 Hi everyone, I am Dinesh, faculty for Science and Technology Shankarai IS Academy. Over here I am going to deliver some information regarding how to approach the science and technology for the forthcoming problems 2020 for the UPC examination. So we have setting end of a strategy. So I am going to decode the strategy in three segments. The first segment we will be going with the decoding of the syllabus because the question what we have seen so far from the UPC examination had an exact relevance with respect to the key word which is clearly given in the syllabus. So the first segment we are going to do with respect to the decoding of the syllabus and second segment we will be going with respect to the methodology. So methodology in sense in order to learn the space technology we used to follow some methodology. In order to learn the difference technology some methodology is there. So like that we will be speaking about the methodology and types of questions. Generally we used to observe five different types of a question that arises from the science and technology. So that is the second strategy that we are going to see in the second segment. Third segment we will be moving with respect to the in focus analysis. Complete detailed picture about space technology where we need to start where we need to focus where high importance need to be given like that in detail analysis will be focused in the third segment. So these are the three segments what I have scheduled to give an orientation for the strategical approach for the forthcoming problems 2020 for civil service examination. So first let me explain you with the weightage. So weightage of the subject science and technology in case of your problems where if you are observing this graph had taken this graph from 2011 to 2019. From 2011 to 2019 if you are observing the graph you can able to find right from 2014 onwards slowly the number of questions from the science and tech had a steady state increase. If you are observing with 2019 the latest we got about 18 questions 18 questions came out from the science and tech alone. So this is the weightage what the subject tend to have. So why we nowadays we tend to have more number of questions from science and tech what makes to have much more importance means since you have a common examination for the forest services as well as for civil service examination the preliminary examinations is common. If they want to strengthen the nature of question instance now you know the option to be left out you need to have more number of science based questions. So that can be the real reason and moreover when we come for satisfying both examinations you can able to observe the number of biological based questions will be keep on increasing. That's a trend what we are seeing with respect to the last 2, 2, 3 years where the number of questions from the biology is keep on increasing but make one thing is very clear that it's a common examination what is required means subject in depth analysis subject expert knowledge is not required you need to know what is what that is clearly said with respect to syllabus itself. So it's a common man examination try to read this topic in a common man's time you ought to go for any kind of a research based articles you ought to go for any kind of a hypothesis based newses so you need to be very selective in reading the current updates and other things so that you can able to filter it out which is essential for my preparation which is not essential. So that one important strategy you need to follow when you come for science and technology because the subject nature is purely it's a kind of a current of his base subject. It's a purely current of his base subject that current of his word is clearly given in the syllabus itself that's what I'm going to say in the next slide. So make it clear it's a tenth standard examination so you ought to have any kind of a in-depth subject knowledge is not required peripheral knowledge is more than enough peripheral knowledge is more than enough okay. So now so the weightage is keep on increasing so last year in 2018 we got about 18 questions what is the possibility you can expert in sense possibility you can be in the range of about some 13 to 15 questions can be there or once again you can able to expert the same 18 also you can expert 13 to 15 that will be a reasonable number of questions you can expert so this is the weightage you tend to have so next the first segment decoding the syllabus and the weightage for the segment one so in the case of the decoding the syllabus go with the support of the UPC syllabus what they had given so it's very clear with the syllabus itself science and technology development and their application and everyday effect in their life so now development and their application and effect in everyday life in sense nowadays this is one of the area where they keep on increasing with the number of questions classic example 2019 we got a question with respect to the argument reality virtual reality anyhow the argument reality and virtual reality is highly connected to your daily life somewhere else moreover the second question that we got in the same year 2019 problems is that LT and the old the LT and old is highly connected to the mobile generation networks in that case nowadays your daily life is having anyhow touch with respect to the mobile generation now you need to be have a clear-cut idea what is this LT what is this old stands for and here also make it very clear that the sentence what they are framed in order to put this question is kind of a common man sentence only not a kind of a technical sentence technicality is not required to the subject knowledge is not required peripherally you need to know about what is this LTE whether this LT is 3G or 4G whether it's old to this kind of a 4G or 3G and old they are saying that voice whether it can able to support only for a voice or even can support for a non-voice like that basic information is more than enough this is what they had framed the question so try to focus with respect to the terms and new kind of a technology that you come across on everyday life this is where they keep on centering with the number of questions same relevance you can able to see in 2018 question paper also they got a question about the BIM application so nowadays we tend to have more number of digital mode of payment system is getting flourished in the market behind each and every types of digital mode of transaction definitely some technology need to be behind that to get their mode of transaction so you need to be very clear that what kind of a technology is guiding for such a kind of a payment so that's the reason they are going with respect to the BIM technology that was a question we got in 2018 2017 we got question about OLD even as a common man style if you step into any kind of a television showroom to purchase any kind of a television brand you can able to come across previously we had the presence of CRT monitors after that we went with respect to the LCD after that the era for the LED had been started from the LED we had started to move towards OLD now we are standing in the QLD quantum LEDs so you need to be very clear that what is happening in and around us in and around us and that too you need to have a basic information that basic information more than enough hope that you will be getting clear with respect to first line of the syllabus try to gather the information what happens in and around you that's the first line second line, achievements of Indians in the science and technology when you come for an achievement if you observe this word achievement we have a general preoccupation that achievement means it speaks about the personalities of course personalities in the form of a scientist can be given as a meaning for the word achievement but don't stop reading in such a way by giving importance only to the personality expand your way of learning in such a way achievements can be done by an individual person as well as achievements can be done even by an organization too if Chandrayaan too had done successful landing with respect to the moon surface now what happened that is an achievement what team you throw might be achieving in that case achievement too can be brought out even by an organization also so like that try to focus this word achievement in such a way by focusing with an individual person okay where about the individual personality where I can able to consider it means just go with respect to the recent prices what an individual personality had obtained and that too to be specific very clear with this word achievements of Indians if any Indian personality if any Indian scientist is obtaining such a kind of a price for the first time in the field of a science or second of a repeated such a kind of a price and since pay an attention and generally even you can able to express a kind of a question from a non-Indian scenario also and in case of a non-Indian scenario the specification will be in such a way with respect to the noble prices and other things there you need to have a touch with respect to who are obtained the noble price for the physics and what relevance in what particular field he had obtained it so you won't have a question about the personality name instead of that the area in which they are obtained the prices will be a kind of a question or the technology which are guided for them to achieve the prices for example 2019 noble price for the physics got awarded for the two different areas of their research in the physics one with respect to the composition of universe which occupies more either as a dark matter or dark energy or second of visible matter which accounts more that composition for that a person had received a noble price parallely in the same physics one more person had received the noble price for a successful contribution for the discovery of exoplanets and their systematic arrangements in that case you can expect a question either from an exoplanet or from the composition of the universe so this is how you need to focus with respect to the second line of the syllabus achievements next indigenization of technology and developing new technology okay very clear with the word indigenization homegrown technology now in order to fit this indigenization of technology you can able to fit this word towards any particular sector of science and tech in case of an space technology we have indigenization in the form of a mission we have indigenization chandrayaan 2 chandrayaan 1 is an indigenous mission mangalyan is an indigenous mission or else you can go with this photo launch vehicle PSLV GSLV everything is indigenous so indigenization is once a second of a word you can able to fit to all particular sectors of science and technology in each and every sector of S&T you can able to fit this word so now with respect to the difference any of the with respect difference indigenization comes in the form of missiles and other such a kind of upon a systems so this is a way how you need to put the word indigenization next for the information technology indigenization comes in the form of a supercomputers param series of computers and recently you need to have a touch with respect to what are the new super computers got added to the param series like the param shawak like that you need to have a touch so that's what they are saying under the second indigenization the third line of the syllabus is clearly saying that awareness in the field of IT, space, computers, robotics, nanotechnology, biotechnology and the IPR related issues make it clear please make a stick note with respect to this word awareness awareness means current of S awareness means current of S you need to have a clear cut attachment with respect to the current of S to deal with the some things that happens in the field of IT, space, computers, robotics and nanotechnology these are the areas where you need to focus what happened in the recent times we have to worry about the in-detail analysis if such a kind of a mission is happening means you need to aware if they are saying that Parker is such a kind of a mission got launched by NASA to explore which among the celestial body you need to know about the celestial body which had been selected by the NASA for exploration it may be a sun now in that case in case of a sun what is their mission objective okay they will be having setting up a mission objective whether this Parker solar probe had been grouped under any such a kind of an existing program these much amount of information is more than enough for example Parker aims to explore the sun that's one point of information next you need to have an awareness who execute this mission whether it's a giant mission or individual mission you need to have an information it's a mission executed by the NASA third information you need to know about the mission objective the mission objective aims to study about the solar space interplanetary space as well as the geospace main focus the primary objective to study about solar space it means it aims to study about the coronal region after the interplanetary space after the geospace to connect interplanetary space and geospace you need to have a touch with the solar wind this is how you need to complete it this is the third point you need to gather from this information awareness fourth whether this mission is subject to how many times some mission will have orbit or land or a rover some will have only the orbit or like that you need to have some information whether it's orbit or mission or a non-orbit and moreover it's a kind of in situ in situ means on-site analysis in situ orbit analysis it comes under the program named as a living with the star program of NASA all together to complete this topic of Parker how many informations are required in sense only 5 information if they are framing any second of a question based upon Parker in sense anyhow the question will be getting circulated within this 5 statement only beyond this area if they are moving in sense it will be a kind of a technicality technicality is not recommended for civil service examinations in premise it's a kind of a non-technical examination only since it's a common one examination beyond this area if they are framing the sentence in sense it will be a technical statement hope you can able to get it this is how you need to upload the topic awareness in the field of IT space computers and everything and finally paying attention issues issues related to the IPR when you compare issues related to IPR 2019 one such a kind of an issue happened in India with respect to the IPR infringement case that got filed by the PepsiCo company versus the potato farmers in the Gujarat region in that case please pay attention what are such a kind of an issue that came arised in the year of 2019 slightly move beyond 2019 in such a way with 2018 what are the issues we are faced so that these kind of information is more than enough in order to deal with topic named as an issues related to the IPR even though the syllabus says that issues related to the IPR parallely you need to have some information about what is this trademark what is this copyright what is this trade secret like that you need to have some basic idea of information that need to be done for the last one so this is the syllabus which has been recommended for you for the premise and moreover this is a common syllabus which is even expanded even for your main source hope you will be getting some clear cut idea about the syllabus further how to deal with the syllabus in sense you can able to segregate so far many of you guys you'll be feeling that science and technology is a second of a tough subject how I need to deal you'll be giving more amount of importance to the other subject least importance alone you'll be giving to the subject that's what I have seen with respect to the plenty of husband the only thing is what makes them to give the least importance means that they are being threatening in nature so how to deal with the subject I don't have such a kind of a subject knowledge stopped in learning the science and science subject in the 10th standard itself after that I never open the science book like that plenty of pre-occupied thought will be running your mind make it one thing is a clear no one is there as a person who had never touched a science book at least up to 10th standard level you might be having a science as one among the subject even UPC also says that questions will be based upon the 10th standard knowledge and awareness is given awareness in sense as a matter of reading the current topics you'll be having setting up awareness these much amount of information is more than enough to tackle the question please make one point is clear science and technology one such a kind of a quotient area where you can able to boost your marks if I giving literal much amount of attention that's more than enough you can able to show some age in your marks your cutoff will have some age in your cutoff in that case science and technology is one such a kind of a unique subject okay what I had in the sense I had segregated the science and technology to make it much more simple anyhow I want you to learn something from the science and technology to answer some questions for the forthcoming problems what I had in the sense I had segregated the science and technology into two segment part one and the part two okay what do you need to do with respect part one in sense so far we have spoken about the syllabus I am going to segregate those syllabus word into the part one where in part one deal with respect to the space technology second deals with respect to the defense technology third deals with respect to the electronics and green technology parallely cover government policies and programs related to one two and three the one two on three government related programs and schemes related to one two three need to be common if I segregate like this now what we'll be having in sense at a certain time period we'll be having certain kind of a confidence that okay I had done something as a kind of a learning for the science and technology I had done some kind of a justification for this subject that one satisfaction will be there need to be there so this is one such a kind of a thing how we can able to get that satisfaction as a matter of segregating this topic segregating the subject into two segment part one then what we are going to see in case of the part two in sense in part two information technology robotics second nuclear technology nanotechnology plus particle science biotechnology plus health issues IPR related issues finally as well here also try to complete it with respect to the government policies and programs so like this try to do the segregation if you're doing the segregation at least you can able to find it out okay these are the areas I need to focus now in that segregated area try to give the importance such a way based upon the weightage what we had observed from the individual sub topic in the previous years of cushions so among the three areas three major areas what I had mentioned which tend to hold more amount of importance in sense in the first segment defense technology holds more amount of information so this is the highest priority which you need to give space sorry space technology is need to have the highest priority next highest priority comes for the second priority need to be there for the difference so space occupies for the first highest second priority you can go for the difference and third you can go for the electronics if you're moving in such a way now what you can able to do in sense you won't skip any second of a topic because least important is there for electronics more is there for the space technology if you're taking the previous year question paper analysis you can able to find at least two questions will be there in a year from the space technology either question will be connected to the launch vehicle satellite or the question will be connected to the celestial bodies or you can able to expect a question from the interansional space agencies missions when you come for a question based upon interansional space agency we can't be able to have a wide guess from which space agency they used to frame a question it can be from NASA it can be from European Space Agency anywhere else they can able to frame a question anyhow space based question always will be there in the previous question paper if you're moving with the difference we never received any second of a question from the difference during last year 2019 we never received a question 2018 we never received it 2017 we got it before the 2015 we got it so like that in a near wise randomly you can able to have a question based upon the difference and third areas electronics and green technology electronics and green technology nowadays we are receiving some number of questions to be high and moreover in that case also the question will be connected to the current of space only so that's the reason I'm mentioning that electronics and green technology falls under the third category so like that try to prioritize your study this similar second of a thing for the part two more importance need to be given for the IT topic because IT is once a second of a topic which can able to fulfill the key word which is present in our syllabus application and development of science and technology in everyday life to satisfy that single particular word this is once a second of a topic which can able to satisfy your need so try to start your preparation for the part two with the help of information technology and next to that IT go with respect to the biotechnology second second is biotechnology so nowadays we keep on having more number of questions that arises from the biotechnology and health related issues third priority new for the nuclear technology fourth you can go for the nanotechnology particle sense in case of nanotechnology particle sense once again I remind you need not to have any basic information about how nanotechnology works what kind of a process we tend to follow when you come for fabrication of nanoparticle nothing is required you don't to focus the current of his retro nanotechnology in the particle sense in that case purely the question will be there from the current of this if we are familiar with the current of this then nothing will be tedious in order to deal with nanotechnology particle sense so that comes with respect to the fourth importance and fifth pain importance with respect to the IPR one question will be there or two questions will be there from the IPR but major area will be the IT in this case as usual once you have done it connect each and every topic with respect to government policies and programs what they launch in the recent times that's it like this if you tend to segregate the topic when you come for a reading then you will be feeling something as a kind of a comfortable zone to read the science and technology I hope that if you are doing such a kind of a preparation with this kind of a segregation definitely will be a kind of a comfort zone at one circumstance you will be having setting kind of a satisfaction I had done certain kind of a justification to read the science and technology that satisfaction of course will be there if you follow this pattern next the first part we are completed the first segment we have spoken about the decoding of the syllabus as well as we have spoken about the weightage next the second segment of our tactics comes in such a way methodology and the sources because in order to learn the space technology we need to approach the space technology topic in some other different way in order to go with this new technology we have some other different strategy so the strategy tend to vary from one topic to another topic and I will be recommending with respect to the sources what are the sources okay so first when you come for a methodology on the sources one important source which we should not forget to learn is none other than the NCRT now what is happening in sense we tend to focus more with respect to current affairs and we tend to give least importance to the science based NCRTs please try to change that mindset up now what is UPC also changing setting kind of a question pattern such a way 2019 reflection question RNA technology the RNA technology question is current affairs the four option what they are taken comes from the 12th biology book if you are done in reading with respect to 12th biology book in that case definitely you will be having a scope to identify one or two option which is right or wrong if you don't identify one or two then directly you can able to go for answering either can be A or C will be a kind of an answer so option elimination places a significant role in case of a science and technology so science and technology one such a kind of a subject that if you tend to capture which one statement is right or which one statement is wrong directly you can able to jump for answering that one importance you can able to gain in this subject rather than comparing to the other subject option elimination places significant role and moreover in case of a science and technology I'll be decoding further what are types of question generally we used to have some five types of a question I'll be decoding further now what is the source what I am mentioning mentioned NCRT is the ultimate source first it start you are reading with an NCRT suppose I am in the neck of the moment now I don't have a sufficient time to learn the whole NCRTs now at least I need to have attached with an NCRT now what is the source where I need to learn in sense I can able to give you certain important topics with the NCRT so now science and we have a book called as Science and Technology itself the name of the book is Science and Technology Volume 1 for 9th and Volume 2 for the 10th standard it's an old NCRT book you can able to get as a kind of a photo copy version and other things which are available in the market you can able to get it and try to go through this book at first because the basic for the particle science basic for the nano science basic for the nuclear science everything is there in this book so instead of giving much more importance to the other NCRT first since the time is much more crucial what I can able to recommend you instance try to read these two NCRTs if you have a time and that to go for a selective process itself if you find any if you try to focus with respect to the topic letter the universe try to focus the topic letter the nuclear technology focus with the topic letter the biotechnology rather than focusing with the other topic letter the forces and other things because you don't have a sufficient time right now if you have a normal somewhat of time and sense you can able to go through the all the things so better you can able to select the essential topic which is highly connected to our syllabus so like that try to filter the content and the unit which is present in the class name and the class 10th of the science and technology volume 1 volume 2 all the NCRT once you are done with respect to all the NCRT directly go for the 12th biology book 12th biology book chapter 6 8 9 10 12 we ought to learn the whole book itself I am asking you to go through with respect to these five units alone 6 8 9 10 and 12 these units will give you much more importance how to deal with a question that arises from the biotechnology and the health and moreover when you come for a question selected to the biotechnology health please make it clear make these sources as a kind of a information providing material don't mug up any kind of a statement don't buy out any kind of a statement the material which you are following these NCRT is a recommend for the school children's so now from the school children information you are gathering information for your preparation so in that case focus more with respect to highlighted words focus more with respect to the terminologies which is given if they are saying something as a kind of a DNA recombinant technology instance you need to know for what is this recombination that's enough if they are saying that DNA fingerprinting you need to know about what is this fingerprinting what is the other name for a fingerprinting and how this fingerprinting is getting differed from the other type of technique all the details there so DNA fingerprinting otherwise called as a DNA profiling and try to know that how this DNA profiling and DNA fingerprinting gets differed from DNA barcoding because DNA barcoding is once a second of a similar term so like this try to read the NCRT so read the NCRT by focusing with the keywords and once you are done with the keyword now try to compare what are the relevant what are the similar such a kind of a terms that we can able to connect to this particular topic like that you need to connect your books so this information is available in the 12th biology book itself go through the 12th biology book so at least 2 to 3 questions will be coming from this biotechnology based topic so far that this book can able to satisfy new this year we are these are the 2 questions the 2 questions had the 4 options which exactly got obtained from the biology book the reflection is there in the biology book so go with this for biology book next these are the normal NCRT which you can able to find in the market if I step into any kind of a book store you can able to find 6 C NCRT signs 7th NCRT signs in that case if you have some amount of time now it will be crucial now I cannot able to recommend these kind of units right now suppose if you want to brush up some information or if you want to get some other persons who is preparing for the examination sense if they have a sufficient amount of time then you can able to ask them to go through 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th only the selected top selected unit is more than enough so now at this crucial time don't go for this try to go for the point which I highlighted in case of the red color that's more than enough if you have a sufficient amount of time then you can able to go with this for the rest of the books and that too particularly with respect to the men's and units that are more than enough so this is the source which we need to stick now once you are done with respect to the NCRT next come with respect to the other sources with respect to the part to one how to deal with the topic in sense when you come for a space technology space technology the question will be there where from the current office only current office next once you are done with the current office now move with respect to the conventional parts like the satellites launch vehicles etc now meanwhile try to go with respect to the astronomy topics astronomy topics not to deal all these kind of an topic related to the space technology where I can able to derive the source engines once again I recommend you the source is that current office only if you are having a high touch with respect to the current office what happened in the field of a space since for one year that's more than enough so this is the way we need to approach the same thing you can able to follow with the difference so in case of a space technology questions will be coming in the form of a fact as well as in the form of a concept in both the types you can expect a question next for the difference technology questions will be coming in the form of a factual only most it will be factual it will be kind of a factual recent question which we got in the year of 2017 or 2016 regarding the INS Astradarani you need to know about the factual information what is the INS Astradarani so like that you need to remember the fact and moreover when you come for a factual information what I can recommend in a sense when you come for a ship names you have to worry about the Indian Coast Guard ships and all try to focus with respect to the Indian Naval ships Indian Naval ships is more than enough you have to worry about the Indian Coast Guard ships and all and further with respect to missiles and other things try to know with respect to the fact whether these kind of a missile comes under the ballistic category or a cruise category or second of an SLBM the K-4 once a second of a missile what they are testing in the recent time falls under the SLBM category like that you need to have a factual information next what is the source so once again the source you have a two different source if you want to refer with the fact go with the India yearbook go with the India yearbook go with respect to the DRDO sites as well as a current phase which you are already following for a space technology in order to know about the satellites and launch vehicle better you can able to prefer with East Rose page itself official information go with respect to government sources itself because if anything is going wrong with the statement and since as per the government sources you can able to have a claim with an official statements so now go with respect to the official statements which is given in the website so that what I can recommend for the conventional parts so here also for the conventional part you can go with the DRDO and the current of space material whichever you want to have next the third segment is that electronics and green technology electronics and green technology in case of electronics and green technology you ought to worry about the conventional purely it is the kind of a current of space purely it is kind of a current of space topic so focus your point of view in such a way with respect to current of space okay what can be the electronics and green technology whether I got any such kind of a cushion in the recent dimensions 2019 cushion paper regarding to the sulphate aerosol injection the technique which is used to reduce the global warming impact that is one such kind of a cushion comes under the geo engineering technology subtopic of the green technology second one 2017 we got a question about the bio toilets that comes under the green technology electronic technology this year we got a question about argument reality, virtual reality comes under the electronic technology barrage stage norms comes under the green technology so like that this is one such kind of an emerging topic where they are keep on increasing with respect to the number of cushion one more question HECNG question that we got by this year 2019 comes under the green technology so nowadays a steady state increasing is being seen with respect to this topic electronic and green technology please try to focus this topic pure it's a kind of a current of S1 and even though it's a current of S for with respect to HECNG question and all option is taken from the NCRT only HECNG question option is too simple and those two simple options were taken from the NCRT only so better learn the topic current of S if you are finding any kind of a tediousness with the current of S sources instance they immediately have a cross check with such a kind of a word in the NCRT you will be having clear cut information this is how we need to approach so make it clear for electronic and green technology convention is not required only the current of S for defense technology pure it will be a kind of a factual go with respect to India air book as well as with the DRDO and slightly one or two areas some concepts will be there that we can't be neglected it but most it will be a factual kind of a topic concepts will lightly it will be there in that case go with respect to the current of S next in case of a space technology you need to balance both the areas factual will also be there concepts will also be there sometimes you can be able to expert a question based upon hybrid scenario also combination of factual as well as a concept in that case you need to approach in such a way current of S you need to follow conversion you need to follow as well as a combination will also be there so this is the methodology to prepare the space defense of the electronic and green technology for the part one for the part two with respect to the IT so the topic related to the IT and the robotics what I can recommend sense don't learn anything just observe a lot observation is mandatory for example the question what they are asked with respect to the BIM you need to know about how this BIM is working for promoting the digital transaction how many levels of authentication is happening you need to have a practicality with this topic for the other topic what I had mentioned space, the difference on other things you need to have a learning technique but this topic rather than going for learning you need to have a practicality you need to observe a lot if you tend to make a payment via scanning a QR code instance you need to know about how this QR code is working working instance technique all this not required friend once again I recommend you when you come for scanning a QR code you need to know that whether QR code can be scanned in one day action or it can be scanned in all the direction like that you need to have a clarity to scan this QR code either you need to depend with radio frequency waves or laser waves or you need to depend with respect to the normal optical light itself enough or not like that you need to have a clarity for the suppose QR code is getting damaged you need to know about an idea if QR code is getting damaged still can I able to scan this QR code yes of course you can able to scan it even the damage condition so like that try to have this approach in the form of an observation so practicality is essential to deal with this topic to the information technology rather than learning plenty of things even if you will get to learn plenty of news about the current of this network about this IT they are not able to satisfy your need only thing which can satisfy is that observation for example if you tend to access your vehicle in the highways definitely you will be coming across with the toll plassas nowadays payment in the toll plassas is being done with the help of fast access it works based upon the RFID technology now you need to know about what is RFID and in case of this kind of an RFID whether the at the time of scanning whether both the transmission receiving is being done or only the transmission is being done suppose if you tend to witness at the time of scanning both the transmission receiving is being done in a sense that I can have a two way communication meanwhile if you tend to observe only the transmission takes place not the receiving and in that case it is being done in one way like that you need to have a comparison how many such kind of attacks can be scanned at a time like that you need to keep on cushioning with respect to you based upon observation you have to worry basically we have a misconception in such a way science and technology is required or technicality is required or not no technicality let me clarify this one particular word which is prevailing as one kind of one second of a myth in the preparation areas when you are supposed to say that cushion is technicality in sense if they are saying that recently we have launched the these are 30 satellite and they are saying that these are 30 satellite is operating with these kind of a frequency ranges it operates with the radio wave frequency this much amount of GRS this much amount of GRS and it is a kind of a narrow beam focusing or broad spectrum focusing it is a kind of a multi-nodal focusing and what kind of a transponder they are using it is a kind of an unfolded transponders or a non-unfold in case of a non-unfold whether it is a kind of a unidirectional or omnidirectional like that if they are framing a sentence then alone the cushion is called as a technicality in that case only a subject expert can be able to answer it meanwhile if they are saying that these are 30 it is a kind of a communication satellite used for enhancing the DTH standard services in the society in that case you cannot say that it is a kind of a technicality it is a kind of a common man observation hope you can able to understand when you are supposed to climb a cushion is technicality when your cushion is called as a non-technicality the UPS examination used to have a cushion only from a non-technicality areas the cushion might be appearing as a kind of an illusion for you as a kind of a technical question it is not a technical question it is a kind of a non-technical statement only next one so next here also the same trend you are trying to follow that no such a kind of a technicality is not triggered non-technical is more than enough next nuclear technology it has a equal weightage 50% age will be there from the conventional part 50% age will be there from the current affairs current affairs so for conventional part once again simply you try to rely with respect to the NCRT it is more than enough you have to search any kind of material try to follow the nuclear technology topic nuclear physics atomic physics whichever is available in NCRT try to go through the NCRT topic that is enough for the conventional areas for current affairs what are the materials what are the newspapers you have followed for the period of one year for the current affairs areas so questions will have an equal weightage in these areas and moreover this is once the second of an area where we got received the second of a question from nuclear technology in 2016 after that we have never received any second of a question so nearly for about some 2 to 3 years we have never received any second of a question previously we got a question in 2012 I think so so once in 3 years once or 4 years once only we are having some question from the nuclear technology since 3 years gap already got fall down with respect to the nuclear technology definitely we can export some question from the nuclear technology by this year with respect to the nanotechnology and particle science for particle science go with the NCRT itself NCRT 11th and 12th in the physics and the chemistry book you tend to have the names of the particles regarding the Higgs bosons regarding the bosons regarding to the other elementary particle like the quark and the lepton we have these kind of a word and the properties of these kind of materials already enlisted in the NCRT try to follow the NCRT that is more than enough for the particle science next for the nanotechnology area nanotechnology area only the current of this for particle science it is conventional for nanotechnology area it will be a current of this that is enough fourth regarding to the biotechnology and IPR biotechnology and health next we can speak about the IPR biotechnology and health for biotechnology go with the NCRT first next go with respect to the current of this make one thing is very clear even if the question is about current of this option will be framed only from the NCRT unless until you are getting stronger with respect to the NCRT it will be tedious for you to answer the question based on the current of this make it very clear that first touch the topic with the NCRT then you can able to focus with the current of this whichever is available in the material whichever you tend to follow it ok start your preparation with the NCRT health related issues focus with the current of this current of this plus the news that comes in the NCRT also for example in 2019 question paper we got question about the hepatitis the hepatitis comes under the NCRT in the NCRT we have this topic so try to go through the topic which is there in the NCRT first with the health and next you can go for the current of this and if it is come for a current of this related news you won't have a question with respect to the unproved concepts and all since the corona is one such a kind of the COVID-19 is one such a kind of a most outbreak on disease in that case unless until the drug is getting proved you won't have any question pressed upon the drug meanwhile the mode of transmission the causative agent like that you can able to have a question right focus in such a way only with the proved concepts and the proved diseases where we are already done and where we are already done setting up immunization wars or vaccines had been discovered suppose if they are witnessing with an outbreak of a disease then you need to pay an attention with respect to the causative agents that's more than enough causative agents along with the symptoms ok and finally with an IPR IPR what we have observed the recent time in since up to 2017 the trend was in such a way with respect to current of this only after 2017 slowly they are focusing is coming from the conventional areas also conventional areas also so conventional areas in sense no they won't fame any kind of a question based upon the company laws and other things and all but you need to have a clarity what is called as a regional right what is called as a monopoly right which is called as a universal right like that you need to have some basic information about the conversion topics that I will be decoding further under the third segment in detail analysis we can speak in much in detail along with that try to focus with the current of his letter of the issues just now we had said with respect to the IPR infringement case which was filed by the PepsiCo company against the potato farmers like that focus with respect to the issues so this more than enough with respect to the part to cover it this is how you need to structure this and prefer for the part right next so next we are moving in the methodology area types of question what I am saying in sense in case of a science and technology you are supposed to observe five different types of a question so once the second of a question the first type is factual the question is completely factual question you can able to go through the question what we got in 2017 what is the purpose of evolved laser interferometer space antenna ELISA project okay so it's a kind of a to direct the gravitation it's a project of european space energy to direct the gravitation waves this is the answer so now to answer this question to answer this question what is the current sense anyhow this topic got appeared in the newspaper during the time period of 2016 and 2017 and when this ELISA project is going to be executed in just only in 2035 even though the mission is scheduled for 2035 they had asked this question in 2017 itself on what basis they are from this question in sense we have a key word in the syllabus awareness you need to be have an awareness about the project which have been launched by any space entity you can't able to have a guesswork they will be keeping the question only from an ISRO no they can able to have a question because the syllabus says that awareness in the field of space they never recommend awareness in the field of space work done with the ISRO alone we don't have such a kind of word so awareness in the field of space in sense if european space energy is doing the work or japanese space energy is doing work or chinese doing the work we need to have some awareness that more than enough so when you come for other space energy based question question will be factual they won't frame any kind of a concept over here when you can expect a concept in sense suppose if the work is being done with an ISRO we need to see that tunderay on 2 like that if you have a question in sense in that case it will be a kind of a concept in case of a science based concepts or question maximum you can explore science based concepts or question will have 3 statements 3 statements whether the maximum you can explore the 3 statement questions will be there rarer and rarer as you can go for the 4 statement but of course 4 statement is once in a blue moon only you can be able to explore but commonly you can able to observe 3 statement or 2 statement 3 statement is more frequent questions concept based questions will be there no so to solve this question only one thing is that awareness hour you can able to say that this is a statement right. Next show. The second type of question is concept show look at this question RNA interference RNA eye technology 2019 question to solve this question now you need to have some concept idea so first you need to have an idea what is the RNA eye technology speaking that then only you can able to say that which statement is right which statement is wrong. So now it is used for developing the gene silencing therapies this statement is there in the NCRT itself it can be used in developing the therapies for the treatment of cancer this also there in the NCRT itself it can be used to develop the hormone replacement therapies no can be used to produce the crop plants or resistant to the viral pathogens yes not only for crop plants for any kind of a thing against the viral pathogens you can go for the RNA eye technology and moreover this is once again have a buzzing word which we currently tend to come across in the newspaper also regarding the drug which is essential to fight against this COVID-19 case. So now in this case you can able to go with the report to the 124 so to say that answer is 124 what is recurrence sense you need to know about what this technology speaks for how I can get this information in sense NCRT only you can have a cross-track also the three statement which I am saying that 124 is there in the NCRT itself told the biology NCRT book learn the NCRT first to know about the technology what they are facing for the biotechnology based topics so this kind of a question is concept so third the third kind of a question is a kind of a hybrid combination combination of fact as well as a concept in one side you can have a presence of this experiment or the work other side will be knowing with respect to the context or the topic where they are facing so this is a question what we got in 2018 so belt to experiment speaks about the particle science CRISPR Cas9 it speaks about the biotechnology based gene editing tool so belt to experiment does not have any touch with the artificial intelligence cancer blockchain technology digital cryptocurrency yes CRISPR Cas9 is the kind of a gene editing tool particle physics doesn't have any kind of a touch so now only two is right and they're asking that which is correctly matched to one in this case basically this kind of a question is too simple whenever you come across these kind of a question just don't skip this question try to put an effort to attend this question when we're discussing about the RNA technology what I'm saying in sense if you are familiar with the cancer what is the RNA technology you can able to touch the second type of a question the first type of question what we have spoken is fact try to attend that question when you come for a hybrid based questions at least you'll be having an option to go for an option elimination technique you can able to attend these kind of a question don't skip these kind of a question it is highly recommended you can able to attend it only for the second question what we have spoken as a cancer so if you don't have a familiarity leave it better don't touch it because it might be leading you to commit the mistakes but these kind of a question you won't commit the mistake definitely you can able to find the correct answer the fourth the fourth one is application based factual question so application based factual question the fourth and the fifth we are going to speak only about the applications how is aggregate instance application based factual so 3d printing once a second of a buzzing word which is frequently repeated in setting it up in areas and moreover what I can say in sense when you try to prepare for the primary examinations try to have a touch with the response to the previous year mains question papers also so 3d printing word is once a second of a question which we got in the earlier years with respect to the mains what they have done in sense the question which they are already trained for the mains they are converting them into the preliminary point of view this is the second of a scenario even IRMS we got a question for the mains once again it got referred for the problems so like that the trend will be keep on changing in such a way problems to the mains and the mains to the problems and mostly the mains based questions will be having a reflection for the forthcoming years of problems so 3d printing since it's one such a kind of a buzzing word we don't have an end for the application 3d printing wherever you have a scope in the society you can apply the 3d printing so now if you are familiar with the 3d printing and normally when you come for a question based upon 3d printing big data iot's and these kind of an areas try to have a glance if you try to know that what is this big data try to know the thing what is the 3d printing all right so if you are trying to know about the meaning behavior technology directly you can jump for answer because in these kind of a question most of the statement which they are giving will be getting right in case of an iot and all if you are understanding the concept iot is a kind of a data transfer technology which takes place from one to one fashion in that case if you are understanding the concept in sense directly you can say that most of the statement which they are flaming will be getting right so here all the five is right this type of question also try to attend it don't skip it the first type of question is application concept show so application based questions only but slightly it will be a concept show so now this is the question which we got in 2018 so BIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with UPI enabled bank account yes where chip in debit card has four factors of authentication so now this one in this case also we have a trick BIM application allows the user to transfer money to anyone with UPI enabled so what you can able to achieve with the BIM in sense you didn't know about either I need to link UPI ID to the UPI ID to the BIM or I can able to link the bank account to the BIM or I can able to link the credit card number and the debit card number to the BIM now in this case among the three options which I have given to you you can link the UPI you can able to link the bank account number but you can't able to link the credit card and the debit card number the payment is being done either from your bank account or from the UPI enabled ID now in this case set one is right second chip based debit card so chip based debit card four factors of authentication for the BIM so in case of a BIM application they are saying that four factors of authentication BIM application has two factors of authentication the chip in debit card has a four factors in case of a chip in card how many steps of authentication is there in sense you didn't have about two steps of authentication when you are going to insert a chip based card whether with the POS mission or with an ATM mission whenever you are going to interface your card with the POS or ATM mission first the mission will recognize your card to which particular core bank the card blanks to verification of the card comes at the first level of authentication second verification of the account holder by entering the secret pin four digit pin which you are going to enter is the second level of authentication so for the chip based debit card and the credit card you have the two factors of authentication next for the BIM application it has a two factors no BIM application has a presence of three factors of authentication so this statement you can able to make it right or wrong to make a decision over here practical disrequire practical disrequire because even though I mentioned that application is conceptual application only but you need to know about the concept via the observation if you have a practice in paying setting of a thing either by yourself or with your friends experience you will be coming to know that the payment via BIM is having the three factor of authentication first comes the verification of registered mobile number is the first step of authentication second step of authentication to select the bank preferential bank comes the second step of authentication third step of authentication comes with respect to the BIM secured pin so you tend to have a three way three steps so now in this case to touch with respect to these kind of a question also what is recurrence and which is the correct statement they say that both one and two so now here to make a decision over here either I need to attend this kind of a question or not what I can recommend then if you have a practical experience try to attend it if you don't have a practical experience don't try to make an attempt because don't have a familiarity with the BIM either it is a two step or a three step then you will be committing a mistake in that case better you can able to leave it suppose if you have a guess suppose if the instead of two statement if they are framed with the three statement knocker you can touch it suppose in the third statement they are giving with respect to the state and kind of a encryption or some some other things they are framing in that case if third statement is being given you can able to make a guess there you can able to make a touch if it come for a two statements in that case don't go for guess work because the guess work might be committing some mistake if it comes for application based conceptual question if the three statements knocker better touch it okay so these are the five types of a question which you can able to expect from the science and technology so now among the five state five types three types of question definitely damn sure you can able to attempt it the fifth type which I am saying is that where you can able to have an attempt in such a way if it is coming for a three statements two statement knocker don't attempt more than half right in focus the third segment of our strategy comes with respect to in focus in detail analysis okay detail analysis what need to be focused how to have an in detail analysis how to structure is a topic for the space we are saying that space technology to learn where I need to start where I need to begin where I need to end it's a kind of an open area so like that you'll be having plenty of doubt let me go with respect to in focus in this case and what I'm going to do in sense along with the in focus I will be giving you setting enough and examples related to setting out of a question with God appeared in the recent time in the UPC prelims itself and you can able to find a connectivity okay this is getting connected to the first type or second type you can able to find the relevance and parallely I'll be giving one example one question which we tend to give it for the pre-stamina students in our institute so one question sample analysis I'll be doing with that time also so the sample analysis question you can able to find the question will be current interface trickier questions will be there you'll be very clear with respect to these kind of tricks what an example will be framing to space technology in case of a space technology it's getting segregated into three areas the first area comes with respect to astronomy astronomy where you need to deal with respect to the celestial bodies celestial bodies and their missions the second comes with respect to the conventional part where you need to deal with respect to orbits satellites launch vehicles the third segment is miscellaneous current of phase miscellaneous current of phase so here you'll be having the telescopes radars and emissions so these are the three major areas which falls under the space technology now among the three areas what is the scope for astronomy instance in all the three areas we can export a question we can't able to say that where they'll be framing the question anyhow when you come for a space better try to complete all the three areas so that you won't skip any kind of a top so in case of an astronomy first start in such a way with respect to space and its types next go with respect to auroral lights and the current of phase related to it so what are the current of phase you can able to make note of we have in sense you can go with respect to the air wave experiment m m s experiment gold and icon experiment like that we are setting up a current of phase so try to complete the current of phase all together with this auroral topic itself once you're done with the afterlife let's go with respect to the superclusters because we are getting setting up a word regarding the saraswathi supercluster hyperion vela like that some news is that some word is appearing in the newspaper upper so all the word which i have presented over here is getting connected to the supercluster try to complete the supercluster next go with respect to the galaxies galaxies and the types so go here try to complete with respect to current of phase like that we used to say that bedding to bedding to goes to galaxy that is dragonfly once i done with the galaxies next you can go for the solar system solar system make note of one thing under the solar system try to go through the solar system boundaries solar system boundaries next go with respect to the individual missions individual missions so in case of individual missions try to focus with planet wise so that you won't skip any second of a thing if they say that beppi colombo beppi colombo is a mission to explore the mirkuri and they are saying that sukrayan sukrayan is a kind of a forthcoming mission of his route to explore the venus and um they are planning to execute a mission in the name called as heung sing heung sing one is a kind of a mission scheduled by china to explore the mars for the first time hope h o p hope is a forthcoming mission of united arab Emirates to explore the same mars so like that have an information such a way when you tend to structure is the topic for the individual mission read in such a way first get the mission name who is executing this mission what is the mission objective more than enough and for most important whether it's an orbiter mission or lander or a rover mission higher boosts if you're coming across the board higher boosts are in sense you need to know about who is executing this mission and what kind of philosophy we are executing whether it's an asteroid or a comet or a planet you need to have an idea that's enough and under the solar system topic try to complete with respect to the boundaries and individual missions if they're completing all together then only the topic can be able to have a entire completion next next comes with respect to the planets exoplanets in case of an exoplanet you can go with respect to the t20i systems kepler trappist one gravitational lensing gravitation because this year noble price got our order for the exoplanet rework so that you need to know about what is an exoplanet and fairly once you're touching the word called as an exoplanet try to complete it what is protoplanet right go with respect to the what is plunet plunet is a kind of a term which got reported the recent times in the newspaper conversion of a moon into a planet so exoplanet plunet protoplanet and iau international astronomical union they are celebrating the hundredth year so you can export a cushion even from international astronomical union about the organization setup that doesn't falls in the technical area organization setup you can able to pay an attention iau and recently iau had declared the fifth second of a dwarf planet you don't know about what is a dwarf planet what are the names of those fakes a second of a dwarf planet under that try to complete with respect to the dark matters and the dark energy falling to the exoplanet let's go with respect to the star systems star systems in case of a star system try to get the name try to get the meaning what is the supernova because we are witnessing a supernova explosion going to take place betelgeese one among the supernova explosion which is going to witness in the near time period betelgeese supernova explosion is going to occur so try to know about the supernova neutron stars magnetars pulsars black hole white dwarf so these are the names where you need to have a clear cut idea and among these names try to have an in detail analysis with respect to a word called as a black hole the news is that pawahi is once a second of a black hole pawahi p o w e h i pawahi the name of the black hole whose image got captured in the recent times and meanwhile try to know about the structure of this black hole which is the outer most area which is the middle area which is called as a singularity like that try to get the name you have to worry about the functioning sandal and try to know that which star can be converted into black hole what are the types of a black hole like that have a touch so once you are done with respect to the black hole complete the topic related to the gravitational waves what is the gravitational waves the ligo observatory properties of gravitational waves that what are the sources for the gravitational waves that too can be completed in case of the star's classification itself next to that go with respect to the quasars and finally come with respect to the moon under missions moon under missions so with respect to the moon i am very clear with the term try to complete the moon terminologies moon terminologies terminology matters a lot over here so try to know with the terminology what is the super moon what is the blue moon what is the red moon go with respect to the terminologies and after that try to complete with the recent missions sandrayan one sandrayan two so sandrayan two is a current of phase but don't stop reading only the sandrayan two try to have a comparison with the previous sandrayan one also the question can be raised either from one or two or simply they can famous the sandrayan mission office row you don't have to be getting ready in all the dimension so sandrayan missions and with respect to the berseed mission arty mission so like that try to have a glance with respect to mission and moreover with respect to the ongoing chinese mission in the darker side of the moon right so like that have a touch with respect to such a kind of a thing so tank forward mission of the china so once you're done with the respect of moon finally come to the topic with the sun because under the solar system itself you can able to do with the sun in case of a sun pay an attention with the terminologies first as you should i don't know about what is the solar wind what is coronal mass ejection next you go with respect to the recent terminologies solar dynamo one among the emerging topics solar tsunami currently we are witnessing the 25th solar cycle you don't know about what is solar cycle also so these are the major terms solar wind coronal mass ejection solar cycle and next with respect to the solar dynamo and the solar tsunami next once you're done with the terminology move the current capacitor to the so indigenously we are planning for the aditya l1 and a global skill recently they are done with respect to the solo observatory work solar observatory were solo go with respect to the solo already parker one they commissioned it it's keep on moving towards the sun deal with us for the park more than enough so these are the topics which you need to cover under the sun right so if we're done like this then the topic right to the astronomy will be getting completed so either you can begin the topic with sun or you can complete the topic with the sun and the moon with all last whichever is comfortable that's up to you or you can able to put this sun under the solar system topic it's if you're stabilizing and reading like this pattern sense nothing will be getting skipped everything will be getting covered next one under the space lines next comes with respect to conversion topics conversion topics in case of a conversion topic first comes the satellites satellites in case of a satellite structure is a satellite topic in such a way indian remote sensing satellites or you will be calling them as an earth observation satellite second comes a communication satellites and third comes a navigation satellites in case of an earth observation satellite what are the recent earth observation satellite they have launched try to focus in such a way like that h y s i s one such a kind of an earth observation satellite and focus with respect to the kurtosat satellite because kurtosat satellite group got completed the recent december 2019 similar such a kind of reflection happened in the previous year 2018 question paper since irna series got completed navigation satellite got series got completed in 2018 we got a cushion for the 2018 problems from the irs so like that relevance will be there in such a way with respect to recently completed groups of satellite kurtosat group got completed you can expert a question h y s i s you can able to expert a question or you can expert a question from the emisat emisat you can expert a question um risa radar imaging satellite which has supported a lot for conducting this recent surgical strike the ball cart strike was done with the help of the radar imaging satellite risa so these are the areas which we should not forget to learn about the imaging satellite radar imaging satellite apart from that we have plenty of other joint radar satellites that sorrel megatrophics trisna all the three things sorrel megatrophics and trisna the joint initiative of india with the france so like that try to complete this topic with the satellites second topic under the satellite is communication satellite in case of a communication satellite and moreover how about question from the remote sensing satellite will be there in sense remote sensing satellite base question will be there based upon the applications only that will be expanding to the forthcoming slide based upon the applications questions will be there so you need to be very strict with us for the applications you need to have a familiarity with the applications next with the communication satellite also try to get the name of the satellite if you have some other alternative name in sense try to remember the alternate name for example these are seven is other ways called so rook mini you need to know about the other name all the satellite doesn't have second half other name some tend to have try to get these are nine is other ways called a satellite for sark other name so you need to get that other names instead of getting a question either from the common name you will be having special names based questions will also be there and further in this case also G-SAT and the INSAT base topic that comes under the communication satellite questions will be there from the applications only the last segment of the satellite category is the navigation satellite try to focus with RASPOTO IR NSS as well as with the Gaghan so under the Gaghan the recent news is there with the word called as Gemini focus it next so if you tend to cover the topic in such a way then you can able to complete the satellite base topic so in case of IR NSS and the Gaghan slightly try to know about some conceptual ideas also if you are using them for the navigations then first you need to know about what is navigation what are the parameters that occur for a navigation how many satellites need to work like that try to have an analysis in such a way so this is why this is how you need to deal with RASPOTO the navigator topic the first two things focus only with the application the third topic focus with the applications along with the RASPOTO the concepts because Gemini base topic if you want to solve themselves you need to have a conceptual ideas okay next under the conversion topic comes with RASPOTO the orbits orbit is a kind of a conceptual ideas and slightly you can have a question with RASPOTO the applications also they say that a satellite present in this ABC orbit remain to be focusing exactly over here to the building always and since you need to know about what is that orbit so the ABC orbit what they are giving in the statement denotes for the geostationary orbit so like that you need to have an idea over here so conceptual as well as applications will be there and in this case also what I can recommend sense go with an orbit geosynchronous geostationary sun synchronous polar orbit circular orbit inclined orbit graveyard orbit so these are the names of an orbit which you need to focus okay next and half man transfer orbit one such a kind of a thing which we have preferred for this mongolian mission half man transfer orbit HTO that also try to cover under this orbit top so next under the conversion topic go with the launch vehicles launch vehicles in case of a launch vehicle kickstart your preparation with RASPOTO the PSLV so here try to know about the stages types and what kind of a satellite what kind of an applications they can be used a GSLV you have to worry about the payload capacity and the weight carrying nicer and that can have a numerical value you can able to forget it up so GSLV the same such a kind of thing stages types and the applications and go with us for the reusable launch vehicle which is going to be there in the forthcoming years reusable launch vehicle and further the forthcoming launch vehicle will be there in the name calls SSLV small satellite launch vehicle covering once you have done justification for this part try to complete that topic with respect to the historical launch vehicle in the name called as SLV and ASLV even though we are not using it try to have at least importance what is this launch vehicle that's more than enough try to have a quick revision about this SLV and ASLV that's it so if you're covering these topic then the conversion part of the space science will be getting completed following to the conversion topic the next comes in the name called as miscellaneous current of a spot in case of miscellaneous current of a spot as per the thing what I said in the earliest itself you can follow the thing telescopes radars and the missions when you come for telescope you should not forget to read about the telescope in the name called as an event horizon the forthcoming telescope in the name called as James Webb great observatory telescope because great observatory is once a second of a program being executed by the NASA under the great observatory initially we had the four telescope two got expert and one got expert recently in the month of january 2020 which is none other than the spitzer telescope one more telescope which got already expired in the name called as Compton gamma ray telescope only two telescopes further getting operated under the great observatory program is none other than one is a Hubble other one is none other than the tundra secker tundra x-ray telescope already UPSR frames the second of a tundra x-ray telescope portion was there in the previous years so great observatory base caution you need to be have a focus James Webb telescope neither what are the telescopes that you came across try to summarize them radars most important thing recently we are reporting with respect to some current affairs as well as with other things related to the radar because for the ballpark strike also MOTR is once a second of radar which are supported for conducting the surgical for conducting the mission Shakti India's anti satellite test also radar in the name called as MOTR along with the SWAT fish radars from the different sector had supported you need to know with the radars and moreover isro is going to execute a program in the name called as a project netra so project netra is a program of isro which is going to be done in the forthcoming years in that case you need to know about the which radar is going to support for this program so like that have a touch on in case of a telescope try to I forgot to mention one word maze telescope m a c try to focus this board under the telescope area because maze telescope is a kind of a gamma ray telescope in India where this telescope comes under the seven global mega science missions of India and since the seven mega global science missions comes on the for India where once a second of telescope is there in India itself the rest of the other things will be there on the outside India and one more thing iron Indian neutrino observatory is once a second of thing which is already there in India itself so now since this telescope got added in 2019 you can expert the question either from the global mega missions of India or you can expert the question from the telescope itself because it got added as a eighth such a kind of a global mega mission until 2019 we had only the seven in 2019 they added this eighth global mega science mission and they called us a mass now the count is increasing from seven to eight so you can expert a question from this telescope that's it so finally with respect to the missions miscellaneous missions other spaces and these missions so what NASA had done removed debris is once a second of a mission you are coming across restore real project you are coming across now you need to know about what this restore real what is the removed debris um and you need to know about setting kind of a robotic missions feed our is once a second of a humanoid robot what Russia has sent to the inter-access space station you need to know about the robotic missions whether it's a humanoid robot or non-humanoid robot even his road two had unveiled their half humanoid robot in the name called as so you need to know about the missions from the missions based questions one question is always reserved for the primary examination which might be arising from any such a kind of a space answer we can't able to decode from which space and say question will be arising but anyhow we need to be ready right go through the missions based topics that's it if we're covering in such a way now the space technology will be getting covered everything is there in your pocket now what are the questions they are going to frame you'll be in a position to answer it let me give you some samples whether these kind of a topic learning can able to satisfy my examination preparation means of course it will satisfy that go with respect to the sample questions which I have taken from the previous UPC cushion itself nothing too late 2019 question so 2019 question recently scientists observe the measure of black holes so now always when you come forward for a black hole one particular word that sets your mind will be the gravitational waves now they say that merging of a black hole merging of a black hole merging of neutrons are or explosion of a supernova will trigger you the gravitational waves first try to observe whether you have any such a kind of a gravitational waves yes now among the four statement which will be relevant for this question sense the doubt if you're doubting with the expose and expose and nothing is connected to this particular question possibility for intergalactic space travel regarding the wormhole was confirmed no wormhole still remain to be in hypothesis only not improved so far next it enables the scientists to understand singularity now what do you need to observe in sense even though the conditions hypothesis UPC tried to frame even on hypothetical statement even a hypothetical base options will be there but it won't be a selective option for the correct question so you really have it can act as a filler for the particular question even hypothesis based concept will be there as a filler it won't be a kind of an example because if they're framing a question based upon hypothesis it leads to an ambiguity so they don't want to face a second of an ambiguity so hypothesis also there in the option look at the scenario 2019 question enable the scientists to understand singularity so singularity is once the second of a guess you can have so you can able to have a guess either with a B or D definitely A and C won't be there so now to understand singularity in sense to watch a singularity you need to witness the movement of the particle until diluted we don't have any second of a technology to witness the movement of particle until to singularity only in the ergo spirit outer area you can able to observe it now what will be an exact answer in sense collision is happening merging merging of a black hole is happening merging of a black hole will make you to observe gravitational waves that was the right answer answer is bound see for solving the first type of question what is recurrent sense basic factual information that's more than enough to solve the first question second so one side is given of the spacecraft other side is given of the purpose so what i'm saying in sense try to have a familiarity casini higgins you need to make it clear casini higgins is a mission to explore the second what they're mentioned Venus one will be wrong messenger so one is wrong automatically A is removed C is removed D is removed that's it they're asking that which is correctly man's any of your answer will be bombay only try to justify your answer messenger mapping the mercury why is there one and two exploring the outer solar system yes answer goes for bomb that's it see that's what i have said the thing when you come for high bill bill question don't miss it try to attend the question so you'll be scoring a lot in these kind of a question as a matter of eliminating one statement directly you can go for a jump for answering next so you can able to find the first question what i have shown will be connected to the factual second question what i have shown will be connected to the hybrid type third question it's a kind of a conceptual question with respect to the pslb pslb is launched the satellite is useful for the earth resources monitoring whereas dslb are designed to mainly to launch a communication satellite of course earth resources in sense remote sensing dslb designed to monitor mainly to launch the communication satellites in sat and the gsat yes satellites so one need to be there correctly match your answer need to have one so b is removed b is removed your answer can be a or c as a matter of reading the first statement itself you are eliminating two two statements now go for reading so either your answer need to be a or c so read the second statement first satellite dance with the psle appears to remain permanently fixed in the same portion in the sky as we from the particular location they are speaking with us put the geostationary orbit on the communication satellite for a permanently fixation in that case psle can't satisfy it should be dslb so statement two is wrong so two is removed answer should be a one only let us go with the cross taking with the three mk3 is a three stage launch vehicle not a four stage launch vehicle that itself it is getting eliminated need not to worry about whether it uses a solid rocket motors or other things need not to worry about because as a matter of reading the third word in the statement itself it is saying that statement three is wrong dslmk3 is a three stages not a four stage statement three is wrong so of course your answer will be that's it even there's a concept based question if you're understanding look at the very careful discussion even there's a concept technicality is not there only a common man understanding is there so common man understanding need to be there always it's not a technical question they're asking that what kind of a motor they are using that how many segments is there in the motor how the working of this motor is working what about the strap on boosters nature like that if they tend to frame a statement in sense you can say that it's a technology non-technical question only subject is science and technology question nature is not technical let me give you our institute sample question so the previous three things what we're seeing is a kind of an upc previous question this is one such a kind of a our institute pre-summit question sankara sakaram is pre-summit question so which among the following services is obtained from the kato sat sat day since a group of Saturday got completed the recent time so you can expert some question so now we have a mindset of that kato sat instance kato graphic sat day kato graphic instance mapping that's one such a kind of a preoccupied mind that will be running in our mind now read the statement boon boon is a kind of a geo portal application yes you can use it coastal land use under regulation yes you can use it missile guidance guidance need to be given by the communication satellite kato sat is the kind of an earth observation satellite you know it can't satisfy the need surgical strike yes in a support of the surgical strike version 1.0 soil mapping here comes a trap now please be very clear and understand the concept what is soil mapping instance segregation of soils based upon the type is called as a soil mapping so now since the board kato sat is clearly giving us a meaning kato graphic mapping now what will be happening is that as a matter of looking at this board mapping everything will be getting completely blank to you for you will be having a granted that this statement might be getting right there comes a trap this statement is wrong segregation of satellite segregation of soil based upon the type is done only by the resource at what kato sat can sense this is an area where you have a soil it can't able to disincus which is a latite which is a black cell which is an alubil cell it can't able to segregate them segregation in such a way is called as a soil mapping soil mapping will be done only with a resource at not with a kato sat but since about kato graphic is highly fixed in our mind you will be committing a mistake in that case please be very clear and really a statement the statement five is wrong so now five is wrong remove the five d will be removed b will be removed so your answer will be one two and the four answer is a that's it where i can get this meaning and sense and learn the ncr a there is a geography ncr t itself you can able to get this meaning what is this soil mapping so answer is a one two one the four that's it so this is how you know to pick this board you can able to find it's the kind of a question that comes under the application application base question the concept right so far we are done with respect to the space technology so next we need to move with respect to the defense technology in case of a defense technology so first let me give you the overalls collected as usual like the space technology how to deal with the defense and sense segregate the defense into the three segments so basically in the two segments then we can go for three segments so what is the basic two segment and sense technical part non-technical part technical part and the non-technical part in case of a technical part we can have a further three sub classification one comes in the name called as a striking system striking system striking system deals about the missiles second topic comes with respect to the surveillance system it speaks about the radars sonars etc comes to patrolling patrolling system it speaks about the vehicles non-technical part it speaks about the defense exercises and defense operations so now make it clear that when you try to read the defense technology topic you need to complete both the cases you need to complete the technical part as well as you need to complete the non-technical part then only you can able to justify the topic that you are completed so now let me decode further in detail about the technical part non-technical part before going for that for a non-technical part what i can recommend sense go for the india yearbook you have a chapter called this defense so go through the defense topic which is present in the india yearbook that's more than enough for the non-technical part and in that case also when you come for defense exercises and operations please stick your mind in such a way where questions will be asked in such a way if the exercises happens with a fancy number it need to be kind of a 15th exercise or the first exercise which are never done so far this is the first time we are exhibiting such a kind of an exercise or it should be a kind of a 20th exercise so like the fancy number it will be that 10 15 or 20 some fancy numbers need to be there with an exercise or it should be a kind of a first such a kind of an exercise which is happening in this country so you need to focus you need to filter because plenty of news will be there based upon the defense exercise and operations all the thing is not required you need to select the content in such a way which is essential and in this case questions will be there in such a way where you need to know about who are participating in this operation whether it's a kind of a army base exercise or navy base exercise or air force base exercise next which country towards which country we are done it if it is a giant exercise you need to know about which country we are done it and third what is the nature of this exercise nature of it say exercise instance something will have an execution such a way to check with respect to the aircraft surveillance something will be done with respect to the border security management activities with the smart fencing borders like that some export topic export will be there that as a matter of going through the defense exercise itself you can able to find the natural board will be there so mostly the defense exercise and operation base question will be a pure factual it's a pure factual concept that is not required only the fact and this fact you can able to get it from the india air book itself next so this is how you need to cover with respect to the non-technical part come for the technical part in case of a technical part we are the system okay in case of a striking system you need to focus with the missiles in case of a missile focus with respect to the ballistic missiles cruise missiles hybrid missiles slbm submarine launch ballistic missile anti-tank guided missiles anti-aircraft anti-personal missiles anti-ballistic missiles anti-cruise missiles anti-satellite missiles so these are the types of missiles which we need to focus in case of a missile topic what you need to focus further in sense try to know about if you are coming across setting up for example if you are saying that uh shawrya was a missile now you need to know about shawrya is a kind of a ballistic or cruise or second upon hybrid second upon hybrid number of stages number of stages and third in to know about the warhead nature fourth with respect to the coverage area that's the least mostly they won't ask it nature of the missile stages warhead types sometimes you can go with the propellants the previous year we got the question about the propellants either it uses the solid propellant or liquid propellant so maximum for a missile you can able to cut short your mode of operation with the four point first you are going with the nature of missile number of stages what kind of a warhead conventional warhead or nuclear warhead or it has a combination of both and finally with the propellant coverage do not worry about the numeric value numeric value is not required particularly if they tend to say that it can able to cover this amount of region it can able to cover the the whole content of asia like that if you come across the whole region make an attention to that news rest of the other things that comes in the form of a numeric value forget about it you have to react well pay an attention so striking system so striking system deals about the missile next to the striking system the next topic comes in the name called as a patrolling system patrolling system patrolling system is about the factual area it's a factual topic in case of a patrolling first comes in such a way with respect to the aircraft aircraft helicopters military tanks rocket launchers missile launchers canisters canisters and moreover with respect to the gun systems how it's us we came across with the word called as a danu's how it's air vajra vajra how it's air so you need to focus in such a way with these kind of a topic and further we have spoken so far with respect to air and the land one thing to be left out with respect to the water base system so floating ships as well as with respect to the submarines in this case how the question will be there in sense if you come across any such a kind of a new technology then you need to pay an attention for example recently the rafael aircraft got indebted into the indian air force you didn't know about rafael aircraft which generations belongs to fourth generation or 4.5 or the fifth generation you need to pay an attention what is the mode of control electronic control or mechanical control or second of a software control you need to pay an attention third focus with respect to what kind of a explosive material can handle either with the smart bombs or the normal bombs or with the missiles what kind of a thing it can able to handle the explosive metal it is capable to handle so these information is more than enough with respect to any kind of vehicles it can be an aircraft it can be a helicopter it can be a military tank these are the areas which you need to focus further finally since you are speaking with respect to submarines and other aircraft topics you complete your topic with a word called as nuclear triad systems one of the most important area this type of question will be a concept nuclear triad in sense the country is eligible to conduct their nuclear testing in your nuclear launching facility in the land air as well as in water they are subject to say that they are nuclear triad India of course there's one such a kind of a country to have this triad status so try to observe which kind of vehicle can satisfy this nuclear triad what are the links of the triad so I just slightly have an ad word word with respect to the concept show that should be with respect to patrol make it clear factual questions will be there slightly if they are going with the concept in sense slightly you need to know about the technology what they are using for the each and every vehicles okay for example with respect to submarines if you speak with respect to scorpion class submarines gai p is one such a kind of a technology they'll be using them so scorpion class comes under the diesel power submarines gai p speaks for the air independent propulsion technology it provides a stealthy feature to the submarine that's it so these information is more than half with respect to the scorpion class of one beyond that nothing is required for the scorpion diesel power submarine and moreover it uses the AIP technology AIP in sense oxygen is not required see only three point you are going to learn with respect to each and every vehicles like that try to specialize in reading all these kind of a top with respect to floating ship purely to be factual only if you come across about INS Chennai INS Chennai is a kind of a um destroyer stealthy destroyers missile destroyership so like that try to connect the topic with respect to the factual the next segment for the defense technologies you need to go with respect to the patrolling systems sorry servile systems servile system focus with the radar sonar UAVs radar sonar UAV LiDAR LiDAR here completely to factual and try to complete the topic factual in sense SWATFIS SWATFIS is a kind of a radar what is the reason significance SWATFIS had supported recently for launching the anti ballistic missile in order to support the ballistic missile defense program SWATFIS radar supported as well as to connect the mission stock the SWATFIS radar had supported so like that read the topic in factual as well as with respect to significance significance also is a kind of a factual only nothing with the concept so try to read the topic in such a way only with the factual radar sonar and UAV can be a kind of a topic only with the kind of a factual along with the significance next finally complete your NTA defense topic as usual with the miscellaneous current interface miscellaneous working with the miscellaneous current interface in sense recently we had came across with the word called as Garudan the Garutama Garudan Garutama is a kind of a smart bombs similar to the smart bomb what we had used for the ball cart strike in the name class five two thousand that belongs to Israe the reason I DRDU I had tested the Garudan Garutama the smart bombs you need to know about the what is the smart bomb what is the name of this Garudan Garutama SA smart anti airfield weapon next you need to know with respect to the S 400 time of so because already in the previously we got question about the thought even though the topic is not connected to the DRDO we are we are reporting with the question regarding the defense technology what other countries tend to have and in that case it will be a factual only so last year we lost before here we got received about a question about the thought in that case the question is purely factual you need to know about what is what what is thought like that S 400 time of in sense you didn't know about what is S 400 time of that what is what is more than enough since it is a non-indigenous technology you need not to pay much more in detail analysis the analysis would occur only for indigenous technologies so S 400 time of next you can go with respect to the other things and then that comes in the name called as bold QIT so bold QIT is one such a kind of a smart fencing technology which we are adopted recently in our country so like that try to complete a topic with respect to the miscellaneous current effects so once you are done along with the technical and non-technical along with the current effects three segment I have segregated it so if you have done it defense technology will be getting over let me give you some samples questions also see 2018 question regarding to the terminal high altitude air defense thought so thought if you have came across that board thought in sense definitely you can able to say that it is an American anti-missile system that is it directly you can jump for answer so this question continues the factual topic which I have segregated five types of a question science and the first this question comes under the factual topic second the second type of a question with reference to the Agni 4 missile which among the following statement is are correct see here comes a concept show right Agni 4 first you know to have an idea Agni 4 what is this missile whether it's a ballistic missile or cruise missile now we came to know that Agni 4 is a kind of a ballistic missile ballistic instance surface to surface statement one is that surface to surface next comes in such a way it is fueled by the liquid propellant only okay there you have a doubt whether it's a liquid propellant or it's a kind of a solid propellant you have a doubt okay next one it can deliver 110 it can deliver 110 of nuclear warhead about 7500 kilometer away now here also you have a guess okay nuclear warhead I don't remember whether it have a nuclear warhead or conventional warhead we don't have an idea 7500 kilometer away numerical value also you doesn't remember it but still you have a scope don't lose your scope over here Agni 4 is a kind of a intermediate range missile intermediate range missile and sense the range is less than 5000 kilometer 5000 kilometer and sense 2500 to 5000 intermediate range missile which can be the 7500 it should be ICBM ICBM goes for Agni 5 Agni 6 that has been ICBM so now you are very clear that 7500 won't be suitable for this Agni 4 because 7500 will be suitable only for the intercontinental Agni 4 is not an intercontinental so now we can say that I am not having any idea about this warhead I don't have any idea about this propellant but I can say that 7500 won't be suitable for Agni 4 for instance we can say that statement 3 is wrong so one is right 3 is wrong look at an option one need to be there 3 should not be there 3 is wrong 3 is wrong 3 is wrong answer is A so still you have a scope even though you don't have an idea about the second statement third statement still you have a scope as a matter of having only one statement as a node statement you can answer the question see for that you need to know about 7500 is fitting for which missile 7500 is fitting for intercontinental or which category of missile that more than enough okay so this is a concept based question 10 which among the following is the best description for the INS astradarani this is what I had said the thing when you come for a vehicle based question question will be there based upon the factual only INS astradarani that was seen in the newspaper it's a kind of a torpedo launch and recovery vessel that's it thanks for the see they came across even if you're familiar with the recipe nuclear power submarine nuclear power submarine answer goes for the Arihant class submarine or you can go with this chakra class submarine amphibious warship you can go with this put INS Ayuravat or you can go with this put the Jalasva nuclear power submarine Arihant chakra torpedo things answer for over here nuclear power aircraft carrier so nuclear power aircraft carrier so we are developing for the nuclear power but aircraft carrier we have in the name call us INS Vikramaditya okay so but it's not a nuclear power so this is how you need to go for answering so for over here it's a pure factual if you come across the word INS astradarani somewhere else in the newspaper you can say that related to the torpedo launch and recovery vessel that's it so three types of a question the first type on the third type which we have seen is a kind of a factual second type of a question what we have seen is a kind of a conceptual question let me give an example from our institute question please tell me question institute question so with some of the following features can be seen with a k4 submarine launch ballistic missile k4 once a second after missile what the de audio had tested in the recent time make it one thing is clear all the SLBM what we have developed is a modification of Agni series of missile right so k4 let me have the present of mk1 and mk2 mk1 is a modification of Agni 3 mk2 is a modification of Agni 5 so anyhow all the SLBM whichever we tend to have under the SLBM category is a modification of Agni only even Sagarika k15 is an SLBM modification Agni 1 order modification and next we are going to have with respect to k5 that is going to have an Agni 6 order modification so like that Agni missiles got modified into the k4 definitely the fourth statement will be right so your answer need to have four but of course D won't be there so you will need to find out which is not correct okay four is right okay so four is right fired from the fifth generation submarine when you come for launching these kind of a missile what is the record in sense Ari and the class submarine is record Ari and the class is a kind of fifth generation fifth generation sense nuclear power submarine so third statement is also right travels in the hypersonic range of course all the SLBM whichever you tend to have travels in the hypersonic range capable to carry nuclear work that's the reason you are recurring with the nuclear submarine for firing so all the fourth statement is right and please be very clear in reading the question itself question is about which is not correct this is one of the area where often we used to commit the mistake we learn the question we learn the option very clearly but we never pay an attention such a way whether it's a correct or not correct so whenever you tend to learn the statement first get the word which is correct or not correct question speaks about not correct everything is getting correct answer will be none of the next so two topics we have spoken space technology and the difference technology the third topic is electronics and the green technology okay so in case of electronics and green technology as per the previous word which i said purely second effort current of is based topic only current of is based topic only nothing to deal with the conversion in current of is based topic let me decode some areas which you should not forget to learn it one is the e-cigarettes barrage stage norms particularly with respect to barrage stage six which you are going to have so learn with respect barrage stage norms then you can able to focus too specific with the barrage stage six hyperloop technology bullet trains bullet trains e-vehicles lithium ion battery because this year noble price for the chemistry got given for this category lithium and battery biofuels bio toilets we are literally trying to have a comparison with the vacuum toilets which we are using the trine 18 vacuum toilets and let's go with respect to the green crackers green crackers winter grade fuel geo engineering projects because last year we got a question about sulphate aerosol injection technique so it comes under the geo engineering project try to have a glance with respect what are the other geo engineering project we tend to have a u s e technology micro dot technology some other ion project some other ion project so like that we are setting it up for topic so try to structure the topic in such a way focus more with the current of is purely second effort current of is all together if you are putting an effort to structure the current of is for the electronic green technology you can accommodate them with respect to some 20 current of is will be coming that's it so 20 current of is what we have seen about this electronic and green technology in the past one year of time period okay let's see whether any second effort question have been framed by the u p c in the previous year examinations in the context with some of the following do the scientists suggest the use of the cirrus cloud thinning technique 2019 question the cirrus cloud thinning it comes under geo engineering technology so with the sulphate aerosols so answer goes for the reducing the global warming tea so factual question if you come across the geo engineering what are the types of geo engineering directly you can jump for answering next argument reality and virtual reality please be very clear question might be looking that four statement is there it might be creating a panic like such a kind of a scenario but don't get panic don't get tense four statement is there definitely statement will be simple only they won't use any kind of a jimmy course with respect to the four statement since the statement four four statement is there all the four statement is a kind of lengthwise statement what the logic will be there and since it will be simple questions only simple track will be there you should not fall into the trap the statement argument reality is a stimulated environment is created and the physical world is completely shut down it speaks for virtual reality actually statement one and statement two is getting reversed so statement one speaks for the virtual reality statement two speaks for the argument reality it got reversed third statement argument reality allows individual to be present in the world to improve the experience using the camera on the smartphone or pc yes we are closest the world and transfers the individual providing complete emotional experience yes the three and four is right answer is found that's it this kind of a simple trick alone will be there but what will happen since as a matter of seeing four statement okay four statement is there four statement is a lengthier then definitely how i can able to reach the second of a statement like panic situation will be there that don't worry that it's a kind of a speed breaker question if you are learning it carefully definitely you can able to make these kind of a question to be getting sure short correct questions don't skip these kind of a question please try to spend at least some about some little bit amount of time period so that these kind of a question will be reserved to your pocket it's a kind of a correct question see let me give you an example from our institute question itself regarding the lithium ion battery since the noble price got awarded in 2019 for the field of chemistry for the contribution for lithium ion battery and I suppose some question from the lithium ion itself so lithium ion battery has a least charging capacity lithium ion battery if it has a common logic even if you are not known about the lithium ion battery apply the common logic lithium ion battery from the question itself they are saying that it's being applicable for the e vehicles automobile sector they are using it if it has a least charging capacity you can't run a vehicle for a long distance the logic is getting incorrect so now lithium ion battery is used and then it should have the most charging capacity not should be the least charging capacity so first statement is wrong here once again please be very clear in reading the statement which is not correct right so one is not correct answer can be a c r d b can be your answer to move it complete discharging is required for charging come for a practical application where you tend to use the lithium ion battery instance in case of a smartphone you are using the lithium ion battery for laptop you are using the lithium ion battery whether you tend to charge your laptop on the smartphone on a complete discharging only no even if my mobile phone battery percentage shows about 93 percentage still i can able to go for a charging so complete discharging is not required for charging even charging can be done even not partially discharge condition itself so complete discharging is not required so second statement is wrong so you are answering to have one and two so of course a c or d also having the one and two it can be completely recycled which makes the environment to be cleaner make a common logic once again in one side government is promoting for the e vehicles e vehicles need to be there and sense you need to come out of the battery suppose if the battery seems to be a kind of a asada's battery which can be recycled which is threatening to the environment and they never promote such a kind of a battery at all if promotion is happening in sense what should be that ecologically it should be safer to use it that's a common logic we need to have as a matter of applying the common logic even though you are unfamiliar whether it's recycled or non-recycle apply the common logic government never promotes in one side to go with the new kind of a technology other side to pile with the e e wastages they never promote in such a way technology need to be born in such a way without creating any hazardous impact to the environment in that case you can able to say that statement 3 will be getting right apply the common logic fourth one is free from the self discharging self discharging will be there once again go with the practicality this is what i have said the thing reading is not required observation matters a lot if you tend to charge your mobile phone in the morning time you are came across with a hundred percentage of complete charging with your mobile phone you never use your mobile phone after certain time period you can able to witness some amount of battery percentage will be getting dropped even though in an unused condition that is called as a self discharging what are they saying in sense free from self discharging self discharging never takes place no it takes place even an unused condition also my mobile phone tend to witness set in amount of battery source to be getting decreased self discharging it is there free from no so one two four so one two four answer goes for C please make it clear in order to answer this kind of a question whether any technicalities like it no no technicalities record friend only thing is go with respect to the common man observation observation matters a lot connect the topic with respect to your live day examples this is what even the syllabus saying that application and development of ancient technology everyday life lithium and battery is connected to your daily life to fulfill the word which is given the syllabus you can able to say that this topic this question is connected to your daily life and moreover this year noble price got given for this top this particular work so that you can export a question from the team