 Good morning, John. It's Friday. Today, I want to talk about young people. But first, I want to talk about evolution. There's a thing called mutagenesis. It's when a new change is introduced to the genome of an organism. By far, the most common effect of a mutation is nothing. Like, it changes an area of the genome that doesn't code for anything, or the protein changes, but it doesn't change enough for it to matter. Occasionally, though, the mutation will allow the cell to divide uncontrolled. And that's cancer. But also, even more rarely, the change is good. It allows the organism to digest a new kind of food, or it makes it bigger when it needs to be bigger, or smaller when it needs to be smaller, or hairier when it's colder out, or less hairy if it's hot. While, on average, mutagenesis is really bad for individuals, without it, there would either be no life on Earth, or there would be one kind of life, and it would be little single-celled sludge. Modern mutagens are things like sunlight, other sources of radiation, certain oxidizing compounds, a bunch of different, crazy hydrocarbons. Those things create mutations inside of organisms. But it turns out that evolution seems to actually select for a certain amount of mutagenesis. Like, it wants some mutation to happen. There's a balance. So there's external mutagenesis, and then there also seems to be internal, intentional mutagenesis. And I started thinking about young people as cultural mutagens back when I was still a youth. It sounds bad, but it's not. Culture, obviously, can be understood evolutionarily, like the things that work stick around. That doesn't mean that those things are good or bad, it just means they're working. That could be institutions like marriage, or fast food restaurants. It could be ideas like human rights, or tribalism. And culture mutates. Like, from the perspective of a biologist, it mutates extremely quickly. But also it needs to. Look, I am now what could properly be called middle-aged, and I am frightened by the pace of change as I witness it, as I continue to live in the world. Fairly regularly, I will think to myself, okay, how about, I don't know, we spend a little bit of time getting used to the current, complete revolution in how humans communicate with each other before moving on to revolutionizing the entire global financial system with cryptocurrency. Like, I had to take it just slow down a little bit. Get on a boat, do a little bit of fishing, have a couple drinks, noodle around on the guitar. And now I'm Jimmy Buffett. Great, thanks. Wonderful, that's what I wanted. But young people, for a number of actual physiological reasons, as well as practical ones, and cultural ones, and psychological ones, I think are built to create change. To take risks, to avoid stability, to mutate culture, to make things, to imagine a world that's deeply different from the one that I've gotten really used to. I am worried about what happens to individuals, and also even culture at large, when the wrong change takes hold. But also, I'm old. I recognize that society without change is destined for a sorry, sad end. And I think a really important thing to remember here is that unlike genetic evolution, cultural evolution can be done with intent. It can be done carefully and thoughtfully. Which is why I want to say to people who talk to young people for a living, this is an extremely important job that you have. You may not be being valued by society correctly. That does not mean that you are not creating that value. And I want to say to the 12 to 24 year olds out there, you might feel powerless sometimes, but in some ways, right now you are the most powerful you will ever be, because you can imagine the world in a way that I no longer can. And that's not an indictment of getting older. It's a recognition that different life stages serve different roles in culture. So use your fuel wisely, use it often, and thanks for inspiring us old folks. John, I'll see you on Tuesday.