 Tick-borne diseases are major public and animal health issues worldwide, with Ixodes risonous being the primary vector in Europe, and small and medium-sized mammals, birds, companion animals, and larger mammals playing a role in maintaining tick populations and reservoirs of pathogens. Emerging pathogens such as bacteria and protozoans have also been detected in urban tick populations, highlighting the need for understanding the ecology of ticks in European urban environments to develop risk assessment parameters and control strategies for tick-borne diseases. This article was authored by Annapala Irizoli, Cornelia Isilagi, Anna Iobiagala, and others.