 Felly, byddai'r dyfodol y Llywodraeth Ff ondeisiad nhw ac y Llywodraeth Gweithgolol, byddani'r digwydd hon! Mae'r 30 nallaf o bwrdd ym Llywodraethau Gweithgol o bobl yn agosu'r ffordd o ffordd o gweithgol i'r ffordd oherwydd bwyd o golygu yn golygu i ddawdgau ei rfonol, a ddoch chi'n credu dda bod yn cael stymnod a ffordd gweithgol i gwybod a chyloedscud i'r ffordd i gweithgol i gweithgol i gwaith ei rfonol. The special challenges you met the women who use drugs? It was a very male-dominated culture when I was taking drugs, and the attitude from male drug users was women's place should be in the home. So a lot of the male drug users had women in their lives like wives or girlfriends who didn't take drugs. They were kind of sanctified, they were good women ac wrth gyd o'n bach yn cynllunio. In Indonesia there are gender roles for women to play. One example of this we found in our research was the practice of Turbo, which comes from the Porbala Turbo, which means basically to trade one's body. It's a very common practice among female drug users where in cases where they don't have money they exchange sex or sexual favors for drugs. Ac ydych yn gorfodd ychydig wedi'u'u bwysig i meddwl am hynny gyda'r dynum, wedi tu Ballwyddon i'r mewn gwneud o'r ddweud rym健. Gwell bod y magylch ar gyfer ymgyrchu'r drwng elisydd yn ysbrydreid i'r gael. Yn y gallwn yn ysbrydau ar gyfer y rym ni o ddweud drwng? Yn y gweith o'r rym ni o ddweudrif yn ystyried o rym ni o gweith. Yn ystyried o'r rym ni o gweithio'r ysbryddiad o'r lustru o amser o rym ni i'r llyfr yn swyddiad. ac mae'n amgueddfa'r ffag arach i ffin. Felly, y ffordd yw'r unrhyw o'ch dweud os yw sydd y ffun yw'r eu amser mewn ddysgwyd yn ei ddweud a'r ddefnyddio'r ond er mwyn hefyd, mae gennym ni'n cyfeirio mewn dda'r unitydd a'n gwneud i gyd yn yr ysgol o'ch cyfrifiad yn dweud. Gyd ydyn ni oedd y llun eistedd? A llun eistedd o'r cyfrfryd cwyr mewn golin? Gyd yn ei gweithio y rhan i'r un o'r unrhyw'r bywyd? Dyma, mae'n cymdeithas hwnnw i'r ffordd, a mae'n cymdeithas hwnnw i'r ffordd, a'r cymdeithas hwnnw i'r ffordd, neu'r cymdeithas hwnnw i'r ffordd, ond mae'r cymdeithas hwnnw i'n gweithio eich gwybeth i gyrraedd i gweithio i ddefnyddio llwyddiadau o casio, yn ymddi, mae'r cymdeithas hwnnw i'r gweithio i'r menn. Mae'r ysgol, dyma, ychydig yw'r cyfrannu coca mae'n yw'n ffordd i'r ffordd yw'r gweithio ythafodol ac mae'n ddweud bod ddiddent gyda'r gwahau'r cywgol a bod yw'r gwahau'r ffordd amser a wedi'u ddifestraid yw'r gweithio'r ffordd. Rwy'n cael ei wneud i gyd, a'r wych yn eu hwnnw ac mae'n arweinydd ar gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio. Yn Chynedd, Hong Kong, Macau a'r Gwn Tau, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio yma, ..cyddiwadau ond y byddwch gwahanol... ..y'r rhagol yn mawr gyllwyn. Rwy'n dechrau gyda'r lwrdd dod yn mwy... ..yna lle mae ynghylch yn llafod. Mae'r rhagol yn mawr yn flwyddyn. Mae'n ddigeniol yn ei wneud. Mae'r rhagol yn gwneud yn mawr ar gyfer cyflau... ..dweithio gwheill o gyfrifiadau sydd. Mae'r rhagol yn gwneud o un ddweud o'r wynt. Mae'r rhagol yn gwybod yw'n roedden.. ..a gilyddai rhagol sy'n gael yn Llyfridion. Can you talk about the results? What we found is that a lot of women are just first-time offenders. A lot of them have no criminal lifestyle. A lot of them were treated by their trusted male partner. In countries such as Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, Brazil, more than 60% of women who are in jail are there for low-level drug offenses. There are women who come from situations of extreme poverty. They have very little education, lack of employment opportunities, and an astounding number are single moms. We've studied countries where 90% of these women are single heads of households. Often for them, getting involved in some aspect of the drug trade is an easy way for them to combine their need to put food on the table for their kids with earning an income. Most of these women have faced violence, sexual abuse and violence outside of prison. Once they get into prison, they are even more vulnerable to abuse by guards. What about the public health and social care system? Are there any challenges women have there? Women are typically very reluctant to try and seek help because of the high risk you might lose custody of your children, lose access to your children. Women don't tend to have women-specific services or facilities available to them. Doctors tend to be less sympathetic to women who are using drugs or who have problems of dependence. When you try to enter treatment or recovery services, are there any specific challenges there as a woman? Not for me because I don't have children. But you see it still like women with children can't get into treatment. The only women that I know that have got into treatment are the ones whose grandparents are willing to look after their children when they go into treatment because services won't pay for that. There are certain treatment centres that will take on men more than they take on women because they want success rates. So they realise that the services aren't there for women when they leave so they're less likely to stay clean. We have started to deal with the issue of women whose drugs are not having equal access to harm reduction services, especially to methadone programmes who are much lower than access among men. We learnt from women that the main barrier to any kind of services was that they were not protected from violence. It was two types of violence. It was domestic violence, violence on behalf of their intimate partners who didn't want these women to come and get services, but also there was police violence in violence occurring from the health system. What about gender sensitive harm reduction services in the region? Are there any good examples for that? There are a lot of examples. You can provide pregnancy tests. You can provide vouchers to go to gynecologist for instance. You may have child services, a lot of different things. But where do you start to actually hire women drug users as outreach workers? Drug use during pregnancy is a very sensitive issue in the media and in the public discourse. What do you think, how should we address this issue? We have some quite astonishing laws in relation to drug using pregnant women. There are states in America for example where you can actually face the conviction for what's called intrauterine trafficking, which means essentially that you are trafficking drugs to your unborn fetus. Women who are pregnant risk losing their children, having their children taken off them by the state, rather than there being the kind of interventions and help and support that so many pregnant women need. Overwhelmingly where you have circumstances where you have a pregnant drug using woman, then the priority and the emphasis has to be on the support to the pregnant woman and ensuring that she gets the treatment services which are necessary for her support through that pregnancy. Many people think that children have to be taken away from women who are dependent on drugs. What do you think about that? It's a case by case issue. What we do know about drug using parents and drug using women is that it's very much about having structured lifestyle, it's having the kind of multi-agency interventions and support to enable families to stay together and to ensure that women and their children are protected within the overall care system. Unlike the United States where more often than not if you're imprisoned and are pregnant, your child is taken away as soon as you are born. In Latin America it's more common for women to be able to have their children with them in prison, but then of course you have a whole situation of women with infants in prisons which are more of them not filthy. Your basic needs aren't being met. Studies have shown that when a man is incarcerated, other women in his life, either his mother, his sister or his partner will take responsibility for the children while he is incarcerated. That is not the case for single women in particular. Often they are abandoned by their families because of the stigma of having been engaged in the drug trade. So it's a tremendous drama in terms of what they do with their children. We see cases where some are put in to end up in abusive relationships with distant relatives or in government facilities that are really poorly equipped and very bad facilities. Often they end up on the street where you get these cycles of poverty and drug use and incarceration. Sometimes feminist groups and movement for women's rights have somewhat controversial relationship to issues like sex work or drug use. Some of the more problematic, expected allies would be feminist organisations and women's groups and yet there is an awful lot of hostility to dealing with these issues and that's because there seems to be this idea that you have good women and bad women and the issues associated with bad women are simply not taken on board largely by the women's movement. Feminist groups will say we don't work on drug policy, it's not our issue but if you look at the way in which drug policies discriminate against women the negative consequences for women, I think that you have to address it in a holistic manner. Women's groups and feminist organisations will only want to look at it if the women are happy to describe themselves as victims. So if you can say this bad man made me do this or I really didn't want to be doing this and I got caught up in it because I was young or I was vulnerable and especially around sex work, it always has to be framed as problematic as does drug use, always. We need to be really careful about our messaging. When we've spoken with some policy makers in Southeast Asia the response is often immediately going towards sympathising women and seeing them as victims and assuming that they were exploited, that they were tricked much like Mary Jane Feloso, the lady who was on death row in Indonesia. Officials in Malaysia or Indonesia for example they would say they shouldn't be punished, they're doing this for love. This is literally what someone in Malaysia said. They're tricked by boyfriends, husbands and so on to carry drugs and so they shouldn't be punished as drug traffickers because they were just doing it to please their male partner. Also in some other countries there's quite a bit of blaming on Nigerian men in particular and assuming that the drugs that are in the country are because there are Nigerian men bringing them into the country. How do you see the drug reform movement itself are women equally represented in advocacy groups or drug user groups? We have excellent women and men who are involved in the drug policy reform movement. What we're trying to do is empower those women who are directly affected by the impacts of drug policy enforcement. Many one's child is a network of families from all over the globe whose lives have been destroyed by the drug war through a number of different ways. Many have suffered bereavements but some have had children imprisoned. Some have experienced terrible health impacts. We're trying to tell the human stories and stories of women and men in fact. But it was very much started up by one women's story, Amry Coburn, who very tragically lost her 15-year-old daughter to an accidental ecstasy over days. She's very much pioneered the campaign and become a very vocal spokesperson, partly because it's very unexpected that a mother would come out having experienced such tragic loss and believed that legal regulation would be the solution. I think there are many active women who are finding their voices and starting to challenge the drug war and it's a very powerful voice.