 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss that whether sex and gender are socially constructed or not. Gender and sex are socially constructed concepts. It means that they are created and reinforced through social interactions and different cultural practices. It is not the case that gender and sex both can be used synonymously. When we talk about gender and sex, we usually think that these are the same concepts. Since sex is a biological feature and gender is a socially constructed factor, there is a huge difference between the two. On the basis of sex, we cannot determine gender and sex cannot be determined on the basis of gender. This is the saying of modern feminists and gender studies' proponents. According to their opinion, sex and gender are two different entities. Traditionally speaking, we often use them synonymously. In our opinion, especially in the opinion of traditional societies, your gender is determined by sex itself. That is, your role in the role of the queen of labor is your sex. If you have a man in the society, then the society will expect a different behavior than you have a woman in the society. So, the differences between a woman and a man, or the distribution of work, the determining factor considered in traditional society is the biological factor. On the other hand, in modern societies, your sex cannot determine your gender. According to this concept, gender is socially constructed. That is why you cannot do any special work with any particular sex. For example, who will do the distribution of children? We cannot determine on this basis that since a woman has given birth to a child, she will be responsible for the distribution of children. Similarly, the household work cannot be determined on the basis of a woman. There are only biological features on the basis of this. Therefore, the household work will be given to a woman. The reason is that today we have a very dynamic gender roles under this ideology. Men are doing the work that traditionally women used to do and women are doing all the work that men used to do traditionally. So, even in Pakistan, if we look at it, traditional gender roles and expectations are deeply embedded in cultural and religious practices which can limit individual's expression and communication with the non-traditional gender roles. So, a kind of cultural clash that we see today, especially in urban societies, in which the role expectations are changing today, men are expected to do household work. If there is nothing else, they can distribute their hands and take part in it. And women are expected to get education in the job market. So, the study of the social construction of gender and sex requires a multidisciplinary approach by incorporating different perspectives from sociology, anthropology, psychology, and cultural studies. So, if we really want to understand this phenomenon that whether sex and gender are socially constructed, we will have to see whether it is a social aspect, psychological aspect, or economic aspect, which is actually determining different gender roles in your society. Food for thought is that if you look at the changes in the social construction of gender in the Pakistani society, especially in media advertisement, you will see that the traditional gender roles are shifting. And from this, we get a strong point of view that gender roles are socially constructed.