketch map and photos were used almost 90 years later in 2001 by various CRM companies to relocate the mound before the construction of Doyle Drive that is now part of our landscape. The highway in those days the highway was rerouted around the mound and the site is now preserved under the care of the Presidium trust and of course my lovely wife who couldn't be here today because our child is feverish. Of the original small collections of 26 catalog records about half of it was eventually discarded as you can see from the stamps in the catalog cards. What was not discarded, fortunately are the photos that accompanied the manuscript and these photos really show a place that is completely different. Can anyone recognize Chrissy Fields and the Golden Gate Bridge? The pillar, the first pillar of the Golden Gate Bridge will appear here about 20 years later. The photos are fun. The photos in the archives of the House Museum are absolutely fantastic. A few weeks later, he is dispatched to San Mateo County to test some mounds in Half-Mond Bay. Why did the museum have such an opportunity is not clear from the manuscript or the correspondence it's a big disappointment for Lout since they won and he expresses his disappointment in funny words. I'm disappointed. I'm not finding any sea monsters. It probably took a lot of... I would take guts, but it's probably the wrong word to write back to Krober. It's your boss, you're in the field and he still makes jokes every time. We'll see how that goes, of course. He will collect about 300 objects, all similar, this mostly pitted stones or sinkers and hence one of the disappointment. All similar to the one in the photo, but soon he suggests Krober to call him off the field and back at the museum. This is how he argues with Krober about the little value he perceived this mountain half-Mond bay had and I would like to read. We can be sure that Indians did not have much of a metropolis at half-Mond bay. Their metropolis was doubtless where our metropolis will ultimately be at Richmond while they come down here for summer vacation the same as we whites do and also together baloney shells. He still repeats himself, but then he asks again, please take me off the field, from his language, what is interesting in the language, it appears that he starts to feel even more confident in his ability to judge the value of an excavation and he's been in the field for like a few months at this point, not very many, to judge the value of an excavation. At the procedural, he realized that he would need an enormous amount of resources in order to entertain the excavation and that was the reason why he asked Krober and Gifford to call him off but in this case, he tells that the site itself is not worth exploring, please call me back, ask and you shall receive and two weeks later, Loud is dispatched to Glencove, near Vallejo where he spent yet another very cold Christmas, December 22, he spent a very cold Christmas excavating a site that was almost pristine. The preservation was also very good on December 25, it's Friday evening, have not time to make out a full report, folks are going to Vallejo for Christmas time. It is a cold job laying on my stomach, picking it to pieces with a travel jackknife, and he was talking about the charcoal that he found pockets of charcoal and he was really keen in collecting all the pockets of charcoal, this is a catalog card for a charcoal sample. The preservation was also very good and it took great care excavating many fragments of textiles and basketry. There are still very rare items in California archeology in the archeology of Central California. You can see some of the sketches that he made in the field of these textiles or basketry fragments. But it is certainly unfortunate that this collection still lays unpublished. The site was only minimally touched for many decades after and it is now a protected area under the greater Vallejo recreational district. The photo is from Google Maps. The Glen Cove and Solano 239 was in the news for a long time, about six years ago. When they started to prepare the park it was known as Burial Mound. In the area there was a presence of Burial Mound that was excavated many years before and it had been, it was very difficult for a while for the Vallejo recreational district to make everybody, all the constituents involved, happy and eventually protect the site in the park. Next assignment is the famous expedition in Humboldt Valley in Wyatt territory between July and October 1913. It would be the peak of loud careers in the field and also the one for his name is still recognized today together with Love Lock Cave of course. Krober said of the publication that it survives, many years later, it survives as fundamental contributions to the prehistory of the Pacific coast. This was written in loud obituary. At the same time the project strained the professional relationship between loud and Krober almost to a break. Years later, Heiser found the correspondence between the two, first stored into a manuscript that he eventually published in the out series with the title Get it through your head and yours for the revolution. In the introduction, Heiser did a great job putting the documents in the historical context. I really highly suggest to read the volume. It is a very short one and it's readily available online both on the ARF repository for digital documents and through the library. Today, I can only offer a preview of how loud and Krober came very close to turn away from each other. The language is as strong as politeness and professional respect, allow them. So in this case I really wanted to follow up a little bit and read some abstracts from this. The loud expedition and this manuscript put into context the brewing trouble that starts to happen to take Krober and loud away little by little. It is loud insistent on talking about money or the luxury of and his alleged inability to report frequently enough that began to irritate Krober. In this case, as you can see this is the first letter from Humboldt County and loud tells Krober that he has landed is set out keeping and then proceed to ask for more money because the money he has apparently are not enough. Krober responds to that and you can see how he starts to get irritated. Since you left here more than two weeks ago I have heard from you only once and then mainly about money which you wanted. You state merely that you had amount to work and made camp, purchased provision for two months. The nature of the mound, the prospect, its relation to other division of your time between serving and digging and all other matters of scientific nature I am completely in the dark about. Please post me on this point and continue to keep me posted. Curb irritation with loud progresses as the project continues and then real threats getting fired are mentioned. Loud does not retreat or cave in and keeps voicing his concern and even seems to accuse Krober of being the reason many scholars were leaving Berkeley which is certainly true for Julie or very, very likely true for Julie but again you did write a letter to me while in Nevada that did cut me and I have realized ever since that I was not appreciated. I have felt that if I ever get where I will be appreciated I must take the trail that is now pretty well beaten by men such as Barrett, Goddard, Nelson, Saper and others perhaps that I don't know all going away from UC Berkeley and seems to point the finger there. Money aside it is apparent that loud feels that is underappreciated and micromanaged probably unfairly. He perhaps perceives that Krober doesn't trust him fully and perhaps never will. So maybe a change in career might be in order and the change in career is interesting to read and I hope is not cut but it says here, oops I'm so sorry, I want to say that I'm not cut by your letter I am however becoming a staunch socialist and some of these days I might be elected to the legislature or something or other by the rapidly increasing socialist vote. That sounds old at this point. Loud and Krober will eventually come to an understanding that will permit the project to end in more than a thousand catalog records and still be perceived today as a successful project. Again I would like to invite people to read that manuscript it's a fascinating window of a personality of Krober that you rarely can see from his publications. The next phase of Loud Career at the Museum started with few years of absence from the field after which he never went back by himself. In 1922 Loud is involved in the excavation of some notable mounds in Richmond which is one is actually either under or to a walking distance from the New Regatta building or the museum as its new storage facility. Loud is there to help Leonard Outwight but he would publish the full report on the shell mounds two years later. You can see the cover. Also in 1922 Loud will assist Schenck in the now famous excavations of the Emeryville 1924 that would be published two years later but Loud's name will not be on the cover even though Schenck's was very generous in his thinking of Loud for his help at the Emeryville shell mound. The Emeryville shell mound was excavated again between 1995 and 1998 during the construction work that included what is now the IKEA building. It was an excavation surrounded by commotion and protest and I believe that most people in this audience will remember those days. After many years in an Oakland basement the final collection from the Emeryville shell mound which was once believed to be the largest ancient mound of the Bay Area are now accession in the Hearst and will be available for research in the near future. Loud will also return to Lovelock Cave in 1924 and the luck of the Smithsonian Institution that's the season where all the famous duck decoys are found and in fact all these duck decoys are now in Washington and not at the Hearst Museum. Between 1926 and 1931 Loud leaves the museum for reasons that Krober does not elaborate on except mentioning that he's building a house in Oakland. We have the address for the house even the house does not exist anymore it's been at its under a parking lot as well. When the museum is moved from San Francisco to Berkeley in 1931 Lloyd joins again its ranks. During this time it will be at times dispatched in the field for small projects or to help others with their work. Loud will however spend many many years at the museum writing notes like this one that I would like to read for you. Example of hyzer never using a map in the field or a compass or knowing within miles of where he is sometimes not knowing even the county or state. Venenga is also a mess. Are there two Lisbon schools 2.3 miles apart and then continues and at the end on the retro of this card the back of this card will say this is a clear example of the middle headiness of the Sacramento Junior people. So patiently going through his and other people notes redacting, adding and adding them. Most of the early manuscripts that preceded those later accumulated by the UCAS bear some of his markings in his characteristic handwriting. These markings show that LL Loud had an uncommon attention to details and he was certainly not afraid of hard work. All characteristics that would make him still a great fit for the museum today. Thank you very much. I kept it short so if we have... Absolutely. Please. No. Krober obituary says that once he left a rural town, a rural main never went back. What we do know is that he graduated very late from high school because he couldn't attend school during the wintertime. So he had to just go when ice rolled and everything was clear. I mean I looked at the picture of the area it looks pretty rural today. So I only wonder what it looked like when 1912. Then according to Krober came all the way we don't know how long it took from him to go from Maine to Washington State and then California. But in his will, where he left the skeleton to the museum, he mentions a brother that somehow would be the only one that if someone wants to get in touch with the family the brother should still be alive somewhere in Maine let him know that I'm dead and my body is at the museum. I don't know if anyone ever followed. My understanding of loud skeleton after he died where they from the Oakland Museum he went straight to McCown Laboratories or office and then from there probably straight to Professor White's lab. I don't think loud has ever been in the museum together with the other human remains. So the brother I found the brother online on an old document scan on Google for the high school the Karibu High School was called the Karibu High School the brother attended the same school so we know the name of the brother but that's about the family. Scottish, again, according to Krober Scottish descent. His first name doesn't know well. Well, that would have been told many times I had a hard time of course pronouncing his name Lou Ellen Lou Ellen to bet that Krober is no longer around but it'd be nice to have a straight record for loud at the museum. Please. Thanks for the most interesting talk. So we have a lot of cultural resource management companies in the museum and they are definitely as you talked about using loud notes absolutely yes. My question is how much return to those CRM companies get back to the museum? Do we get their reports and do we get much information back from them like the siege mound was just worked on just two, three years ago? Yeah, I remember the excavation because they always ask permission to come in and work on them. Do we actually get much back and is there kind of a longitudinal study of some of these sites? Well, we normally ask people to provide especially when they come to the museum and using our collection maps or looking at objects. We normally ask people whenever you're done or you publish would you please let us know or maybe send us a copy. We enforce that as much as possible without pestering people. The reality at the same time is the museum is no longer registered as an official state information center and therefore they don't have a lot of CRM companies especially those that don't have a relationship with the museum don't feel that they are in any way mandated to send the museum this information. And this has been going on for a while and so while I would love to my going further, going forward what I'm afraid is the large gap that we're going to have in the archive from where we actually worked as a state repository up until 59 probably now. So how are we going to fill that gap in order to make sure that we have all the information across the chronological time and spanning. But the relationship with CRM companies the very least because CRM company is 90% of archeology in the state these days the relationship with CRM company should be nurtured a little bit more by the museum. Please. For tourists? You said to visit? Accessible? To be honest, I don't know. To be honest, I don't know. What the museum heard in the last again the legend about the giant red heads that lived in Love Law Cave keeps coming up every two or three years it's still coming up but there's some researcher that wants to come to the museum and look at the skeletons to see if one of these is big we know it's protected we know BLM decided many years ago that this is it nobody's touching Love Lock ever again very much like Spirit Cave in that way but I don't know if they ever prepared some sort of welcome and the site is actually visible. I don't want to communicate with BLM much so I wouldn't know but I can find the information I can let you know I know it's not an easy place to reach so even if it's prepared for accepting tourists I don't know how many people will actually venture there but build it and they will come so... Well, if there are no other questions thank you very much for coming today welcome back to another semester use it quickly I hope it's going to be exciting for everybody