 So, here we are discussing two apparatus been used in electronics and communication engineering. The first apparatus is called the function generator which is used to generate signals. This apparatus is called the CRO cathode oscilloscope which is an eye of an electronic engineer it is used for viewing the signal. We can see here right now we can see this panel in this panel what is written frequency that is 1000 hertz what kind of signal is this SIN, SIN means sinusoidal then what is the amplitude this thing denotes the amplitude of the signal means 2.004. Now if you want to change this frequency if you want to change the frequency and can change using this you know so it is becoming less it is becoming more whatever you like right now set this frequency to 1000 hertz. Now change it next if I want to change the amplitude right the amplifier is 2 volt if I want to change the same knob changing the amplitude various amplitude whatever you want so right now the unit is in volts if you want to make this unit in milli volts see you have to call divide by 10 multiplied by 10 so this two either divide this by 10 and multiply it by 10 if I divide it by 10 now you can see your unit became milli volts now let us that come back to volts when I press this into 10 when I press this into 10 one more time you see the point from here move to one more into 10. So right now let to be the same amplitude 2 volt and having the frequency 1000 hertz now what is the function my function is sinusoidal you can change the function from sinusoidal to various functions like triangular if you press it again square if you press it again this is again a square ramp it is 2 volt again 1 ramp minus 2 volt means a negative ramp this is pulse 1 volt because when we say pulse it denotes only from reference to upper level or reference to below level when I press it again it says a pulse for minus 1 volt means below then a DC voltage then again back to the sinusoidal so right now we have set it for a frequency of 1000 hertz for an amplitude of 2 volts and a function of sinusoidal wave now when I connect this from this written as output you might have seen here written as opening for your convenience it is written output means whatever is generated from this from we will come out from this output connect here and we will go through this wire so important buttons in this function generator are this frequency amplitude functions and to vary this whether frequency or amplitude use this knob well to multiply that amplitude of frequency into 10 or divided by 10 you can use this to so now this signal what has been generated from the function that is coming through this CRO cable which have a two side PNC connector one connector I connect to here and the other connector I am connecting to the CRO coming to CRO CRO is the eye it has two channels means it can view two different signals at a time right now I have connected only one so to select this channel whether I am connecting my output to this channel or this channel I have to use this button where it is written CH1 slash 2 CH means channel so when I it is upward it says that I am in channel one when I press it says that I am in channel two but right now I have connected is to channel one so I will make it upper part so this is connected here now whatever is being generated we have to view here you do not worry about what the signal is been seen here first of all use this point called ground GT when you make it it gives you a straight line now we have to set this straight line using this Y position movement to this center of the screen that means here I have set this in the center of the screen now I have to release the ground now what is this knob what is this buttons all this is the view of the amplitude in the Y you can see in the Y direction the amplitude is changing so suppose it is convenient for me to view this signal or if this signal depends on the individual if I am convenient with this size I will use this size if I am convenient with this size I will use this size so let us take that I am convenient with this size I am using that particular magnification and what about the X axis X axis can be changed using this what lies in the X axis in the X axis there is the time time of what time of how many blocks this one cycle of the signal takes to complete its rotation so if I using this X post can move the X direction so I am setting it in the proper place where I can see or I can reference point be this and I can say that this is going to be one from here I am saying from here it is going this way and till here it completes one cycle so I from here I can easily count the number of blocks as I am using the term number of blocks you might be confused what is number of blocks you can see this entire screen is divided into small blocks various squares again you have can see that each square is divided into various subdivisions there is one two three four five subdivisions means one subdivision is of point two unit so it is what point two point four point six point eight one so in total this one block is of one unit in the y-direction same thing in the x-direction it is divided into point two point four point six point eight one so its x-direction also have the same divisions so it entire block is one small subunit is point two so now we have to calculate the amplitude and the frequency of this signal using this here so I am using because the amplitude is always in the y-direction so I can use this xy because I am interested in only y-direction I am not interested in x-direction so when I press xy what it does it have suppressed the x-axis because I am only interested in my y-axis we can see from here that it is properly coming from here to here now if I am saying this black line is your the dark which is having subdivision is your reference line using this y-pose you can move this line and you can bring it over here so that you can properly count the number of divisions now it is here so from here if I count it is complete till here one I say till here it is one from here to one point two one point four one point six one point eight it's almost it touching two but not two so let us take it one point nine so it is one point nine release the xy so it is one point nine blocks it is taking for this amplitude that one point nine into you can see here where this knob lies in the one this is lies in the one so that one point nine into one is how much one point nine and what will be the unit unit depends on where this range lies see from this gap you can see from this gap till this gap there are no other unit is there except some numerical values there is only one unit called v means volts from this gap to this gap there are various numerical amplifications but there is one unit called millivolts so whenever this knob lies in this range the unit will be many volt when this knob lies in this range the unit will be in volts so you are getting that one point nine is the blocks into one that is one point nine is volts so one point nine volts we were generating a volt of amplitude having two volt now we are getting here a signal having amplitude of one point nine volts so what happened to point one volt the point was only what happened when you are transmitting this signal from this wire to this CRO this wire has some resistance so you know wherever there is resistance there will be voltage drop so due to that reason of resistance of this wire there is a voltage drop of point one volt in this wire so that's why we are getting one point nine volt but don't have to worry about that this is a little error in electronic this particular resistance of the wire so this is how we calculate the amplitude next we move to how to calculate the frequency again make it ground bring it to the center of the line release the ground and set this y axis in such a way that you can easily count your one cycle so if I set it here means from this point this is my one complete cycle till here so what I am getting if I can see that from this point I am completing this here how many blocks it required it requires one almost two or let us let us take it two so it is one block two block to complete one cycle it requires two block so it is two into where you can see this knob lights see this there is a line this one this lies in point five so two into point five is how much two into point five is one so one what will be the unit see from this gap till this small gap you can see here this small gap here and the small gap here between this unit will be millisecond from this gap to here the unit will be in seconds from this gap till here the unit will be microsecond but right now we are in the range of millisecond that is why two into point five milliseconds what we got the time period and we all know the relation between the frequency and the so when frequency is equal to one by time period in the range of time period you can write down whatever you got you got how much two into point five milliseconds so if I write it down in that way one by two into point five milliseconds that is equal to one by one millisecond so if I want to convert this is one by one millisecond that is equal to again what one if that is equal to one and if this millisecond goes up it becomes from ten to power minus three it will become ten to the power three so one into time to the power three so we are getting this is one by second we know is the unit of Hertz so it will become H so one into ten to power three means one kilo or you can say one thousand Hertz what we are giving one thousand Hertz so from we are giving from function there to one thousand Hertz and we are getting a signal of frequency one thousand Hertz you can see that we have calculated the amplitude and the frequency using a CR and you are familiar with various points how to use this and how to use this how to calculate the amplitude and how to calculate the frequency thank you for watching this video