 Today, we are going to start a new module, where we would be focusing exclusively on how our own emotions, they are praised by us, how do we experience our emotion, but that is not our prime focus. Our primary focus is that, how our emotions play a role in making ourselves more and more adjusted. What we would do is that, we would initially begin with the basic concept of emotion. Those of you who have been to the introductory psychology course, you must have read emotions at length there. Here, I would know for the benefit of those who have not been into the introductory psychology course, what I would do is, very quickly I will summarize the main thirst in this area, the knowledge that exists, very, very crisp type of, very quick type of a summary. And then, we would move towards understanding emotions with respect to what is needed by the society, what is needed by the environment. How do we experience it and why is it that we experience certain type of an emotion in a given type of situation, based on what we think of it. That is the whole appraisal factor in emotion. And we would primarily take the goal congruent emotions and the goal incongruent emotions. We will basically know the basic emotions, we will bifurcate them into two clusters. And then, for each of them, we would see that, what is the primary appraisal process, what is the secondary appraisal process and why finally, something makes us happy, something makes us jealous, something makes us guilty, that would be the focus. And for each of them, we would then try to understand that, you see that my happiness has made me more and more adjusted, given the type of situation I was experiencing. So, this is the whole focus in this very motive. I am just taking one of the definitions of emotions, given by Isaac, where he says that emotion is basically a complex state, which involves heightened perception of an object or a situation, widespread bodily changes and appraisal of felt attraction or repulsion and behavior organized towards approach or withdrawal. Now, frankly speaking, many many things are there in this definition. What we will do is, that we will break it up for our convenience. And this will very easily let us know, that what are the basic elements in of a emotional state. First it says that, it is a complex state, which involves increased heightened perception of object or a situation. So, there is an object in your environment or there is a situation, that you are experiencing. And the perception of the object or the scenario, it is relatively heightened in nature 1, 2, that widespread bodily changes could be induced, because of the presence of the object or the situation, where you are. So, there are certain physiological changes, that takes place to third, that an appraisal of felt attraction of repulsion. Either that very bodily changes and the object or the situation attracts you, you move you feel moving towards it or it induces a feeling of repulsion in you, where in you feel going away from that object or that very situation. And the fourth, that you organize your behavior, which either goes for an approach type of reaction or for a withdrawal type of reaction. So, either you tend to know go and face that object, that situation or you tend to withdraw from that object or from that situation. So, primarily four important processes are put together in this very definition. Now, if you look at the basic elements of emotional state, it has multiple processes involved into it, first the physiological reaction. Physiological reaction would primarily be, that the moment you start experiencing an emotion, certain changes takes place in within the physiological system of the body. I would slightly deviate in terms of making you understand, what type of physiological changes takes place. There are interesting theories in psychology, in fact the very first theory of emotion, that was proposed long back. It talked about the fact, that say you respond in a given situation, you have a stimulus, a situation, an object, you respond to it and it is your response that makes you experience the emotion. So, that would primarily mean, say a dog is chasing you, you run away from there and then you start looking back at your own activity, that is you are running away from an object and that experience makes you afraid. So, primarily it is not the presence of the dog, who is trying to reach you, makes you scared, rather it is your own physiological reaction that makes you scared. Little later this theory was revised, which again said that these two processes run parallel. And since they know many, many, many things have been added to the research in emotion. But something that remains universally true is, that certain set of emotions they induce certain changes in the body and they would elevate the processes of the body. Say for example, the blood pressure might increase, the pulse rate might undergo a change, the sensitivity level, the electrical conductance at the surface of the skin that might undergo a change. In fact, there might be certain changes that could be observed in terms of say the brain waves. There are interesting studies, which also says know that what type of emotion one has experienced can also be detected only by looking at the contraction of selected muscles on the face. There are very good EMG studies, the electromyrography study, know where this very area of the face, know sensors are attached to it and you just look at the object. And depending on the changes that takes place in terms of contraction of these muscles or rarifaction of these muscles, one can make out what type of emotion you actually experienced. This type of changes that takes place within the body is basically one of the primary indicators, which is used in lie detection tests. So, in cases of say forensic investigation, if somebody is put under lie detection, I am sure many of you must be aware of how lie detection is conducted. Initially what happens is say if you are a suspect, one investigating officer know interrogates you. That investigating officer would be somebody from the local police station and the record of the question that was asked to you and your responses are retained by the local authorities. When you are taken to a forensic science lab, those questions along with know many other questions also, in a random order they are asked to you. Once again, all sensitive indicators of the bodies are taken like blood pressure, like pulse rate, like know the perspiration rate, the know change, GSR changes the change at the skin conductance level. It is not very frequently used, but there could be a possibility wherein you can even analyze primarily two of the brain waves to find out if there was some type of a deception here in this case or not. And very in interesting research, which is being conducted nowadays is in terms of the pupillary dilation. So, just looking at know how much you dilate your pupil could also be constitute as an indicator of deception. Now, certain questions which does not invoke some type of emotion in you and therefore, your physiological reactions are different and suddenly there is a change in the physiological reaction when some uncomfortable questions are asked to you. Now, the changes that a lie detector records on the basis of which the scientist in the forensic science lab declared that yes, you did speak lie on these questions are again based on the physiological reactions, which are recorded by the given machine. Same technology is also used when you look at your own physiological reactions in a biofeedback clinic. To the best of my knowledge, we do not have too many biofeedback clinics in the hospitals in our country, but I know selected hospitals where there is a specialized clinic called biofeedback clinic. And biofeedback clinic is nothing, but basically you are simply made to see your bodily functions autonomic nervous system functions what we are referring to here as physiological reactions on this screen. So, certain sensors are attached to selected parts of your body on the monitor you see your own blood pressure, you see your own heartbeat, you see your own GSR records, you see how what is the depth of your respiration breathing, you see how strongly your heart pumps everything you see on the monitor. And all you are told is that see there is a by larger standard template how people should ideally breathe or what is the standard way the heart should beat, either your heart is beating slowly or it beats faster. You just look at the monitor and try your best to make your own physiological functions match the standard template. And believe me few minutes of trial and you would realize that yes you can manipulate it, it is not at all difficult. Now, few minutes of exposure and you realize oh I can know tamper my own bodily system then. This means that if you are periodically asked to come to such clinics and using that machine you are asked at say you know usually this is know how your physiological function works this is how your body reacts. And now with the help of the machine you have learned how to tame your own bodily system after certain trials you do not even need a machine. You know that fine this is what I think you know that this is what I feel this is what I think and this is how I get a control over my own physiological reaction and it is possible perfectly possible. I do not think we will have time to do that, but if you visit the psychology lab here we also have this machine and you can see for yourself know how easily you know you can manipulate your own physiological reactions. But that was in terms of control mechanism. Right now what we are talking about is that one of the prominent process that is involved in emotional reaction is changes that takes place you know in a covert fashion in terms of the physiological functions of the body. So, whether you like it or not certain types of emotion will lead to certain type of changes within the physiological mechanism. Do there would certainly be certain behavioral reaction when you experience an emotion and that is you know get affected with the presence or the absence of a particular type of an object or a situation the initial definition that we looked at. So, presence of the stimuli in the environment makes you behave in a particular way. Think of certain situations right now when I am quoting it as example it might appear hypothetical, but all of you I am sure must have experienced such type of things. You enter a train a compartment and then you have a foul smell all around you it is no no so pungent that you feel even vomiting there would be you know presence there is presence of an aroma there a bad smell there and accordingly your behavioral reaction changes. You decide to immediately get out of the bogey immediately leave the train. In the same train you enter there is no foul smell you take your seat and then you realize there is a beautiful girl on the other side of the seat your entire you know behavioral reaction changes. You then realize that you know the second occupant of the another seat has a small baby who keeps on crying all the time your behavioral reaction changes. So, irrespective of you know the fact that you remain constant as an individual the moment the situation would change in the environment depending on the person environment relationship you would realize that you would be tempted to come forward with a behavioral reaction. Third important factor in emotional processes is the expressive reactions. Expressive reaction once again is a is a byproduct of the person environment interaction where you express yourself. Now, in psychology you will find you know very rich literature on both types of expressions verbal expressions and non-verbal expressions verbal expressions where you know verbalize your feelings non-verbal expressions it could be through your facial expressions it could be through your gestures there could even be you know imagination thought dependent type of a reaction that you contemplate. Now, expressive reaction usually would be those you know expressions which are very overtly visible, but there is always a possibility of non-verbal reactions also. This is again you know great deal of research on all of this you know verbal non-verbal all of this has been very extensively researched. And then the last one is that there is something called subjective experience. Now, subjective experience is an experience that you as an individual had in a given type of a situation. And the experience that you had might not match with rest of the people who were in the same situation it could be extremely extremely different completely divergent from others who had you know experience the same thing, but in terms of subjective experience you find it there could be a difference. For example, the same example if we take you confront say an object that makes you very scared and the expression of fear that you have in your face might be different from the expression of fear that somebody else has on his or her face. The intensity of the expression might change the way you respond to that scary situation it might be different and it could be completely different know when a third person shows a reaction to a scary situation. In terms of behavioral reactions we all differ in terms of subjective experience also we differ, but then there is a great deal of what you call overlap when it comes to expressive reaction and when it comes to physiological reactions. So, these are interesting know developments when you look at emotion as a process many things have been know studied at length. For example, how the physiological systems know get affected in a given emotional state 1, 2 the changes know that we were talking about in terms of the bodily reaction when it comes to forensic investigation and other types of changes. Even the recent trend of work which is you know going on in terms of looking at the pupillary changes and if you again look at the current set of theories that are being proposed in this area you find a beautiful description of something called cognitive emotion regulation which primarily means that you can have some type of a cognitive appraisal based control over your own emotional processes. Think of a situation you are an office bearer who feels something, but is not supposed to express it. However, strong you feel within outwardly you cannot express it outwardly you have to still remain very quiet composed. I will give you some real life examples minus the names. I know of somebody who was once caught in ambush in central part of India while he was returning back after a search operation in a nuxle affected village. So, the whole convoy was moving and that was the joint team of the local police force and the central reserve police force. He being the officer was in one of the gypsies and the vehicle the patrol vehicle which was just in front of him which was supposed to know clear of the route for these people suddenly landed up on a mine and then it blasted and because his vehicle was just behind it he could see everything. So, he saw the vehicle now flying up in the air then body parts getting mutilated falling down on the ground. And he told me that two of his bodyguards who were with him for last several years were also in that vehicle which exploded. And then say for example, if you know some somebody called Ram Singh this is not the true name hypothetical name. Now, how difficult how painful it is to see Ram Singh getting converted into pieces. It agitates you within but then say a media team approaches you asks you about your experience. And you are supposed to show heightened degree of calm and composer on your face that yes this is what happened and we will take stringent action. Inwardly you feel you know that pain outwardly you still have to show that no no no I am a brave soldier who experienced it and we will fight back I am not at all disturbed. This is one of the examples when I am sure know sometime some situation might have confronted you when you must have felt crying or when you must have thought of enough bursting into anger. But then because of situational destructions you decided not to burst because of situational interpretation you decided not to cry there. So, these are know the part of cognitive emotion regulation we are not going into the details of it. In terms of expressive reaction once again know it is important for us as an individual not only to display through our expressions but also we should be skillful in terms of understanding the expressions of others. Again a very true example a very different type of a situation somebody known to our professional group lost one of the family members. And then we decided to visit his house pay our tribute show our solidarity to that family. What we had decided was that all of us will go independently. But we we had decided the time that around this time all of us would know within 5 10 minutes range all of us would reach that house and then we will be there and we get family for some time. In our group we had somebody who was of a little advanced age but was not married this has nothing to do with marriage. But what I am trying to say is that perhaps that very person did not get those many opportunities in life to know judge expressions of others repeatedly when you are in a group setup when you live in a group setup you periodically look at the expressions of others. And therefore your ability to know decipher the emotions of others through the phases increases. Now this person goes there and instead of you know asking an appropriate question simply ask so how are you. Now somebody has lost somebody in the family and you asked that person how are you. Now socially this is an irrelevant question know should not be asked at that point in time. And rest everybody started looking at that very person know that what type of question did you ask. So in terms of know adjustment it is also important that you tend to mask certain things you tend to neutralize certain things we will come to those things little later. When you feel angry but on the face you try you to know retain that neutrality as far as possible. You do not show your expression just you gave your mid semester examination and say for example one of the questions you did not understand appropriately. Fantasy, motion, independence, dependence you come and ask me and I say that I cannot explain it right now. And may be that you felt know giving question paper back to throwing that question paper back to me take your question paper now I am also not interested giving the medicine exam. I have asked for you for a clarification and you say no during examination I will not explain it. But then you do not have a choice because you know that you run a higher risk if you showed this type of an emotion. So even though you felt throwing the question paper on my face you said that you go back and take your seat and inwardly you feel all my fantasies and emotions are now directed towards you. But I do not have a choice but to write the answer to the question and know it saves us a lot because know the moment you look at expressions of others you realize that find what the other person experiencing and accordingly you can tame your own reactions. And therefore you try to minimize conflicts as far as possible. Now behavioral reactions what we have talked here was know that physiological behavioral expressive and subjective experiences. Now we will drop three of them we are now exclusively looking at the behavioral reaction because we are into the psychology class right now. Had this been a physiological psychology class then we would have gone to the first one first know the physiological reactions. But we are primarily now banking on the behavioral reactions and since the slide we would only and only talking about the behavioral reactions. Now behavioral reactions they directly govern our approach or avoidance reactions. Now I decide to approach you I decide to go away from you and that primarily know decides in the long run know how would be the relationship what type of relationship finally we would maintain. So are we going to have a stronger bond between the two of us or is it that we would have a very weak bond between two of us or is it that now onwards we are strangers and we will not interact at all. And primarily it is the behavioral reaction which also would decide in the long run the adjustment level of both the people who were put in that very situation. Somebody with whom you had a terrible fight and you decided to remain enemy forever. Somebody with whom you had a terrible fight and then you understood that there is nothing so beautiful in retaining the fight. But there is a beauty in understanding each other and becoming friends and you decide to become friends rather becoming enemies. You have a terrible fight with somebody and then you decide that fine know there is no beauty in fighting each other. But I do not appreciate your view point and you do not appreciate my view point and hence we remain separated completely insulated from each other. We will not interact with each other at all. All such possibilities exist. So basically these behavioral reactions will primarily decide whether you would approach that individual or you would try to withdraw from that individual. It could be for a given situation also whether you would approach certain type of situation or whether you would try to stay away from certain type of situations. Later on when we come to that self-assessment session that I had promised as part of this course. At that time we would also be you would yourself would self-administer a test which is primarily designed to measure social anxiety in you. And one of the components of social anxiety is the fear of negative evaluation. I as an individual feel I will not go in that situation because people would start judging me. Say if I ask you anybody who would like to share one experience here many of you would hesitate coming to this side of the desk. The reason being when you are on that side you feel still it is a safer place for you. The moment you come here you realize that everybody is looking at me. There is a default assessment that takes place. And you do not want to be under scrutiny by so many people and therefore you say even though you want to say something you will keep quiet after the lecture is over you quietly come and ask the question. This is a very common practice because you keep thinking twice thrice how to ask a question in front of others because others will start thinking array you could not even understand this also. I understood it long back before coming to the class. So, this is important behavioral reactions because the whole of withdrawal and avoidance the whole of the reaction in terms of whether you would approach whether you would avoid in the coming days that would be decided by your behavioral reactions in the long run. Coming back to emotion since the time of Darwin there has been long debate in terms of identifying what are the basic emotions or is there a component of universality in emotion. This is a very old debate now it has been resolved thankfully. Basic emotion means emotions which by default will stay in all human beings. Universality of emotion means whether you are here or in some other part of the globe but you would certainly display your emotions this way. So, that would be the universality and there were many models. Now, the understanding is that we have six basic emotions as human beings. So, whether you are in India whether you are in some other country or even if you have been born at a very isolated place still you would have know these basic emotions. Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust these are our six basic emotions. Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust fine. Rest of the emotions they are considered to be a combination of two of them. There are few more emotional experiences but they are considered to be the intensification of these basic emotions or they are supposed to be the by product of combination of two of these basic emotions. We would not go into those composite emotions we would not go into those you know intensified versions of emotional basic emotions. There is a very beautiful theory given by Plutchik where he talks about all this you know where he talks about the folding it is like say unfolding of the petals. So, say if you have a leaf of a flower you unfold it once you unfold it twice. So, he has taken all basic emotions first level of intensified reaction second level of intensified reaction and. So, you have the whole sphere and then he also talks about combinations when x 1 and x 2 combines then what happens when x 1 and x 3 combines then what happens x 2 and x 3 then what happens beautiful beautiful theory but we are not right now going into those theories. Another important way of looking at emotion was in terms of certain major attributes major attributes like valency of the emotion. So, we have six basic emotions now talk in terms of valency of emotion valency would be you divide emotion into two clusters positive emotions and negative emotions happiness is a positive emotion surprise is a positive emotion sadness fear anger discuss they are all negative emotions. So, one way of looking at emotion could be the valency of emotion second important way of looking at emotion could be the directionality of emotion directionality means whether that emotion makes you approach or avoid the situation happiness what type of emotion is it it is an approach emotion I feel happy being here therefore, I would come at 8 o clock tomorrow also approach emotion this type of situation makes you very sad come on here you try to stay away from that situation. Happiness approach sadness will repel you are angry is also an approach emotion you feel angry and then you feel directly going to the source of anger and express it in the full blown shape if you calculate that the risk is worth taking if you calculate that the risk is not worth taking then instead of you know reacting to that particular individual you show some other form of aggressive retaliation what forms that we would come after two modules when we will exclusively talk about aggression and how it affects adjustment. So, valency directionality and again if you see here directionality the approach and avoidance once again comes here. So, behavioral reaction will always have this thing by default there is a very interesting no proposition it is called eco cultural framework given by Barry and later on revised in 2002 by Barry and his colleagues which talks about three kinds of incidental influences sorry three kinds of and antecedental influences first the ecological indices to the socio-political indices and third the aggregate psychological characteristics. Once again we are not going into any of these theories any of these framework, but this is just to say know that you still have certain major factors which influences your behavioral reactions in a given situation and these behavioral reactions will in turn trigger a set of reactions the other person in the environment will react back to you this in turn will demand you to react in certain way and this chain might get triggered this could be one possibility. The other possibility is that your reaction meets some type of buffer reaction wherein your native reaction gets diffused and therefore there is no retaliation from the other end and you are very easily accommodated with all type of behavioral reactions that you have shown. Now, looking at emotion and adjustment together the relationship between you know emotion and adjustment in terms of how emotion helps you adjust in a given situation and also in terms of how it finally facilitates your subjective well being it has also been very well studied in behavioral sciences. The quality of adaptation shown by an individual is proportionate to the happiness one derives in life and overall life satisfaction. This means that your own qualification as an individual to adapt to a given type of situation that is directly proportionate to how much of satisfaction and happiness you would derive in life. I think last week beautiful piece of research has come forward which says that you must have heard the famous proverb that money cannot buy you happiness famous proverb. Banking on this the researchers based on their empirical data says that money cannot buy you happiness directly, but with the help of money if you buy things for others that in turn can make you happy they got the point. It is a very interesting research know that you have money you can afford to buy things for others and hence you buy things for others and you derive happiness out of it. So, money has not led you to buy happiness directly, but indirectly you can still derive happiness. It is something like say you buy crackers and you know burst them you derive happiness out of it. The second possibility where you buy crackers and some of the crackers you give it to others who do not have crackers with them and you watch them now blowing it and their happiness in turn induces sense of happiness within you. I am sure at railway stations it is a very common site you buy some food stuff for you and somebody comes asking you begging you for food. I am sure all of you must have seen that if you have traveled by train and know many times that urge comes from within know that you just took the plate and here is somebody know with folded hand ask you for food and instead of taking food yourself you give the whole plate to that individual you buy another plate for yourself. And the happiness that you derive out of it is know far greater than the satisfaction you would have otherwise derived while consuming that food yourself and saying that this go from here. So, primarily it is again know your ability to adapt in a given situation whether it is know adaptation demands you to little know neutralize your own emotions whether it asks you to intensify your emotion or whether it asks you to mask your emotions. But I will take one example of each of them, but what happens that this know adaptation finally makes others and you yourself realize that fine I have proven my know ability as an individual to appropriately respond in this situation people would appreciate you would also feel satisfied. Taking the first example know where you intensify your emotional reaction you have gone to board your train and you realize that the compartment where your birth lies is has been occupied by others. And your request does not fetch you the desired result know you tell them that this is a result seat for me and the same. So, sit somewhere the person who is occupying your seat does not leave that very seat it is also a very common type of a thing know in certain parts of this country and suddenly you intensify your emotion. You burst and the person who is occupying your seat realizes that there is no point still retaining the seat. So, let me vacate it says now you take your seat else, but there is no point showing anger like this now. I was just sitting because you did not come and then he leaves the seat you get your desired outcome your outcome is based on the intensification of the emotion. Second type of situation where you realize that there is a need to neutralize your emotion the person occupying your seat seems to be much billwilt has couple of arms and ammunitions with him can show you know all types of things that you would otherwise never think of experiencing in life. You just request him and he says go away from here do not even show me a ticket I can show you 100 tickets like this and then he says why do not you sit there and even though you feel no retaliating you decide not to intensify your emotion. You decide not to show your anger and rage because your calculation says that you yourself might be at the recipient and if there is a fight between two of you. Therefore, you quietly occupy a seat which is next to it you do not argue and there could be third situation where you mask your emotion masking of emotion means the inward emotion is something else, but outwardly you put some other emotion over it you look at the person say you are sitting please no problem you can sit here I book sits for others only you please keep sitting here. So, you did not even think of neutralizing your feeling rather you thought of masking it putting another emotion over your original feeling. We do all these things in our life at times we show our proportionate reactions at times we intensify our reactions at times we mask our reactions at times we neutralize our emotions because we realize that in this given situation this is what is prudent this is what will give me the best result and therefore, you do it and because you have calculated that this will give you the best possible result and you get back therefore, you derive happiness out of it that I finally got what I wanted you derive a sense of satisfaction and once again this all this feeling of happiness and satisfaction that you derive out of your ability to adapt in a given situation it positively affects your subjective well-being your own feeling of how good you are how happy you are that experience increases. Now, emotion has certain biological universals, but what makes it significant for adjustment process is the socio-cultural variability. So, there are biological universals know that this emotion will have this this emotion will have this, but then what you realize that there are variation in terms of the socio-cultural demands and it is basically the variance in the socio-cultural needs in given situations which finally, puts you under some type of pressure that your emotion needs to be like this. Now, you can broadly divide know society like the individualistic society and collective society. Now, few societies such as the agricultural society they lay emphasis on the compliance whereas, other societies know might cherish independence know. For example, our society requires more and more of compliance where major say stakeholder stakeholder who has otherwise more power and authority invested in him or her decide certain things and then people try to comply to it you go to a shopping mall and then the wife says that why do not we have the kids says that why do not we go to those know through the fun zone where we can have some toys to play and you as the major stakeholder in the family says no we will all go to this you take the third direction and you realize that very quickly the other members of the family will comply to you. The wife might say how irritating this person is I feel having bhel poody and he is not even allowing me to have it. The kids might feel that how boring my father is that he is not even allowing us to play in the fun zone, but the fact remains that both of them they comply to what you have finally decided. This is at the small unit the family level at the social level also there is great degree of compliance and compliance to even absurd practices also. You remember when we were talking about normality we had taken that example of know making the small babies fall from the rooftop of a place of worship. Now this is absurd practice, but you comply to it. Tomorrow we would continue and we would look at know the conformity and compliance factor. We will try to look at know the difference of practice between the individualistic and collectivist culture and if possible we will see two three visuals to make out that in this collectivist society like ours. There could be conformity and compliance even to certain weird type of practices and we do not question it because we show heightened degree of compliance.