 And who's sessions regarding the English translations, communication skills, all those sessions are doing well. And then when we speak of polishing grammar. And once there is the platform of Beyond Law CLC more for the professionals as such, but this session. Because polishing grammar, not only helps the professionals, but also the students, the teachers teaching faculty, and everyone else. And they say that the polished man creates his own niche, he stands out. And same way Mr. Vasant, when he takes a session, he stands out. And that's why we take his sessions at 9pm, which normally we don't do. But we know that he's a crowd puller and it's himself. And therefore, at any point of time, we can do that. And it also gives us a different flip to think about a session on a different time as to whether people are able to latch up on that. Because ultimately it is the knowledge which we intend to decimate amongst people at large. And an interesting facet with Mr. Vasant is that he takes his sessions, not only in Hindi, as well as in English at ease. He's like Glenn Maxwell that he can play with ease at both strengths, without taking much time since we are in the late hours of the day. And we are also approaching the end of the year. I request Mr. Vasant to take things forward. Those who have missed his sessions, I just missed it out. They cannot also watch it on Beyond Law CLC. They can like it, subscribe it, and share it. And his sessions are already there. Over to you, Mr. Vasant. Thank you, Vikas sir. Good evening to all of you. I am thankful to Vikas Chathwajji for his kind words. But what I sincerely feel is, it is the English language or rather importance of English language in our day to day life to all the aspirants who want to reach the pinnacle which pulls the crowd, if at all. It is pulling the crowd. I sincerely feel that we should be able to gather knowledge from all the possible sources irrespective of whether it is Vasan Patwardhan or XYZ, anybody else. So, as Vikas Chathwajji was telling you that it is both required as an academic requirement as well as a professional requirement, we have decided to go from the scratch from the grassroots. We will not compromise with a team or with all the important points which we are going to share regarding the grammar. And polishing the grammar itself is a job of a life limit. You can say it is a lifeline job. But here we want to emphasize on all those important facts and matters from the basics. So, we have started today from the parts of speech. Please bear it in mind that parts of speech are very basic in themselves. And as a new, we say it should be strong so that we can construct something very big on it. This part of speech is very basic and very important. So, once we have the clarity in these parts of speech, we can really build the whole communication part of it. When I say communication, it is always learning and expressing. And parts of speech play a very important role in both the aspects of communication. So, let me tell you that parts of speech are the parts of language. Speech is nothing but a language. We call it as vice, V-O-I-C, vice sometimes, or speech. It is a language after all. Parts of language is parts of speech. What is that parts of language means? The whole language which we use verbatim in our conversation or when we put it on paper, we can divide it into eight main categories. Means we use the sentences and sentences are made up of words. All the words in a sentence either used verbally or in writing can be divided into these eight parts of speech based on the usage. Please underline this that we have to name the particular word or categorize a particular word to a particular category of parts of speech. We have to first consider its usage in that particular sentence. In isolation if you ask me, what is water in the eight parts of speech? You all know by this time there are eight parts of speech. I just want to brush it up. They are noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Some are of the opinion that articles are also parts of speech. We have already covered it in our last lesson under the title articles as determiners. In very good detail we are able to cover it. Today we will try to cover up the main eight parts of speech. We are not in a hurry. If we are able to cover up only noun or pronoun or the first two, we are satisfied. We will restrict our timing and we will see that we are not compromising with the matter. So I was just wondering that I can't answer your question if you ask me in isolation that what is water out of the eight parts of speech? No, I can't. Please show me the use of that word water in your sentence then only I can categorize it whether it is a noun or a verb. You may be astonished, surprised to know that water is a noun because it is a name of a thing. At the same time water can play a role of word. If you say I want water to drink, here water is a noun. If I say my father is watering the kitchen garden then water is used as a verb. So I stress upon the point once again that words in a sentence are to be taken on the virtue of their usage in that particular sentence and then categorize them as noun, pronoun, verb, etc. So let us start with a noun first. Noun as we all know from the high school level that we know a very fixed definition that noun is name of a place, person or thing. And really it is so simple only because we name everything by one or the other. We name everything in this world. We have a name for each and everything in this world. Be it a tangible thing which we can touch, which we can touch, which we can see, which we can feel. Do we have any word for all of these? So whoever you have given a name to will be called a noun. The one we are talking to right now, the one we are connecting with is a network. This is a network noun. These mobile or laptops, these are nouns. So whatever you see, you touch, they are all nouns. So we say name of a place, person or thing. Let us see what is the definition of a place. The place is called world. Then we call it country, India, America, England. They are all nouns. Your city's name, Chandigarh, Bangalore, Badami, all of them. Even in that, if there is a place, a neighborhood, that neighborhood itself is a noun. As well as if you name that neighborhood, Ram neighborhood, if there is a name, it will also be called a noun. Because it is a place of a, I mean, name of a place. So while moving forward, we have to see what else is possible. The name of a place is, come inside the house. The different rooms of the house, which we know, bathroom, kitchen, all, they are all nouns. To the extent that the corner, where there are two walls, where there is a place where we usually put some stuff on it. So that particular corner is also a noun. The name of a place comes, temple, court, bank, post office, all are nouns. Why am I explaining this to you so much, that you should be aware that this particular noun is used as a subject or an object in a sentence. In a word, noun is used as a verb or a verb. So let us just, you know, brush up. What is that subject and object, so that in our further discussions also it comes handy. The easiest thing is to recognize the verb of that, that Rama is a fruit. In this, say that what is Kriyapad is food. If you are able to recognize the verb, then just ask a question, who is the doer of that? Who eats? Who jumps? Who sinks? You have to go and ask Kriyapad, who? Who is the doer of this action? So whatever you get, that is subject and always this will be a noun or you can say noun will be a compulsory portion of that subject. Because there are adjectives in the subject, there are articles as well, but noun will definitely be in the subject. So that is why there are adjectives in the noun. I say object. Again ask Kriyapad, what eats? What helps? Rama helps his brother. So if Kriyapad is like that, then ask him who? So there are two words, what and who? If you get an answer for this, it is the karma or object of the sentence. Again you will find a noun there. It is compulsory. Maybe an adjective will be there along with a noun if it is there required, but a noun will definitely be there. So if you can recognize nouns, if you can understand properly the nouns, you can understand the positions of the nouns, you can recognize them as that and understand the meaning of that particular sentence properly. So once I say name of a place, I quoted you so many examples. When I say name of a person, we all know, we all have a very wonderful name. We all have names. So all those names which we possess are nouns, our surnames. Sometimes we like Vasanth Patwardhan, Patwardhan is a surname what we will say, family name or so, they are all nouns. In addition to that, the names of the positions we occupy, like judge, lawyer, professions, positions in society, manager, puns, clerk, they are all nouns because they are the words which are given to a person. Again a person exists in relations. If he has got any relations, like father, mother, brother, sister, they are all nouns. So when we categorize them, so if it is a classical grammar, say I want to go in depth, there is a lot of scope in that which we avoid rather, because it is more of literary sense than a practical use. So let us rather take up the practical importance of that particular noun. If you want to know about the noun, there is a problem or say a challenge in English that we should note the spelling of it because spelling is a very big hurdle. As there are no set rules or spellings, we have to by heart them to learn them. So it applies to nouns also. Again, when we come to noun in particular, see that you know the singular and plural of a noun because once we discuss about the things, after the person, the things are all made up of those which are not, which rather which are neither person nor place, like pen and some are abstract, some are not visible. You can only feel them like pain, happiness, joy, sorrow, all these are nouns. So once you know these things, there comes the importance of knowing their singularity or you can say numbers. What is the world when it is one and what is the world when it is more than one? Singular and plural. Why I am stressing this again is English has got a very peculiar difficulty in understanding these singular and plural forms of the nouns. Again, there are no set rules. Most of the nouns take yes or yes to form their plurals, which we call bhahu-achan. In our language, bhahu-achan is also a matter of honor. In bhahu-achan, as you say, I am not talking about that. I am talking about the numbers. Like pen, once it is one, if it is more than one pen, book, books, it was an easy one. Like a box. Its box is es. Once I say datum. Datum is a singular of data. Data is a plural word. Datum is a singular of it. So a singular plural has a circle, which we call a circle. I am just taking you through this quoting some examples. Then comes the gender. In all of our languages, there are three genders. Pulling, stealing, nappusakli. But in English, there are four genders. And these nouns exist in or categorize in these four genders. Like musculine pulling, feminine, stealing, neuter gender, nappusakli. But in English, there is common gender. Musculine pulling is known as men. If we talk about men, it becomes pulling. If we talk about women, it becomes stealing. All of this is general knowledge. What is the difference between neuter gender and common gender? Neuter gender is where it should be neither musculine nor feminine. Whether it is men or women, it is called neuter gender. But common gender is what can be a man or a woman. We have categorized it as common gender. In English, it is an additional gender. So here we come into a little trouble, make mistakes. As I give you an example, usually we say cousin. The cousin who is like a brother or sister is called a cousin. The one who is not a brother will be called a brother. If you are a sister, you will be called a sister. But a cousin is sister like and brother like in relation. So if someone is with me, I will say that my cousin is a sister. It is wrong. Cousin itself is in common gender. So say she is my cousin. He is my cousin if he is a man. But what do we make mistakes? He is my cousin brother. She is my cousin sister. Because we are stuck to that arrangement of only three genders. Common gender concepts cannot be caught quickly. So look at this. We commit mistakes in this. The judge is a common gender. Like I said before, chair is the mind. Today chair person is a common gender. It can be a lady or a gentleman. If you want to know more about the nouns, we should know the exact gender difference between that. Like man, woman. What is the feminine gender of sir? Sir, we say teacher, most of us. If you don't say, it is very good. You know the things. Teacher comes under common gender. Sir, when a man teaches, he is called a woman. So we should know the exact opposite always and always the right opposite. Then the biggest difference is the countable nouns and uncountable or non-countable nouns. Countable nouns are simple. We can count one, two, three, four. I have five pens. It is a countable noun. Pen is a countable noun. One, something which I cannot count is uncountable. Like say knowledge. Knowledge is a noun. Knowledge is power. So knowledge and power are both uncountable. We cannot count it. For example, this is money. Money, it is an uncountable noun. We can do anything from it. Money. No. What is the specialization of countable and uncountable? What is the specialization of it? See that the pure uncountable noun does not have a plural. We make mistakes here. Sugar, sugar is not there. The most surprising thing is the luggage. You may have 15 bags of luggage. It will remain luggage. If there is one, luggage is heavy. If there are four, luggage is heavy. It cannot be luggage because it is uncountable. Furniture is uncountable. The house was sold with all its furniture. Furnitures, luggage. There is no word like that. There are some words that are uncountable. Like luggage. It is the same as luggage. Baggage is uncountable as well as uncountable. So luggage and luggage are both existing. So pay attention to this. When the noun comes, you should be very particular about this. Right? So there are some nouns that you will always see in the plural. You cannot use them in singular at all. They are always in plural. Means say scissors, gobbles, tongs. Tong means chimta. You can say they are this kind of nouns which are always available only in plural. Like we say trousers, pants. They are not trousers. Because they have two legs. Shirt can be shirt. Trousers is always available in plural only. So we used to see these nouns only before definition. So now we need to go inside a little bit. And we have to recognize and realize the importance as well as the challenges in learning the nouns. So the next one after noun is pronoun. Let me see whether I can make justice to this subject or this topic too. Pronoun is a word used in place of noun. Because we cannot use noun again and again. If I told you earlier about Gandhiji, Mahatma Gandhi ji was born in Gujarat. Mahatma Gandhi ji was born on 2nd October. Mahatma Gandhi ji fought for our freedom struggle. If I keep saying this, then my full existence will be filled with Mahatma Gandhi ji. Which is not expected. So I said that I will say Mahatma Gandhi ji for the first time. I will say Srimati Indra Gandhi for the first time. Then I will say Shee. So we categorize the words used in place of noun by pronoun. This is the second part. So there are totally eight pronouns. We, you, he, she, it and they. When we categorize them in two ways, one is the horizontal, that is first person, I, we, I and we. Second person, you, you, singular. In the old English, this U was called die. T-H-Y, die. You will get many times from the Geetanjali, the Geetanjali of Ravidranath Tagore ji. Die. Di. Die. Di was the word. So we just changed it in the new English. Singular is also U, plural is also U. He, she, it. This is called third person. Pratham Purush, Vidya Purush, Tritya Purush. Singular me, I, you, he, she, it. Plural me, we, you, they. Jab inki baari aarti hai, pranam seekne ki. To iske aage hume seekna hai ki, iske forms kya hai? Jaisa mai kahoon ki, I hogeya mera. I mean, me. Agar kahoon, mine. Agar kahoon, me. Agar kahoon, mine. Kya difference hai isme? What is the difference? I is the subjective form of that pranam. Why I am stressing again because we make mistakes. We interchange them. No, out of ignorance also and out of a new way or a fashion. People you may hear speaking. Me and my wife are attending the party. It is a wrong sentence. You can never say me in subject. Me is always a object word, object pronoun. It is an objective form. I, my wife and I, people say myself and my wife. No, myself is a reflexive pronoun. Totally different. So we should take a very careful step in usage of these pronouns properly. Don't go by fancy. Grammar doesn't allow it. When grammar doesn't allow it, the people you address cannot understand you properly. It is not that they are pointing out the mistakes, but they can't understand because you are on the wrong foot. Once I do a mistake, people cannot understand what I am saying because they are not on that same page. They are expecting you to put I and you are putting me. There is a norm in English. Whenever you use me, the third person, the second person comes first. It is a decency. It is a politeness. Like my wife and I, she and I, never say I and she are friends. Say she and I, my sister and I, my boss and I, always keep the I in mind later. Just like between me and I, just like I said, I listed the other eight, look at their different forms. So I think we can finish this chapter in another 2-3 minutes. There is a problem in the pronoun, because our culture is bad. When we say that you came to our house, we usually translate it as a P.H.E.Y. It is out of respect. No, English does not do this. English only looks at the sign. It is only based on numbers. He, a man, is one. And De, a man's sign, is more than one. She, a woman, has more signs than De. If a man is the headmaster of your school, even if he is the principal, he will say the same thing. Just like your grandfather, he is 80 years old. It does not matter. If he is a man, he will be addressed as he, irrespective of his age, position. Even if he is the prime minister, he should keep this in mind, because there are big stages, and mistakes are made. There are big invitations, they have agreed over to preside over the function. No. By saying he, you are not insulting a person. That is not their culture. They do not use it. De uses it only in signs. So keep this in mind. We make a mistake here. Last but not the least, is self. Myself. Himself. We make a mistake here. His self. Their self. I say they use it. It is always themselves. Ourself. Yourself and yourself. When we use ourselves, S-E-L-B-E-S, then it will be used with God. It will be themselves. It will not be themselves. Similarly, it will not be himself. It will not be himself. Please remember this. No. 1. And when myself, yourself, and herself use it, they use it in two ways. One, it is called reflexive pronoun. It reflects the subject only if the object is used. Like I saw in a mirror, and I could see myself in the mirror. I or myself, Okay. Reflects. It reflects the subject only on its own. The second is emphasizing. Emphasizing means giving strength. Like I was walking in the garden. Oh, I myself saw a snake. I myself when I give strength, I myself I myself help the lady. I myself saw the snake. When we say, we emphasize it. Use it. And its difference. Know a little so that when you use it, in your words, you never go wrong. And you understand also properly. When you come across us, you say this when you read, when you listen to lectures. So, just say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, I say, But let us keep, as I told you, our discussions to the practical usage of it. So here I stop and in the coming lectures, we'll discuss about the next six parts of speech. And I just request Vikas Ji to take over and proceed further. Yeah Vasan Ji, I was just checking it out. On the group, I didn't get any message. Because you have told me so much about your clarity. I was just checking out if there's anyone on YouTube. Anyway, you have polished the grammar in such a way that it can only give the shine and no sheen. So we are all happy that the way you have taken things. And so good night to everyone. And before we leave for today, kindly join tomorrow. We have a session. Tomorrow, we will be having a short scale session on a mental health approach. The introduction will be by former justice, Justice Rajan Dalvi, a former judge from Bombay High Court. But the speaker would be Dr. Shetty, a resource person, a renowned personality has looked after many famous celebrities. One can Google around about Dr. Shetty. So do stay connected with us tomorrow at 4pm. That will be two parts. Next time, short skills will be on the legal perspective and that introduction will be by Dr. Shetty. And the legal perspective part will be taken by Dr. Rajan Dalvi. Thank you, everyone. Stay safe. Stay blessed. Thank you. Namaskar. And good night. And thank you.