 First of all, just to sort of recap, that conservation organisations and agencies use a whole variety of approaches to the conservation of poverty in the sites. These range from changing the behaviour of communities towards conservation through education and outreach programmes to changing the practice of conservation, so they involve the communities in conservation through community concert areas, the NRF and so on. And also, from looking at finding alternatives to the resources that conservationists are concerned about, alternative forms of protein rather than bush meat, alternative sources of energy rather than environment, to generating benefits from those resources that are concerned. So payment through environmental services and this is where tourism fits in. So it's just more of a range of strategies. Specific examples of interventions that conservation organisations are involved in including tourism. A job creation, whether that's in the formal sector or in the informal sector, income generation, providing primary health and family planning, providing the subsistence needs, addressing human wildlife conflict, building skills and capacity and improving governance and encounterment. Ape tourism is by far the most common approach for generating financial benefits at a local level and within the remit of Ape tourism you can include some of these examples. It includes job creation, it includes income generation, it can even include health and family planning. So just very briefly, and before those in Africa will be aware of this, but all the benefits of the Asians, just a quick overview of the nature and scale of Ape tourism in Africa. There are four species of grey tape in Africa, volobos, tulpansies, western gorillas and eastern gorillas. Eastern gorillas include the mountain gorillas that are at the high profile tourist attraction, western gorillas include the island western gorillas and cross river gorillas. They're distributed across 21 range states, and it's interesting to note that the majority of these range states are not made to tourism destinations. So this is a map of the distribution of apes. You can't read the key, the pinky colour is chimpanzees and gorillas. The pale green is volobos. The pale brown is just chimpanzees and the dark green is just gorillas. Tourism, a country of high tourism arrivals by contrast in Africa are the Mediterranean African countries, the Morocco, Tunisia and southern African countries. Nigeria and Kenya, featuring those two arrivals, get not to the same degree as the Mediterranean African countries in the southern African countries. So you can see immediately that there's not an obvious overlap between the really popular tourism destinations and those countries that have got grey tape populations. Any of the last HR major tourist attractions in a number of countries, they're most significant in countries with mountain gorillas. Specifically Rwanda and Uganda, but also DRC, but possibly less so in DRC because of the problems about the conflict in the country and the sea stability of the country and the accessibility of the gorillas to tourists. Rwanda and Uganda are the countries where gorilla tourism is most well known and where its economic impacts have been most of my documentaries. There's been a slower development of western gorilla tourism. A lot of this is to do with the degrees in which they can be invituated, but also to do with the accessibility of tourism sites. So this was telling me that there are only two sites with invituated western gorillas in the Republic of Congo and in the Central African Republic. But there's been some interest in trying to do this in Nigeria, but it's something that's not yet taken off. Chympanzis, the main sites of Chympanzis, tourism are Tanzania and Uganda. This has also started up in Rwanda and in sites in western Central Africa, so for example Cote d'Ivoire. But again this is nothing like as popular or as profitable as gorilla tourism. And Bonobos, Bonobos only live in DRC, tourism in DRC is complicated anyway, but Bonobos tourism is just starting up with support from African Wildlife Foundation and the Bonobos Conservation Initiative, whether this is something that really takes off, we don't yet know. So the limitations of a range of states for tourism and the possibilities of developing this further in these countries, the huge issue is political stability. This isn't just related to ape tourism, but tourism in general is renowned for being an industry which fluctuates hugely and is hugely dependent on stability and is hugely affected by, for example, terrorist attacks, by conflict, by other issues. So in countries there's a huge number of African, a range states which aren't perceived to be particularly stable or to have issues and that will be a real deterrent for international tourists. There's also an issue of transport connections, destinations that you can fly to directly from the tourist originating country and far more attractive than those that you can't fly to directly. And if it's easy to get from your airport arrival to the site where apes are, then again that increases the attractiveness of that destination. So some of these factors that are mainly deterrents to international tourists aren't necessarily deterrents for local tourists, but local tourists don't tend to have the money to spend international tourists. So again when you're talking about ape tourism and you're talking about having very small numbers of tourists limited to group sizes, then you really need to go for a high-end market and put up with your pricing level of tourists out of the market. There's also an issue about accessibility of ape habitats and by nature these tend to be in remote areas, in dens and forested areas and it's actually very difficult to get tourists into some of these locations. And as I mentioned before, it's a limited presence of convictivated groups of apes. So major impacts though, ape tourism has made clear contributions to the national economy of some countries. We've made a new reminder in Uganda and it's a prominent feature of their poverty reduction strategies. And my colleagues from Rwanda in Uganda will go into the case studies on those countries. I think it's fair to say that the impacts, even if the impacts on poor countries might be significant, the impacts on poor people are possibly less clear. So a specific poverty of hacks, positive ones include employment, jobs that are hugely important for poor people, small enterprise, development, revenue sharing, from park entry fees and from joint ventures with tourism companies where you can get a share of the bed nights. And then also the provision, the sheer provision of tourism infrastructure and services, so transport links, communications and health services. These can also be extended to poor people and can have significant benefits. And also the maintenance of the natural resource space, which is essential for eco-tourism, is positive for poor people because they rely so much on the natural resource space. But it's only a positive poverty impact if you can assure access of poor people to that natural resource space. So if tourism means excluding people from the area in which apes live more than they previously would have been excluded, then you're obviously going to have a negative impact on poverty there. Other negative impacts are increased law enforcement, restricting their line of events in the short term. Quite often problems with how tourism is distributed, so that often the richer members of the community capture those benefits rather than the poorer members of the community. And increased human wildlife conflict evapes are evictuated, they are less scared of humans and there's a possibility of more infringement into agricultural lands and more problems for the poor people that live in these lands. Thinking about the contribution that tourism makes to poverty alleviation, this is a list of interventions that work for poverty drawn from experience in the development sector, so very broadly. It's focused around four key areas that are considered to be essential for alleviating poverty. First is all about building poor people's assets and income through employment and through their ability to generate income through standards and services. But also building non-financial assets and increasing their access to land and resources and increasing the productivity of those resources. The second key area that's important is providing infrastructure services that help poor people, particularly that reduce their risks or help mitigate the impact of risks. The third one is all about securing their safety nets, securing social safety nets, ensuring food security and so on. And the fourth one is about increasing the voice of poor people, so empowering them, having them have a voice within national political structures locally, nationally and so on. So you can look at the kind of interventions that are associated with ape tourism and how these compare with this broader experience in the development sector. And you can see that ape tourism can contribute to each of these poor areas of importance. So firstly, maintaining restoring and enhancing poor people's natural asset base, i.e. the natural resources on which they're dependent, generating jobs, generating revenues, supporting small enterprises. For each of these areas, I'll go through the whole table for the sake of time, and you can see that tourism can really play a part in contributing to each of these, so really can make a contribution to poverty alleviation. There are a number of factors that affect the degree to which this contribution to poverty alleviation really does happen there. The first of these is the scale of poverty, and I'm sure as a colleague from a random report, it's really difficult to have a meaningful impact in areas where you've got huge populations of poor people. Even if one particular tourism enterprise is hugely successful, if it's surrounded by hundreds of thousands of poor people, then the capital impact is quite limited. Secondly, the commercial viability of tourism, as I've said before, many ape habitats are necessarily remote and undeveloped, and it's just not viable, so it's going to have a limited impact. And it can actually raise unrealistic expectations if poor people think that if they look at a success story somewhere else and think that that's replicable in their location and just don't take account of the conceptual need to have a viable tourism market. The third issue is the local capacity to engage. You know, you can't just assume that poor people have free time on their hands to engage in tourism enterprises. If it conflicts with their agricultural learning and good strategies, then it's just not going to be viable for them. Apart from time, many other people lack the necessary skills to engage effectively in tourism. You often need language skills and some kind of basic training to be able to engage in tourism enterprises, and these skills are quite important here. And fourthly, the capacity of conservation organisations and tourism organisations to ensure that benefits do contribute to poverty and alleviation, so that they're targeted at poorest people. They're helping to avoid a weak capture. And also the skills within these organisations and business skills to develop a successful tourism enterprise. You need quite serious business skills to develop any kind of enterprise, and cut from this is lacking amongst NGOs. There's many ways in which tourism can, however, be made more pro-poor and lots of things that tourism organisations, whether they're NGOs, tourism ministries, protected areas, whatever, can do to really try and increase the impact that they have on poor people. So the first of these is to recognise that people who live in and around tourism areas are not homogeneous. There are huge differences in levels of wealth, and if you really want to target, if you really want to make a poverty impact, then you need to think about how to target benefits at the forest. Development experience shows that targeting women and targeting children really does make a difference. The next issue is addressing the potentially negative impacts of strictly enforced protected areas, and making sure that there is some kind of access to resources that poor people are dependent on, and if it really is necessary to pick them out of protected areas, then to ensure there's compensation for that lack of access. Another point is about developing more transparent and equitable benefits sharing mentalisms, and generating realistic benefits. Poor people see huge amounts of money coming into a location, of course, a guerrilla tourism or chimpanzee tourism, and they see only a small amount of that wealth into the local community. They need to understand why, you know, that some of that money, that there are huge costs associated with tourism, so some of the money is going to offset that cost, and they need to understand what's the realistic level of benefits that they can expect to achieve. Another strategy is to target training opportunities and employment opportunities that poor people, rather than necessarily those that are put forward for jobs and training, in order to fight off the better connected in communities. It's a simple strategy to have a policy to put this in place. There's going to be food for lodges, guides, the use of the taxi services, and so on, but by those they're going to be rather than buying anything outside. And equally, tourism organisations can encourage visitors to use their services. To promote, they can promote closed space, they can direct visitors towards handicrafts, outlets, and towards local services such as transport. And there's another opportunity always to provide the opportunity for tourists to make philanthropic donations to local communities. Quite often just providing donation boxes in hotels and other protected areas is a really good way. And tourists like to feel when they're making a direct contribution to the people that they're living around tourist areas. So a quick summary of overall conclusions. First of all, I think it's really important to recognise that there are many ethnic habitats, but most of these, tourism is not a viable option. In locations where it is a viable option, tourism jobs and revenue have seriously reduced poverty for some people in some places. And beyond the jobs and money, I think it's also important to recognise these overlooked local benefits which tourism can bring, which can contribute to poverty alleviation. So conservation of the natural resource space I think is a key one, but also these benefits of extending the infrastructure that tourism brings with it to local communities. It's a really major, it can have a really major impact having better communications, better transport, better access to healthcare because there's a nurse on site to treat tourists that can also help to be available to local communities. It's also important to recognise that tourism is not about its costs for local people and that these must be recognised. But finally looking on the positive side, so much can be done to make tourism more grateful than it currently is and many of those things are very simple strategies that anybody can adopt.