 Okay. A very good afternoon to everyone. Welcome to today's live and in this live we are going to be talking about how to score full marks in literary theory and we are doing this life from the perspective of the UDC net December 2023. So as you all know that it is about a month you know the exam is just a month from now and I am really really you know worried that how are you going guys going to prepare for literary theory because a lot of students are messaging that they haven't started literary theory. So I thought that why not do a live where I take you through the entire literary theory and give you a quick revision of literary theory and I also tell you how you can revise it very very quickly so that you are all pumped up and all ready to score full marks in the UDC net December 2023. So before I move ahead just want to do a quick check if the audio is working and you guys can see my screen. So if yes please put that in the comment section below so that you know we can start with the live. Okay. So if you guys can hear me clearly and can also see my screen please put that down in the comments below and then we can start with today's topic. Okay. So yes Odinja Adhikari says yes ma'am I can see Chandan I can see Manasi I guess I can see noble teachers Raj all okay great. So now that everything is all set let us dive into the topic in today's lesson we are going to be covering a few things I have listed them down below. So if you can see we will be covering about six to seven topics today wherein the first topic will be some common myths related to literary theory and why students are so afraid of this particular topic. Then we are going to look at what is literary theory and how is it different from criticism. We'll also look at the major literary theories and how we are going to approach these literary theories and then I'm going to give you two examples of formalism and deconstruction and we'll see that how do you understand the basics about these literary theories and how are these literary theories even helping research scholars in getting out new interpretations from the texts. So as I always do just want to give you a time check today is 29th of October 2023 it is Sunday and the time right now is 11 32 a.m. So any of you feel that this is a pre-recorded video just want to tell you that I am right now live on the YouTube channel and as I've mentioned that you know we'll be covering these topics. So let's dive into the first very important topic which is some common myths related to literary theory. So I have seen a lot of students you know having a lot of students have in their mind is that they find that literary theory is very difficult. So which is not taught in a lot of colleges and universities neither at the graduation level nor at the post-graduation level. So the teachers are not explaining it in a way that the students can absorb the material just like they do for texts like Shakespeare dramas or Jane Austen or Virginia Woolf. So studying those texts are way more easier than studying literary theory because number one we know how to approach a text since we have done our graduation and post-graduation in literature. So we know that we need to know about the background of the writer. We need to know the summary. We need to know the characters, themes. On the other hand if we look at literary theory so the major problem that arises is that students don't know from where to start and how to approach. Second very important point that I want to mention is that literary theory has a big myth that a lot of students find that this is coming from a different humanity. For example Marxism hedge a literary theory which comes from sociology. Then there is another literary theory which is psychoanalytical criticism which is coming from psychology. So you are a English literature student you are not exposed to a lot of other humanities branches but literary theory you have to be well versed with the basics of all these different humanities branches. So that is the reason why I feel that a lot of students find it a little difficult to absorb and grasp the material. Another very big problem students face is the books that are there for literary theory. So just like I have given you this image of beginning theory. So if we look at the beginning theory just a second let me start the pointer. So when we read the book of beginning theory which is Peter Berry's very famous book it is said to be the bible of literary theory. If you know Peter Berry's literary theory beginning theory then that is how you you know get a basic idea about what literary theories are. So that is the first fundamental book that anybody should read. Now when I was preparing for UGC net for the first time back then in 2017 I was in master's first year at that time. So when I read this book I did not understand 70% of the book in spite of the fact that I was a university topper. I was a gold medallist of Rajasthan University in spite of that because beginning theory was something that is written in a little bit of scholarly language. So again that book is also a little easier than beginning theory but still it is not something that people can understand in like one go. It is not Harry Potter that you read the first book and you understood it. So what I feel is that rather than just going by one book that your friend has recommended or that your teacher has recommended you have to see what appeals to you what is your learning language and what which book or which material complements with your you know learning style because at the time of reading a book you start and you don't understand it. So a lot of students are like no no I have to read this book so I don't understand it. So I will read page to page end to end. Cover to cover. That doesn't make any sense if you are not able to understand the language if you are not able to comprehend it then it is just going to be a waste of time. So here one thing that I would want to suggest to each one of you is that please choose a book if you want to choose a book for literary theory. Please choose a book that you can easily understand. But the reason why there are so many other books in the market is because they don't put questions from one book. They put questions from a general theory. If you know the theory you will be able to answer it. So I hope this is clear if yes please put that in the comment section below so that I can continue. So the problem is that there are a lot of South Indian students who ask me to speak in English then there are a few students from North India who says speak in Hindi. So it is very very difficult for me to like do justice to these two diagonally opposite set of people but I hope I am trying to explain it in a way which is I am using a little bit of Hindi and English so bilingual karke I am just trying to do justice to both the sections. Okay great so now let us come to the first topic which is what is literary theory. So as you can see I have given this image which is basically glasses and in glasses you are reading a text. Now these glasses are what this is literary theory. So imagine literary theory as a pair of glasses through which you will view the text you are reading. Okay now what is it? It is lenses through which you look at a novel. Now let me tell you a very very simple example. Suppose you go to a lens card store and you want to buy sunglasses for yourself. Now there are different kinds of sunglasses there are pink colored pink shades glasses then there there are brown shade glasses there are black shades glasses. So whenever you put any one colored glass on your face you will see that suddenly your whole world is in that color. If you put on pink colored glasses so you will see the whole world in a pinkish tone. On the next moment you switch to brown colored glasses. Now the world is same. The lighting in the lens card store is the same but whatever color you wear you will see. This is a very simple analogy by which you can understand what literary theory is. So literary theory basically says that there are lenses from which you look at a novel. It helps in bringing multiple interpretations of the same text. I will give you an example. So all of us have read Mansfield Park a very very famous book by Jane Austen. Now when you read Mansfield Park there are n number of themes which are hidden inside the story. So the main theme as we all know is about the love story. Then there is another theme which is about Fanny Price and Fanny Price growing up as an individual. She becomes more confident more independent. She has a voice towards the end of the novel which is not there in the beginning of the novel. So she kind of grows and evolves as a character. So if you are just looking at Fanny Price and her journey as a kid and how she grows up. So you look at her psyche. You look at the kind of challenges she was facing as a child. How did she overcome them. What were the other limiting beliefs that she had in her mind. So psychoanalytical criticism. I am going to come to that. I am just trying to explain you in a very general way about literary theories and how you can use literary theory to become a scholar to derive multiple interpretations from the same text. So coming back to the Mansfield Park novel. So one way to look at Mansfield Park is to look at Fanny Price and her character and also looking at different all the other characters and trying to see what is going on in their minds. So when you try to dig deeper into their brain, their internal motivations and a lot of other things. What you are doing is you are basically inclining towards the psychoanalytical school of criticism which comes from psychology. Okay and you try to understand characters, behavior, motivations behind actions and stuff like that. So you are looking at the whole novel in just one way. On the other hand suppose there you decide to look at Mansfield Park from psychoanalytical school of criticism. There is another friend of yours who decides that I would want to look at Mansfield Park and see how they were talking about the Victorian values and class conflicts and all of that. So Marxism literary theory, he is going to read the same novel but he is going to keep on searching for evidences and facts and quotations where Marxism, class conflict, divide between the rich and poor, all of that was visible. Then there is another friend who is like you look at my psychoanalytical theory, I am interested in Marxism. It appeals to me post-colonial literary theory. I want to read more about how colonization happened and how was that affecting the colonized and the colonizers. So colonized states and the colonizers affect the mindsets of both of them. So he looks at the post-colonial lens. In Mansfield Park there are episodes which I have mentioned that Fanny is shocked to see the response of Thomas Bertram who is the main protagonist with the head of the family. So Thomas Bertram as we all know he goes to Africa and tries to expand his business there. So there is an episode where he talks about slave trade and what just casual attitude ke saath meh slave trade ke baare meh bolte hain when Fanny hears that she is very shocked and surprised to know ki koi itna casual kese ho sata hai. Keti aur ki suffering sa aapko fara ke nahi padara hai and you feel it is the norm of the society to have somebody who is dominating the other cult. So yeh ja poora exchange of dialogues hai, this actually opens another door, another way you can interpret the same text. So teen logone alag alag literary theory use karke ekhi text ko padke alag alag interpretations nikalhe that is the beauty of literary theory. Agar literary theory nahi hota to kahe na kahe, haam saab text ko bahot general way se studi kar rahe hota jese sab karte hain. Haam ek text ko ek novel ko padte and normally padke haam usse duck dete. Haam ek story pata hoti ek summary pata hoti. But the beauty of literature is that you can find out so many meanings and so many interpretations and the text is open ended. Even though Jane Austen died way back, aaj bhi Mansfield Pakko padke aap kitne number of interpretations nikal sakte hain. That is possible just because of literary theory. Okay, so yeh look at the text from New Horizons, har baar nahi literary theories ati hai, udne use karke aap ekhi text ko alag alag dimensions me dekhate. Now, I want to do a very simple exercise with all of you. So there are these two movies that I've mentioned below, Bollywood movies hai. Zindagi na milegi dobara, very famous movie which talks about adventure and how to live life in the moment kaap idiom ki theme hai. And then there is another very famous movie which came a few months back, Rocky and Rani ki Premkani. If you guys have seen it, Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt is there. Karan Johar was the director of the movie. So yeh two movies jo hain, they have so many different underlying themes which we kind of neglect. Haam ek movie jab dekhte hain. The reason why Zindagi na milegi dobara three idiots or Chakde India are still one of the evergreen movies that we always want to re-watch is because it doesn't have just a story. There are so many underlying meanings which sometimes people are not able to see. But as literature students, we can look at the movie from various different angles. So I would want you to comment below and tell me if you guys can find out a few episodes from these two movies or I am putting this question as a, I am just putting it as a very open-ended question. Any other Bollywood or Hollywood movie you can think of which has a very dominant or underlying theme which you can connect with literary theory and can let me know. So only after getting a few responses from you I will be able to understand whether I was able to make you understand what literary theory actually is. Okay so let me see if you guys can you know help me find out new insights about these Bollywood movies. So any other Bollywood movie or Hollywood movie you want to take, life is beautiful, there is Dead Poet Society, then there is for that matter if you go back in time. So there were so many amazing movies that were also made on different books. So I would even you know love to know if you have watched a movie which was based on any any famous book and if you can also find out some interpretations from there. Okay Monali Ash says Gangubai Kathiawadi, Bhaji Ramasthani. Yeah so these are amazing movies. I would want you to tell me if you guys can use any one literary theory to any movie for example Dear Zindagi, Bhaji Ramasthani, Gangubai Kathiawadi and you can tell me how that literary theory helped you to find a new dimension or a new horizon of that particular text or movie. Mardani, Feminism. Right so Noble Teacher Raj says Mardani a very famous movie Rani Mukherjee which has a very very dominant team of feminism. Satya Prem Ki Katha is also a crucial movie on exploring the concept of date rape and consent. So it explores the concept of date rape and consent but the problem is that how do you attach a literary theory to it. So you have very beautifully talked about that there is this underlying theme a social message that was portrayed or communicated to Satya Prem Ki Katha but how can you you know apply a literary theory which what will be the name of the literary theory that you will apply in order to talk more about this issue. Shubham, yes I would want to know from you to Viga Jameen Marxism. I have not seen to Viga Jameen so sorry. Then there is Pink movie right Pink is again a very beautiful movie which talks about feminism and feminism to a point that it actually talks about the fourth wave of feminism and how things have drastically changed but the patriarchal mindset is still stuck there it is not able to change at the same speed at which the females are and the feminism is progressing. Two states nationalism absolutely Monali Ash a very good example two states nationalism ke baare mein baat uriye imagine communities ke baare mein baat uriye you can also talk about it from an angle of Marxism I guess because kain na kain if you look at two states as a movie class conflict bhi hai thoda thoda it is more about definitely it is more about nationalism and how ek hi country ke under there are sectors but agar a post-colonial bhi thoda sa theory ko agar thoda sa foreground mein leke aata toh we find out ki marginalized communities ki jo baat uriye usko bhi hain is sector is this movies attach kar satte hain Ravan post-modernism chapak yes shruti Singh says chapak again a very classic example of feminism chapak a wonderful movie which talks about so many so many multi-dimensional layers of feminism is hidden in that movie the great Indian kitchen has feminist interpretation because the kitchen seeing filth and the sink the everyday life especially the where she talks about table manners shubhangi tripati says very nice I think again you have used feminist interpretation to look at how kitchen is is objectified as a place where females are supposed to be and how everything related to kitchen somewhere is connected to the identity of a female so see it's been just five seven seconds since five seven minutes that we've been talking about this topic and if you now look at your psyche if you can just look inside your brain for a minute and see that how just this discussion helped you to look at so many different movies to remember the movies that you've recently watched and look at it from so many different angles abh agar hain sir fek bar ke li pause kar ke yeh deke ki aaj agar if I tell you ki okay today on a sunday I would want you to watch any one movie which you've always liked and just try to look at each individual scene and try to see if you can apply any literary theory you can apply a concept and see ki kaheena kaheen director ne kuch aur communicate karne ke koshish ki thi lekin humne shay those movie ko maa superficially dekhaan we neglected the message that the that the director would very silently trying to see you know sweep inside your brain so that is the beauty and the art of using literary theory I hope the concept was clear now let's move on to the next important topic which is the overview of the famous literary theories okay overview of the major literary theories we'll see so these are few very very famous literary theories now I would want to show you something okay so if you go to my website arpathakarva.com and you go to the course syllabus section there is module number seven which is literary theory if you go here you will find that I have mentioned all the literary theories and all the important writers who are attached to that literary theory who were who were who did some really significant contribution in this field so to begin with the literary study starts with new criticism as I've mentioned and then it goes on to formalism structuralism post-structuralism post-modernism psychoanalytical criticism archetypal reader response feminism Marxism news daudicism cured theory eco criticism and psycho post-colonial criticism so if you see these are the major literary theories that you should be well acquainted with if you want to clear UGC net it's ke alawa kuch nahi hai most of the students struggle with this thing that they don't know that con con se literary theory padna hai because your books hai us me kaibar kuch hoti jade literary theory is missing hai let's let me give you a very simple example so most of the literary theory books have Marxism but new historicism missing hota hai ya boh kisi all literary theory apart hota hai jase cure jo hai cure theory jo hai it is now coming under gender studies so gender studies aaj ka liye kaya term find boh wai so rather than talking about feminism we are saying ke gender studies kar ke kambrela term hai jiske andar ke parts hai cure theory feminism in a lot of other literary theories that revolves around gender and gender fluidity and sex and all of that so ye jitne bhi concept is koi kambrela term ke andar mein daal diya gaya hai so isi leh what is very very important is that you know the names of the major literary theories which will serve as a blueprint for you to understand kya mein kya padna hai and kya skip karna hai okay so these are few important literary theories you can get the list free of cost on arpathakarwa.com just go there go to the full concealable section module number seven literary theory you not just get the names of the literary theories but also the names of all the authors that you should be studying under these literary theories okay so if you have 30 days in your hand from now in if you want to cover literary theory end to end so if i just calculate three three six seven eight nine twelve fourteen so approximately fifteen literary theories a man ke jalt hai two days per literary theory if you give so within 30 days you'll be able to cover all the literary theories and two days per literary theory means if you can just devote two hours every day studying one literary theory so four to five hours me you'll be able to finish one literary theory just as simple as that the reason why i was telling you this that this is a myth is because humne kabhi bhi apne aapko literary theory se expose nahi ki hai toh humne sochki wo terms bohati um you know bohati difficult lakta hai bohati alien lakta hai ish liye aame lakta hai toh boh difficult hai jay se let me tell you one one very simple example life me anything that you don't try you feel it is very very difficult so there was a time when i did not know how to cook so for me cooking was a rocket science then there was a time jay mainin doh ting mainin lakke cooking sikhi kya basics hai then mujhe teen mainin baat samajh baan gaya kya chha basic liye kya hai there is a set of masala leh which will go in any particular cuisine aap indian poche bhi khaana baan aare ho you are cooking any kind of vegetables to lag bhak sa vegetables ka tarika similar hai there are there are specific spices that you'll put in chinese food vinegar hai soya sauce hai um you know organo aap dalte ho italian mein italian mein aap alapinos and bell peppers use katta toh her cuisine ke kut specific wo hai aur her cheese ko banane kya a specific tarika hai but unless until you don't try it aap ko door se rikte lakta hai aar ye toh bohati zyada difficult hai once you start making it you've made five seven times the same dish you know ki aaps hai aar itna kuch nahi tha it is just in my head so you know very similar fashion aap japta literary theories ka book start nahi karoge padna aap ko yeh ek particular theory pad nahi loghe tab tak aap ko yeh lakta rahe ga it is very difficult lekin abhi jay sa hum nahi itki baat kari i give you some simple examples of movies and how you can look at the same movie from different different angles this is literary theory aur kuch nahi hai ya aapke demak mein hai ki it is very very difficult aisa kuch nahi hai just howa vana rakh hai aapne apne demak mein agar aap yeh samaj le ki basic kya hai matab haar cheese ka base jay wo bohat simple hai life ke sabse difficult problems ko ki solutions bohat simple hota hai hum usse complicate karte kya humi lakta hai jitna difficult problem hai utna hii difficult uska solution ho nahi jitna difficult literary theory yo utne hii difficulti se utte hii bade book se aum hai padna ho gana hai literary theory jo hai usko agar aap bohat simple way mein samaj na chahain toh what's tif yeh hai jo mein hain bhi aapko bataya aap ek movie ke andar ek book ke andar aap kitne aalag-alag tari ke interpretations derived kar karte ho is what literary theory is all about ok so these are literary theories i told you a very simple way to uh you know approach all of them is by looking at each literary theories for two days doh doh gante apros deejay within two days you'll be able to finish one literary theory her literary theory ke andar kya padna hai is the next topic that we are going to touch upon so don't panic agar aapko lag rai ki achha structuralism doh din mein padna hai lakkin padna kya structuralism hai i'll tell you that as well ok now this is how you have to approach any literary theory ok so aapko koi di literary theory yo let's take the example of new criticism agar main aapko bohlu ke aapko four hours mein literary new criticism complete karna hai so what all things you have to study so the first thing is the name of the theory ye aapko pataon aachiye which is new criticism now the next topic is basic concepts pataon aachiye ki new criticism aakhe hai kya ok so new criticism aapko kuch aise concepts nikal kyaayenge intentional fallacy effective fallacy is type of concepts aapko pataon aachiye the third thing is name of the theorist so jitne bhi theorist hai new criticism kya andar boh aapko pataon aachiye and in theorist ke jo famous works ke naam hai boh aapko pataon aachiye ye poore ke poori cheez ko mein aapko dikhaon ghi mere khutke notes in order to tell you exactly ki aapko notes banane kais hai literary theory pe you can refer to any book you can refer to any youtube video you can even join any coaching class jaha pe aapko ye cheez ko boh simplified way mein bataya jata hai and then you can prepare your own notes ok so sabse bhi lai main dekha name of the theory jo aapko yaha se mil jayega new criticism is the name of the theory next is basic concepts boh kya hai boh main aapko pataon ghi then the name of the theorist yeh sare theorist hai William M. S. I. Richard's clean it brook f.r. livers will whimsat and beard slay R. P. Blackmore, Alan Tate, John Corransum and New York Aristotelian yeh isi theori ka ek subtheori hai ok so yeh sare jitne bhi important critics hai unke naam hai ye aapko mere website pe pre of cost mil jayega you will get all the names of the theory along with all the important writers associated to it so yeh doona cheez jata aapko mil ghi basic concepts and name of work jo hai yeh todah deeper cheez hai so when you study all these theorists individually aapko bataya churata hiin subtheorist ne koi na koi important theories bataya hai which forms the part of the basic structure of this literary theory and in theories ko inon yeh jin books me bataya hai doos books ka name aapko aapko alak se yad rafna zeroori hai jyese William M. S. ki do famous books hai seven types of ambiguity and Milton's god this have been asked multiple times in the exam now let us look at this part ki aapko examin questions kaha se aate so literary theory ke jo questions aapko basically three kinds ke hota first is either they'll ask you ki yeh chaar writers ke naam hai inne se kyon se writers kes theory ko bilong karthe so they'll give you one writer from let's say new criticism one writer from feminism one from Marxism and one from psycho analytical school of criticism and then they'll tell you ki now match the theorist with the with the theory okay so William M. sin belongs to new criticism this is how you have to match the following this is first set second set is they give you names of these theorists and the names of the book and they ask you to match the following ki yeh chaar writers hai alag alag literary theory ko bilong karthe and they tell you the names of their work for example they give you claudie livis straws they give you sigmond Freud they give you uh will gang eyes sir and they give you louis ultrusan and they ask you in chaar ke chaar books ke naam dedengan you have to match the following this is the second kind of question and the third kind of question is basically where they give you uh you know give you a assertion reason question or maybe a concept based question jaa pe wo kuch ek theory samjhainge and then on based of that concept based on that uh theory they ask you a question ki inme se konsa statement true hai ya konsa false so aapko understanding bhi ho na chahiye tabhi aap understanding base question solv kar paoge aapko kuch rattafication wale jo point sedge se names of these theorists and the names of their work yeh bhi pata ho na chahiye aapko suppose literary theory meh new criticism pata hai but aapke agar question mein aata hai ki militants god is a work written by whom aapko new criticism kya hai yeh pata hai but since you have not mugged up this information you will not be able to answer it so u gc net exam is not just a conceptual exam it is also an exam which caters to aapko kitne facts pata hai to aapko facts bhi pata ho na chahiye aapko understanding bhi ho na chahiye o spatula tabhi aap solve kar paoge so kisiye literary theory meh these are few things that you should understand name of the theory name of the theorist name of the works and basic concepts notes kese main aane aale tell you so this is a sample of my notes okay so new criticism hai i use ever notes as a software you can just go and type yaaphe main sabde krakh rahe par example formalism if you are a type so this is the second so what i have done is i have made these notes so introduction to feminism mein kya hai formalism kya hai wo main baata hai roman jacobson jo hai inke concept books important i have written those names of the book concepts in oni kya kya baata hai wo main likha hai and then i have also written this roman jacobson jo writer hai ya theorist hai ispe kisi type of questions jese victor shivoski hai so books kya hai ino ne concepts kya diye hai and pick this type of question aane okay similarly if i go to let's say marxism so marxism mein antonio gramski ka work concept important hai ino ne jo concept di it is hegemony aap baata important concept hai what is hegemony and then questions related to you know antonio gramski so aap deke ye jo ek question hai this was december 2013 mein puchagala question tha jis mein kya hai they have given identify the group of critical concepts that parenthically aligns with the concept is respective theorist so ino ne ek ek naam de diye there are so many theorists aur unke saath mein ino ne jo concepts ino ne diye wo de diye for example agar aap baat kare antonio gramski ka concept so yaha pe aapko dikhega they have written antonio gramski yaha pe ino ne antonio gramski ke saam ne ek galat concept ka naam diye correct concept kya aayin ye okay kyun kyun ki yaha pe hegemony is related to antonio gramski so these are the kind of questions that you get similarly louis ultruzer another theorist inke books kya hai concepts ino ne kya diya hai interpolation ka ek concept hai state apparatus ka concept hai and these are the questions so iss tarikeke notes mein mehne banaye thi jab mehne literary theory parna chalu kiya tha and this is how i also teach it in my course so if you go to my website courses dot arpat akarwa dot com flash learn you will find ki aam loka jo online course hai uske under there is a separate module that we teach in literary theory so this is module number 7 literary theory is mein jo aapko yaha pe list bhi gai hai same issi list se aapko her lecture pe her topic pe lectures milte and sixteen minutes twelve minutes ke lectures hai thirteen minutes eight minutes iss tarike lectures iss kya under haam ne ye puri cheese jo maini yaha pe banaye isko main aapko samchaya hai because aap jab iss ko mein padte hai to aapko koi baith samaj nahi aayega literary theory ka ek bohati you know ek bohati demerit mein jo bolu ye hai ki unless and until you don't understand it aapko koi bohat simple bhaasha mein nahi samjaya bhaith jaisi ki mein aabhi aapko yaha pe by giving the example of movies mein aapko literary theory kya hoti batane ki koshish kari agar aapko ye samaj aa gaya to aap ek bohat bada you know literary theory ke upar aap ek as aise padhoge to aapko samaj aa jayega because now you know the basic concept similarly koi bhi literary theory usko agar boh simple way mein simple examples ke through agar aapko samjaya jata hai to then it becomes a cake walk for you to understand jo bohati complicated language mein kisi book mein likha hai so that is what i try to do in my online course that i try to simplify it to a point ki aapko badi theory ko bohati simple way mein aapki life ke examples dete baapko samaj aa jayega ki actual mein hai kya ok now that we know ki hame how literary theory ko kaise approach kanna hai now this is something that you have to follow in case of any literary theory so be it formalism structuralism post structuralism now so this is the literary theory ka cause that we are offering so literary theory and criticism is a part of our online course for UGC night English literature so if you go to my website and you just go through the modulite syllabus se ye poora syllabus hai English literature UGC night English literature ka which is also valid for gate exam if you are planning to give gate exam so once you do this entire course then there is nothing else that you have to study because we have covered each and every topic in detail American literature ke saare poets, dramatists, essays, novelists sab ko chham padhate so ishi paree kya sa aapko har ek topic ko padhaya jaata hai so if you want to enrol in the course there is a specific discount which is going on which i am going to talk about towards the end of this video so you can definitely you know go and check out that now let us look at the difference between theory and criticism literary theory and literary criticism mein kya difference hai so literary criticism kya hu criticism examines a particular literary work or may look at an author's writing as a whole so if you remember all the critics that were there very very famous critics Samuel Johnson let's say so Samuel Johnson ne kya kya Samuel Johnson jab jab likh rahe the time when he was writing he tried to look at all the other literature important authors who wrote before him and he tried to analyze their works so he looked at their particular works or he looked at the author as a whole jesus Samuel Johnson has extensively read Shakespeare and he tried to find out that what was so good about what was so good about Shakespeare and what wasn't good about Shakespeare so he also looked at the concept of the Greek theater concept that unity of time space ho na chahiye okay so wo jo unitis hai jo three unitis ke baare mein Aristotle and Plato ne extensively baat kariye kya mo Shakespeare ke dramas mein thi ya nahi thi so what he did he looked at a particular work maybe one particular play of Shakespeare or he looked at Shakespeare as a writer and tried to see what are the merits and demerits of his work so criticism is about critiquing a piece of work uske pros and cons nikal na if i say i'm a movie critic whatever i do so suppose there is this movie so i'm going to look at that movie and i'm going to see it from different angles like let's say deduction kaisa hai production kaisa raha how are the how was the storyline what about the songs what about the makeup what about other elements of the movie themes kya the symbols kya use kare gaye hai what worked in the movie what did not work in the movie was there a character who did not play the role rightly or was there an episode or a piece of a movie which was stretched too much or was there something about the ending which was very very enlightening or very nicely done or very nicely written so i look at the entire movie and i try to see what was good and what was bad about the movie and that is how all the movie reviews work right so friday ko ja movie aati hai to saturday what happens is that there are movie critics who are going to throw the reviews out in the market that okay we give this movie four out of five stars why because these these were the things which were extremely well but then this this this is something where the movie could have could have performed better but could not right so that was that is literary criticism now how is it different from literary theory so literary theory helps in bringing multiple interpretations of the same text and they are trying to come up with different interpretations that is what literary theory is all about literary theory is not about critiquing that okay that is what literary criticism is all about literary theory is okay so is about is about three different individuals who come from different social backgrounds and how are their lives very different so we can use Marxism as a literary theory and try to see that class conflict ke baare mein ye movie kya caring or is the movie saying that power is always in the hands of the rich people and the poor people are very marginalized in the society on the other hand i might look at the character of kalki and Katrina kaff and i try to see how these two females are a representation of a modern day woman so i try to look at it from a feminism point of view then there might be another literary theory where i try to look at Farhan Akhtar's childhood and the trauma he went through because of his father and mother's equation and try to see that how father and mother's equation affects a child's psychology and can also kind of affect his lifestyle in the later stage and that is where psychoanalytical school of criticism comes into picture because then you have you have books like what was that book sons in lover by d.h. Lawrence which talks about it is complex and electro complex and how a very not so good equation between the parents kinds of affects the life of the child so i try to see how a movie or a book is a perfect representation of a society right so that is how it is done so i i kind of like this example and i kind of quote it a lot that then you look at let's say movies like three idiots or taris amitha so for a foreign student maybe somebody who is who is in london or new york and who is trying to see these movies for him in order to mix these movies i would not say the movies will not appear sense very very sensible to them for to these kids who are in new york and london but then in order to understand the movie very well they need to know the condition of the indian education system only by knowing the condition of the indian education system they know and they can understand these movies in a better light okay why so because movies or your books or your songs or it is a perfect interpretation of the society that is the reason why what that is the purpose of arts the purpose of art is to show society that see this is your society wasteland why is it so dark why is it so negative because it was written during a time when the world was going through world war one and the entire nation the entire world was shattered and that is when t s illiot wrote wasteland because it kind of showcases the ugly ugly picture of the society similarly when you look at three idiots or taris amitha and when you compare it with the the indian education system as of now you kind of see the lekyunas that indian education system has the kind of improvements that the education system demands and by putting a work like that in front of the audience the directors or the movie writers are trying to just you know shake people I shake the ground beneath them and try to tell them that okay we need change and it is you the audience who can make that change happen so that is the purpose of any book any movie that is coming in this society right so literally theory by looking at by looking at a book or a movie from different angles helps you bring those underlying meanings which were kind of hidden by the director and the author so that you know when you find out those meanings it is another level of happiness that you feel that Oh Mirko abhi dekha ki shit is movie mein itti badi baat boli gayi thi and it was left kind of unsaid and unnoticed by a lot of people okay now towards the end of this you know youtube live I would want to talk about two literary theories and I'll tell you how these literary theories can be applied into a text okay though it is not a very very important from net point of view because at times you know such kind of analysis is not asked in the exam but still in order to understand what literary theory is it is very important to understand how to use a literary theory in any work okay but before I move ahead just want to know from you guys if you've understood whatever I have shared so far if yes please put that in the comment section below only I only after I get a response from you I would want to take this ahead else I would want to shed light on things which weren't clear to the students okay mega says actually I don't want I don't know what I just want to crack not only net even upcoming gate to is it impossible for remote area but I just want to do that see mega net and gate syllabus is very very similar like there is no change as far as the English curriculum is concerned so if you are preparing yourself well for UGC net English then you can very well sit for the gate exam as well you don't have to study anything else for gate because the syllabus in the curriculum remains the same UGC net syllabus for English literature is basically anything that is written or translated in English so there is nothing beyond the UGC net syllabus that can be asked in gate exam okay great Manali Ash says yes ma'am Zubina says yes Simran says yes okay so now that everything is clear let's move into the next topic that is formalism so formalism ka basic concept kya formalism says rather than worrying let me just put the pointer ahead okay so rather than worrying about the author's background or our own reactions to a book we should evaluate work based only on the text itself we are only dealing with the text we we would be doing what's called a closed reading no value to chronology biography intertextual references so formalism kya kethain ki hame author ka background yaa hamara khuda ka personal reaction ko side me akte hame just evaluate karna hai text ko jo words apke saamne likhe hain for example this is the famous balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet so yeh jo words likhe gaye hain hame saamne solpeen words ko parna hain aur hame bilkul nahi sochna ki yeh Shakespeare ne rikha hain Shakespeare ka childhood yeh tha Shakespeare ka time pe henry the eighth and henry does eighth and the sixth wives ka conflict tha war of roses uai tha reformation ka time tha yeh sab kuch nahi rikna hain hame sth tarf yeh words parna hain aur hame is words se meaning derive karne ki koshish karne kyaise karenge vo me abhi aapko batati hu but formalism kind of ask us to keep the author's background away from the textual readings so abhi tath kya tha before formalism came into the picture jitne bhi writers the Samuel Johnson critics jo the Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson uh words worth in sabne hame isha kisi bhi writer ke words ko agar padha hain to unki biography ko bhi bohot zyada padha hain aur hame bhi akarte hain for example if we are reading let's say Alexander Pope or let's say we are reading words worth ka poems so hame pata hain ki words worth was very connected to nature wo lake poet tha we also know ki wo apni sister se bohot connected tha to hame autobiographical instances bhi leki aajate hain pope ko agar hame padte to hame pata zilta ayaar pope ki height na bohot kum thi so pope ko apni height ka complex tha he was also very very political uh he was living in a time jaha pe vegan tories ka bohot conflict tha and pope was always like very very um ambitious in putting forward his points so boh sari cheezo ko dhyaan me rakhi hain pope ki works ko analyze karte hain okay formalism kaite sab kuch ko mahar mein jaane do aapke saamne jo text hain aap bool jao ye text kisne likha hain aap se reza to cho ki ye poem ka ek piece aapko kahi se mila hain aur aap aap iss ko interpret kar rahe hu it's like if I share a poetry what's aapka ko forwarded poetry me aapke saap me share kar hu you don't know who the author is and I tell you ke aap analyze karo iss poem ko that is what formalism is okay so let us just read these beautiful lines Juliet says oh Romeo Romeo whereof art thou Romeo deny that father and refuse thy name or if thou wills not but be but swan by love and I'll no longer be a capulet okay capulet I hope you guys know that Juliet ka jo surname tha that was capulet okay so Romeo Juliet and these lines are saying ki Romeo kaha the dome chika hai and me apne pyaar ki saugand kaha ke kaiti ho ki agar tum mujhe nahi milte hai tum nahi tum mere saath ho to I shall no longer be capulet I want to be married to you so basically iss type by conversation aur hai bada romantic balcony okay aap iss ka interpretation kya hai let us look at it from the angle of formalism where we don't know it was written by Shakespeare we're keeping all that information aside so if we look at a new critic's look at this passage the first element we'll probably notice will be the worst form worst form as in the way it is written versus jo jitnihi drama sthe they were written in a very song jese likha jaath hai us tarike sa you must be aware of the format of I am big pentameter and blank words to us tarike se likha jaath hai very rhythmic because it had to be said in front of an audience so it must sound musical to the years okay so you will notice the worst form although it doesn't follow a simple rhyme scheme the majority of its lines are in I am big pentameter meaning they contain 10 syllables of alternating stresses if you don't know what this I am big pentameter is all about let me just tell you there's a very nice video that I have uploaded on youtube so let me just I am big I hope I get it by this name yes so this is the literary terms ka poetry meter and rhythm kar ke ek video hai you can watch this video it will help you understand what this I am big pentameter and you know blank verses all about because a lot of students have this problem kya mein samaj nahi aata so put this video you can check this out this structure gives a text give the text a natural rhythm which makes sense since romeo and juliet is meant to be performed so jo baat main abhi aapko boli ke ek rdm mein performance hoti hai to ek rdm lagni chhi aapko aapko aapko aapko lagna because oh this is sounding very rhythmic natural and kaafi achha lag raya aapko padke so dialogues ki jage does more like a poetry okay throughout the balcony scene romeo's lines are shot so the attention is on juliet and her yearning for this new forbidden suitor so if you look at the lines you find ki juliet ki jo lines hai bo baat I have not I've just put a clipping of this particular example agar aap ish mein romeo ki all lines padoge aapko dike kya romeo ki lines boh choti hai choti in the sense not this choti romeo is not saying a lot of lines juliet ki agar aap lines she's saying four lines your then she's saying eight lines your romeo ne ek line boliye itne bade interaction why because they are trying to focus the attention on juliet and her yearning for this new forbidden suitor forbidden why because romeo and juliet ki family mein baat zarao disturbance hai and they cannot be together so she knows that I have so much love for romeo but I cannot marry her because my family is going to be extremely against this marriage this attention on juliet also fleshes out her character since the play begins with romeo and his friends this is a chance for the reader to hear her voice and get a taste of her finding so basically if you remember romeo and juliet are starting so it starts on starts when romeo is on the street and he is with two three friends of his and they are having a conversation and time kak romeo and romeo ke baare mein romeo ka interactions with other people ke baare mein chal main it is in the balcony scene for the first time that juliet as a character gets to speak some lines on stage and that is why she has been given so many lines so that people can know her character she people can know from what she's saying that what kind of characteristics she has what kind of person is she so abhi dekhiye main kaghi pe bhi throughout this interpretation I'm not talked about I have kept everything aside I am reading this as if it is a piece that is written in today's world aur isko main kaise interpret karun bhi so this is what formalism and new criticism is all about okay so I have a detailed video lecture series available on my youtube channel which is property which is on literary theory and criticism it's a crash course in two parts 22 and 20 minutes ke doh videos hai where I have kind of summarized her literary theory ko ki kya hai what is structuralism what is post structuralism what is modernism psychological theory kya hai and then there are some you know some videos on different literary theories also you can find this very simply by going on my channel so if you go to artatakarwa.com and you go to the playlist section there is this this ugc net english literary theory simplified crash course ek moori playlist hai if you click on this playlist you will get this entire video so there are these six videos I would really want if you are struggling with literary theory please do watch this video series it's going to be very very helpful I've tried to like decode bohot easy terms mein by giving the easy examples that how this can be done so that is one way you can you know go and check out these lectures another way is by reading a book or you can join our online course where you get detailed lectures on each of the topics konkonsi important books ke naam aapko pata ho nahi chahiye jo exam bhi puche jaate important literary theorist ke kya concept hai wo sab puch mein batatiye okay so we have looked at formalism now I'm giving again a simple example of what is deconstruction as a literary theory now before deconstruction came along there were the guys called the structuralist so ame pata structuralism pehle aaya po structuralism aur deconstruction okay do naam hai ekhi theory ko who believe that everything is defined by what is not it's opposite so hot is not cold good is not evil man is not moment so structuralist kya kteate hain ki haame agar samajna hai kuch bhi cheez duniya mein to haame usko opposite pata ho nahi chahiye se if I tell you that let's say okay so I have this thing so if I tell you that this is filled with water so what it is not it is not empty that is how you know it is filled with water that is why it's not empty koi bhi cheez abhi kya hain abhi din hain so abhi mein kya yeh bol sati ho abhi din hain aam hai yeh bhi bol sati ho abhi ratna nahin hain so by understanding the opposite you kind of understand the other side of the story as well so koi cheez agar garam hain to wo kya nahin hain wo thandi nahin so thanda garam good evil if that person is evil that means he's not good so but in order to understand evil you must understand what is good only by understanding what is good you can tell achha what is what is not good is evil okay so you've given the words light dark many of us associate light with the goodness and other positive qualities the same is with up and down with up we have more positive connotation so kotha hain hain opposites ki jab bhi baat hutiye to we always have one opposite which is good which is nice and one which is not nice there's light dark what is better light what up and down what is better up because profits go up margins go up relationship is going up up kinds of creates a feeling in our mind that it is positive heaven is up hell is down so iss tari kise aap dekhenge okay hot and cold so aap dekhenge koi bhi cheez joh hai ek cheez achhi hai ek cheez buriye day and night what is better day obviously people se hard day din aur hai sa vera hua hai to maare jeevan ka andkar chala gaya chha andkar darkness associated with evil okay so structuralist kya ketein ki aapko kisi bhi cheese ko define karna hai to aapko pata ho na chi ho se opposites ke rupne define kya ja sakta hot is not cold good is not evil man is not for me now deconstructionist jo theo kisi problem thano nika kya hote hai jab hum koi bhi cheez ko opposites me dikta hai to hum ek ke saath mein kuch positive we associate it with quality in light dark, many of us associate light with goodness in up and down, many of us associate up with goodness there is a reason why wealth and education are associated with upper class and how about being centre versus margin we want to stay in centre, obviously centre no one likes to be marginalised so without even thinking about it we tend to favour one term out of the pair so what we are saying without even thinking about it we tend to favour one term these unequal pairs are binaries binary has two things unequal pairs, hot and cold is an unequal pair which gives more weight and what deconstructionist would call violent hierarchies in other words, they are a fourth situation in which one term or one person that term applies to is automatically downgraded without any real reason like if we say upper class versus lower class then we automatically associate wealth, education, fare all these terms with upper class anybody who is fair we believe that this would be of upper class why so? this is wrong, we automatically attach any term with any situation this is what deconstructionist were very opposed to now these violent hierarchies can be dangerous in real life think about racial profiling someone may be more easily suspected of a crime simply because he or she falls under a specific category that is assumed to be inferior okay just say if you can just imagine that if a person comes in Hindi and not in English then we consider him to be inferior many times this can happen that in a crime state if there is a crime and there is a person who comes in Hindi or not in English if there is someone who speaks in English then it is considered that he must have stolen money the person who comes in Hindi or not in English now that doesn't mean that he is not honest it is just that he comes in Hindi but some rich person seems like because he comes in English then he believes that he cannot steal the Hindi person comes in Hindi so just try to see how we have attached wrong things with wrong things now deconstructionist don't want to just reverse hierarchies they want to blow up binary thinking altogether they just don't want that if you are rich and poor then you are starting to consider rich as good then you start to consider poor as good then there will be the same problem like nowadays people say that patriarchy and feminism are two things so now feminists are more for their rights that they are saying that 50 years from now the male the male section of the society they need some help they need some upliftment they can't marginalize so that happens when you put one in power then the other will be marginalized so deconstructionist don't want to just reverse hierarchies they want to blow up binary thinking altogether so instead of thinking in terms of black and white we have to consider infinite shades of grey along with the other colors in existence this way of thinking makes literature and culture more inclusive suddenly no color is superior to the other deconstructionism has a whole lot of real world consequences think of how you judge people the first time you meet them we often resort to binaries to categorize those people they are unattractive exciting dull tall shot you are kind of restricting yourself and restricting your view of the world this binary formulation is human nature it makes a ton of information easier to process but if we never try to understand what is happening to us what is happening to us what is happening to us what is happening to us what is happening to us then there will be a crisis but if we never challenge these binaries we never give people a chance specially people who don't fit either part of a binary this is what deconstructionists say that binary formulation which is very natural that is something we cannot really do anything about it but if for once we learn to challenge these binaries we can search the world in a very different way So this is deconstructionism. Now you see, it is possible that when you read it in a book, you find it very difficult. You feel it is a very weird theory. But now when I gave you these simple examples of light, dark, I gave you this example that when you meet someone, we kind of categorize them into different categories. So when we connect the literary theory with real life, it becomes easier for us to understand the concept. And that is what is required. Okay. So with that note, I think I am towards the end of the video. Just want to share a very important news with all of you. We have this fabulous discount for people who want to register as of now, because we are targeting not just December 2020, three-car net exam where you get free mock test series with our course. So if you get a six months or 12 months course for UGC net, you get to prepare for three things. Number one, you get a free mock test series for December 2023. You get complete material for gate 2024 and you get complete material for June 2024 car net exam. So if you join us for six months, this is what we offer to you. Along with that, we also are offering this discount lit 3000 code. If you use the offer is valid to the 21st of October where you get 3000 piece flat off with our online course. Okay. So I'll just tell you how you can apply that. So let's suppose you want to join our course. Let's say, okay, so let's say you want to join this course. Now if you go to buy bundle and here you apply the coupon that is lit 3000. So yet 3000 rupees offer Java and the item total was 16,000. The discount we were offering with 5000. Then there's a coupon discount that you get 3000 sub total the price that you have to pay for three things. That is you get mock test series for free. You get gate capura material and you get UGC night June 2024 car material. You get all of this for just 8000 rupees. Okay. So this is the offer that is running and this is the only applicable to 31st of October 2020 because we want a lot of students to, you know, start preparing for the upcoming exam. That's why we are just running this offer. So if you're interested, you can contact my team. The number is your 7976303731 is the number you can drop them a WhatsApp number, WhatsApp message, or you can even call them, or you can go to the website courses.arpathakarva.com slash learn. Once you go here, you get these courses you can enroll in the, in any of the course and you can just apply the coupon and get the benefit. So with that note, let me end the video. It is 12 36 p.m. 29 October Sunday and I have exceeded the live by five minutes. So I'm so sorry for taking those extra time. That's it from my side for this lecture. I'll meet you very soon in the next lecture. Till the time we meet next. Happy learning. Keep loving.