 Hi friends, we go for March month the original title union budget 2022-23 in that we are going to see the four topics one is strengthening federalism banking and digital currency demographic dividend and green economy. So we go for the article strengthening federalism first we need to understand what is federalism so that will be easy to go through the article. So federalism is a concept in our Indian constitution so federalism is layman understanding is sharing of powers between governments so India is a vast country so we cannot run with one single government so what the best ideas go for federal concept. So in our Indian constitution we have union government and state governments they call it as executives union government and state government that is an example to understand federation. So this federation when implemented in a system so this comes under the concept of three major dimensions one is financial administrative and legislative this is the major dimensions of federalism one is financial administrative and legislative. So based on that basic background we go for the article so paragraph one and paragraph two. So paragraph one speaks about this concept of planning commission and ITIO correct to serve the needs and aspirations of people in federal polity this federal polity is what I said so federal polity it is nothing but union government and state government. So reason for this union government and state government is nothing but as India is a very spread country and also we are culturally different and geographical difference is there that is called diversity. So what is diversity in the aspect of political sense federation is the best solution. So it is a federal polity initially in our Indian system so they went for this planning commission so planning commission that is planned development of India actually this was against the spirit of federation it is a planning commission which went for centralized planning. So what is centralized planning means we said that we have union government and state government but in reality in India right from 1950s and they have given the year of 2015 from 1950s to 2015 we have this planning commission. So what are the primary role of planning commissioners for entire India they determine what should be the development of India. So why it is called centralized planning means it comes under union level and there are few personalities involved in this planning commission who determines the fate of entire India. So it is a centralized that is the reason it is called a centralized planning. So logically the centralized planning will not work very well for the country like India because already we saw India as a diverse country. So based on this understanding and as planning commission was not performing well in India especially after 1991 that is called LPG era when India went for this open economy. So very common understanding is when private players are allowed to run the economic system so planning commission was seems to be an irrelevant system so irrelevant institution. So to address this problem in 2015 we have this Nithya Iyoga and what is the expansion of Nithya Iyoga is national institution for transforming India and the name itself we can understand national institution for transforming India. So here it is more focused on involving state in policy making. So here state means states in policy making. So states in policy making and so where guidance and policy advice was given by state of art resource centers. So this resource centers are run by Nithya Iyoga and Nithya Iyoga was acting as a facilitating body they are not determining everything in India they are acting as a facilitating body and states are playing a major role in policy making. So this we can easily understand from centralized planning Nithya Iyoga is moving towards decentralized planning so decentralized planning so decentralized planning. So that is given in paragraph 1 why it is also called as centralized planning it is also given in this paragraph we can see that allocation of funds is so planning commission which impose policies on states and tied allocations. So that is also another reason tied allocation is money is being allocated based on what is determined by planning commission. So planning commission will say how much money will be given for the state for what purpose. So the problem in this idea is there may be a reason where the state government does not need that purpose. So ultimately they cannot use the money so tied allocation that is biggest trouble. So that is given in paragraph 1 when we go for paragraph 2 so paragraph 2 when you say federalism so another most important aspect of federalism is there are two dimensions one is cooperative and competition. So there are two dimensions of federalism that is cooperative and competition. So to understand what this cooperation and competitive is so they have given states need to be assisted with resources and sound policy advice so that is called cooperative. So assistant through resources and policy advice, policy advice whereas competition is nothing but it is given on the other they need to be encouraged to improve their performance improve the they mean states here improve their performance. How performance can be improved is one important mechanism is through competitive nature. So Nithyaayek is doing both the things under Indian Federation mostly focusing on cooperative and competitive federalism. That is given in paragraph 1 and 2. So next we go for paragraph 1 so paragraph 5, 6 and 7. So in paragraph 1 so here they are giving the governing council if you go for the previous page that is Nithyaayek's governing council so Nithyaayek's governing council. So who are all the members of that thing is chaired by prime minister. So Charman is the prime minister, Charman prime minister and consisting of chief ministers left-hand governance of union territory as equal members. So we can see that chief minister and left-hand governance of union territories all as members. So what we need to understand here is as we say India is a federation. How this federation is established is by means of institutions. One important institution is the Nithyaayek governing council where we have a prime minister who is representing the union level and also we have state governments represented by the chief ministers and also union government sorry union territories left-hand governance. So ultimately we can see there is an institution to represent the federal character. So that is paragraph 1 whereas paragraph 2 it is focused on Nithyaayek's so when Nithyaayek came into picture so by 2017. So they have a document called strategy document. So strategy document India at 75. So this clearly knows the India 75 means in related with independence by 47 75 years what should be the position of India. So that documents that is strategy document India at 75 was prepared by Nithyaayek okay and this preparation itself clearly shows that how India how this Nithyaayek was more focused on cooperative character how they want to interact with all the stakeholders they have given in this say in preparations. This all we indeed we need to compare with the previous institution of previous institution of planning commission which was not consultative in nature so they will decide what is good for the system which most of the time is not correct okay. So preparation where we can see 800 stakeholders whose stakeholders means the persons who is going to get the impact of the decision very limit understanding they are called as stakeholders. So this 800 stakeholders are from central level, state level and district levels so district levels and also apart from this it also includes external experts that is 550 external experts. So there are people who are expert in certain domain who may not be an Indian person. So Nithyaayek always want to rope in them for our development. So what Nithyaayek primary objective is development should not be done only based on Indian knowledge even we can go and get outside knowledge foreign knowledge for our development that is called external experts. This external experts can be from within India who are not part of the government that is called external experts and also outsiders okay. So here we can see that the primary focus of all this thing is so they give they say New India so the strategy document 75 want to establish a New India that is they want to make Indian economy 5 trillion dollars. So we are around 2 trillion dollars close to 2 trillion dollars and we want to achieve 5 trillion dollars we want to double the Indian economy. So doubling Indian economy is very when the economic value for example from 2 trillion to 5 trillion it need a massive rethink what need to be done what are the reforms need to be done. So that was the primary objective of this Indian so strategy document India 75 okay that is done in paragraph 2 and paragraph 3. Here we have the sustainable development goals this is a global level goal which is not only for India. So overall in the global level if you want to put it very layman terms we have the planet earth and it should be sustainably developed what is sustainable development means the cost of development should be very minimal so that future generation does not need to pay the price. So that is called sustainable development for that global level we have the sustainable development goals there are 17 goals with 169 targets. So to give an example what are the 17 goals means for example to eliminate poverty, hunger, improve health, improve education all related to this 17 goals and 169 targets are given and they say that all these goals are interdependent. So interdependent and interconnected so interdependent and interconnected. So ultimately what happens is when we say sustainable development goal though it is being created at the international level it applies for every country when it comes to India though union government accept the goals but implementation we take those subjects which comes under state governments also for example we take education as a concurrent list both union government state government into agriculture is the major driver to eliminate poverty agriculture comes under state list so ultimately that should be a better interaction between union level and state level so that is what the point says so especially when sustainable development goal came into picture especially the role of Nithya Yog in that thing is so Nithya Yog want to dissolve silo based functioning in government institutions what is silo based functioning means if you want to put in other terms what they call as watertight compartment so there are various departments and ministries in India at union level and state level where their interactions are very minimal but the point is these departments as said interconnected and interdependent as the sustainable development goals is interconnected interdependent so there should be a proper interaction between all the departments to give a good example if you want to improve the health of a society where health is not improved only based on medicine for example start with public sanitation start with drinking water all this various departments ministries are interconnected but if they are not interacting with each other that is called watertight compartment or silo based functioning so to attain sustainable development goals Nithya Yog's primary objective is to avoid this silo based functioning they make sure that interact with all the other various departments and ministries okay so ultimately what are the primary advantage of this thing is so that there will be better utilization of resources greater achievement of goals and also we can also see that overlapping can be eliminated so all these are given as a points here so we can see that what are the benefits of this so benefits one is first we can say about resource utilization so effectively you can use the resource utilization here and also we can see that convergence of schemes so it doesn't want to create multiple schemes for the same beneficiaries you can try to understand the needs and try to convert the scheme so that will be benefit for the people there and also greater achievement greater outcome achievement so ultimately you are able to achieve the greater boots very effectively so that is given in paragraph 4 so so paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 so here they speak about competitive federalism so what is competitive federalism is encouraging competition among the stakeholders especially at state level and district level so you know the outcome of competition when the competition is very effective you can get the best of each units here so that is the primary aspect that is to facilitate competitive federalism is to facilitate improved performance that's what it improved performance improved performance so healthy competition so capacity building all is being done and also we have this ranking for this encouraging competitive federalism there is a ranking where social indicators with quantitative objective so this point is very important we'll say how it is so especially for states when we say social indicators to measure them is always very troublesome for example improvement of health or education we can't do within a short span of time for example improvement of education with a one year we can't understand the real impact so that is always challengeable but government is coming out with a lot of innovative ideas so that is what that is called quantitative objective so measuring in quantitative terms of the social indicators so right now coming government is coming out a lot of indicators we see that so that is the points given in paragraph 4 whereas paragraph 5 so there is a concept called aspirational distinct is also another good example of competitive competitive character of Nithya Ayug so aspirational districts so what is aspirational district is right now in India there are few districts which are considered to be underdeveloped so considered to be underdeveloped so but government never called them as underdeveloped they're called as aspirational districts and to improve the performance of aspirational districts so they're encouraging the competition so among this aspirational districts that's also good example of competitive fatalism so next thing is so the primary objective of this ranking is to have a greater efficiency convergence in governance and measuring the progress in rank at district level so ultimately the aspirational districts what they want to do similar to the previous benefits they want to efficiently use the resources and to get a greater outcome so that is the primary thing our next thing is when you go for this paragraph 7 so paragraph 7 so they have said that if this aspirational districts are performing well so there's are some incentives so when now there's a competition there should be incentives to achieve certain objectives through competition so government want to create some incentives so in that incentives if rank 1 in aspirational district they'll get additional 10 crows rank 2 5 crows and rank 3 3 crows okay so ultimately we can see that so ultimately we can see that this encourages the district level administration and authorities to compete better and to get the incentives from financial point of view also so that is given there and also some of the indexes being created we saw that competitive fatalism is more about ranking and competing with each other so if I come out with a lot of indexes for example composite composite water management index these are the nation national level so management index similarly we have this school education index india innovation index so that's all given in the next pages quality state health index sustainable sustainable development goals index so all this being created so ultimately we can see that this encourages state to compete so next thing is paragraph 1 2 3 and 4 so in paragraph one so so the latest version so they're also up to updating this indexes so in that latest version of sustainable development goal india index so india index so they have 100 plus indicators so this we can understand from this message what we can understand is nithya is constantly updating this indexes to match with the ever changing environment of our development so it's become important so this index sustainable development india index becomes the most important policy tool so what is this policy tool is based on this index government can learn where the state states are standing where the districts are standing with that information they can take some policy decisions okay for example there are a certain states where based on the index they government will understand that health is improved a lot so they can take some policy decisions based on it so it becomes the most important policy tool so that is given there and also right now we can see that in paragraph one also there is an index for north eastern states so north eastern district sustainable development goal index so this transformation of this index is not only with indicators level so not go ahead nithya is trying to enhance the indicators to 1000 plus but also they're transforming it to the lowest level subnational level from state level they're transforming it to district level especially in north eastern states we know that development north east is very slow so they are creating this index of the district level sustainable development index of the industry level so that can help in making policy decisions okay and also we can see that they're also coming out with the sustainable in paragraph two we can see that so nithya is also coming out with sustainable development urban index urban index and dashboard so why urban index is right now we can see that india is urbanizing very fast and so we also want to make sure that there is a proper development in urban areas so they come out with urban index but also they'll go for rural index also in the near future so in November 2022 okay so so I think there's a factual error here so that is a dashboard of they have given us sustainable development goals urban index and dashboard 2021 and 2022 in November 2022 probably there may be factual error so so these are the things they've given in paragraph two here and paragraph three so regarding we saw the federation consist of legislative administrative and financial so this informations are in more in financial natures this paragraph three so they say about finance commission so finance commission is a constitutional body created in a constitution the primary objective of finance commission is how to share the resources between union level and state level so so they say that finance commissions so tax sharing of tax revenues sharing of tax revenues so when you say taxes mean there are two types of direct tax and direct taxes tax revenues from the year of 2000 to 2005 so union government shared 29.5 percentage so right now it has improved for example if you take 2015 to 2020 it has improved to 42 percentage to put in very layman times if 100 rupees need to be shared between union level and state level in the year of 2000 where union finance commission said that state governments will get 29.5 rupees current situation is the state government is getting 42 rupees what we can understand from this is right now union government or finance commission is ready to do a lot of financial resources to the state level to achieve a lot of goals previously that was not a situation where union government will take the majority of the tax revenues so we can see the shift in our political system or shift shift in our governance structures where state governments are more empowered financially okay so that is given this paragraph 3 and also paragraph 3 they have said that from centralized centralized policy and decision making towards decentralized system which we already saw in the previous pages decentralized system this we can understand and correlate with the point when they are in centralized nature they will determine what should be the money given and they took the majority of money right now it's decentralized and state governments are given greater autonomy so that is the reason the 42 percentage is increased to the level of 42 percentage okay this because of decentralized nature that is given in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 so in paragraph 4 so we can see that the general purpose transfers which is unconditional nature so this is again between union and state level it's a general purpose transfer so again this unconditional so what is unconditional is so if you see that article they have said no strings attached what is no strings attached means whenever union want government want to give them money they will not put any conditions for it so what is the condition means for example if they want to give money for health expenditures they said this should be the condition you want to satisfy then only we can allocate the money but this general purpose transfers will not have the character they will allocate the money state governments have greater autonomy they have greater freedom to spend that money so we can see that so from 2011 to 12 how this has improved a lot from where they have financed it of 2011 and 12 that general purpose was 68 64.8 whereas if it is go for 2019-20 that was around 74.2 percentage okay and also the specific purpose transfers that is with conditions opposite of this is specific purpose specific purpose transfers that is with conditions where union government will give the money based on conditions so based on conditions that all that has reduced from the same time period so for same time period so 2011-12 it's reduced from 35.2 percentage these are some factual informations which you can use it for answer right into substantiate so when now the question is being asked how are a federation is transformed in India all this you can relate this and say so 25.7 percentage and also states borrowing so states borrowing is also improved okay states borrowing so state governments are allowed to borrow from outside markets so state borrowings so what that number is so gross state domestic product so in that previously they were allowed to have 3 percentage as a state borrowing if 100 rupees is earned 3 rupees they can borrow right now that limit is increased to 5 rupees there's 5.5 percentage so 5 percentage they can borrow from the outside market and what a benefit of reaching to this 5 percentages right now all the state governments combined will have an extra of 4.3 lakh crore so think of this money 4.3 lakh crore creating infrastructures that will propel the development to the next level so that's the point we need to understand from this and also in paragraph 5 we can see that GST is the most important mechanism right now especially for revenue sources so that is also being mentioned here that's given here and also in this budget this year budgets that is 2000 we have the financial year starting from 2022 to 23 this budget there was a reference of scheme for financial assistance that's the most important thing paragraph 5 scheme for financial assistance to the states to the states for capital investment this is the most important thing so what union government says in the budget is in this current year budget there's a scheme for financial assistance for states for capital investment capital investment is creating physical or social infrastructures which will have a great benefit to the society for example creating a road network rail network creating a hospital all comes under capital capital investments so that's the scheme created in this budget so paragraph 1 paragraph 2 paragraph 3 and so paragraph 4 and 5 so in this paragraph 1 related to the previous scheme the scheme which is said for capital investment for states so that is improved increased to 15 thousand crore so for 2021-22 so 15,000 crore the previous budget they said it will be 15,000 crore but allocation of 1 lakh crore so that is being said for this 2022-23 so union government says that they are going to allocate 1 lakh crore so ultimately we can see 10 times money is being allocated the previous budget that was only 15,000 crore right now they are giving 1 lakh crore for investments 10 times for investments under the scheme and also union government is saying that there's a 50 year interest-free loans so 50 year interest-free loans 50 year so interest-free loans to states so interest-free loans for states and so above from the borrowing they can also make 50 years interest-free loans for the states capital investments so we can see that right now union government is giving greater trust for creating infrastructures and also fiscal deficit okay so as per 15 finance commission state will adopt fiscal deficit of 4.0 and so fiscal deficit is clearly indication that even borrowing deficit is about borrowing money if you want to put in very layman terms that is expenditure minus revenue that's called deficit so as per this 15 finance commission states fiscal deficit state government's fiscal deficit can be 4.0 percentage of gross domestic so gross state domestic product so 4.0 percentage they have improved a lot so what it clearly indicates is what the finance commission indicates to the state government is if even if you borrow the money that's not a trouble you go on invest for capital creations so that is the point again we are trying to say in that one condition attached that is 0.5 percentage should be more focused on power sector reforms why this condition is attached is right now in India power sector is considered to be the highly inefficient system where our reserves are being wasted a lot so government want to improve that so they say they said that whenever you want to get extra money for example for 100 rupees you are getting extra 4 rupees in that 50 paisa need to be spent for power sector reforms so that's a condition attached by the finance commission saying that please do this because it clearly indicates that power sector is the most inefficient system in India okay next thing is paragraph 3 so right now for urban planning so in this budget also there was a greater focus on urban planning why urban planning we know that in India urbanization is happening very fast why we call it as rapid urbanization because of rural to urban migrations lot of people are coming to urban areas and migration is happening so that results in urbanization lot so government is focusing on this urban planning so so right now central so union government want to support state governments state governments in following areas one is modernization so modernization of buildings and next thing is building by laws and town planning schemes so town planning schemes next thing is transit oriented development so right now union government is saying that we need to focus on urban planning a lot and so in that modernization of building bylaws so so right now in most of the urban cities we can see that whenever you want to consider home you need to get the approval of the corporations and these corporations have laws which has created 30 years 40 years before where right now it cannot be relevant to modern day era so they want to transform all these things and town planning scheme how the cities need to be planned correct so where we need to have the central business districts all this need to be revamped and transit oriented development so so all these are being focused by the union government union government says we are ready to help the state governments in all these things so for in this budget there was reference of all these aspects and also they focused on this scheme of amrut so this is regarding urban aspects that is regeneration and urban transformation that is the last three words are more important to understand so so atel modern atel modernization and regeneration and urban transformation so that is the primary focus on this particular scheme so the schemes were focused on urbanization so again in this budget there was a reference of the scheme and allocation of money is being done for it now apart from this in paragraph five so paragraph five that is prime ministers development initiative so development initiative for northeast so development initiative for northeast so so that was a specific on particular aspect of a region where in this 1,500 crores are being allocated by the union government and its budget and especially focusing on PM gadi shakti so gadi shakti is more focused on physical infrastructures government is very keen on creating road networks rail networks waterways all these are being promoted under this particular umbrella scheme ati shakti where in this prime ministers development initiative for northeast government is union governments are getting 1,500 crores okay so especially for infrastructure creations infrastructure creations so this is regarding this strengthening federation so all these points where we can relate is when now there's a question regarding federal concepts and that would be a question based on current events they'll ask how to strengthen the indian federalism how it is being done and we can start with the i o god being done all this you can relate this points and also the recent budget initiatives to strengthen federalism that's the point we discussed starting with northeast states and sustainable development goals index how an iti is playing a role in it and we have this an iti governing council so all these are the points we can relate with federal concepts okay and also we saw finance commission regarding fiscal federalism or financial federalism next article is banking and digital currency so right now we can see this digital currency is in news a lot so government is coming out with this idea of digital currency know we'll see what is the news article is about so so recently RBI so we'll go for paragraph one so paragraph two and paragraph three so in paragraph one so RBI reserve bank of india so they have this digital payment index so so RBI is measuring this digital payment how money is being transformed digitally there's an index for it and they have given some numbers for that so what are the numbers for example if you take 2019 the index value is around 173 whereas in 2021 2021 it's around 304 literally we can see it gets doubled so what you can understand from this data is a lot of people are focusing on this digital payment so that is happening so that's the index given by RBI and what are the important parameters so just to know this index and parameters this can also be a problems question so for that first one is payment enablers so payment enablers next thing is payment so demand side factors demand side factors payment infrastructures payment infrastructures and supply side factors okay supply side factors so these are the terms sometimes this can be a film statement in UPSA examinations so payment performance payment performance and consumer centricity so this is the five indicators based on which is digital payment index is being measured so which common sense we can understand payment enablers means for digital payment right now we use google pay or all these things pay ATM these are one way of understanding and payment demand side factors how in shops they are demanding supply side factors whether we have the infrastructures all these things payment performance how it is being it's creating confidence all these are the factors just common understanding so based on this paragraph what we can understand is in India digital payment is picking up so these data are being given and how it is being measured is given that is in paragraph one so whereas in paragraph two so paragraph two so there is a special incentive scheme in this budget focusing on digital transactions okay so special scheme they are not given the name of the scheme alone so there is a special scheme to promote so digital transactions we will see what are the reason for all these things so that is being referred so what we can understand from this paragraph is government is very keen to promote this digital payments okay so as paragraph three so this schemes focus on this especially the scheme what we saw in the previous paragraph focus on to build banks banks to strengthen so digital payment so digital payment digital payment ecosystem and also promoting so rupee debit card and BIM UPI digital transactions so these are the things what the scheme tried to do in India even that scheme was given in 2020 and 21 financially a budget so they primarily focus on strengthening the banks digital payment systems and also focusing on rupee debit card right now when we take our ATM cards we can see that that is term called visa master card these are all foreign payment enablers so where we need to pay the commissions so the Indian government is promoting its own version called rupee debit card and also BIM UPI so right now it's more about mobile application based payment systems so that's a primary focus of the scheme so that is given in this paragraph three so next thing is paragraph four five and six so in paragraph four so right now digital banking unit so there are different ways of digital transaction one is digital banking unit so digital banking unit so where it has increased a lot that's the thing what they say in this paragraph and also still we can see that people visiting people visiting branches that is bank branches so what we can understand from this paragraph is though digital payments are picking up still people are going to bank physically so this clearly shows that in Indian system there are two extremes there are people using mobile phones to transact financial aspects there are there are people on the other extreme going to branches physically and doing financial transactions so that is given there so to avoid all these things right now government strengthening this digital banking units so in this digital banking units next paragraph we can understand this so the primary object of digital banking units is to focus on financial inclusion so we can financially include everyone based on digital banking's unit if it's being properly created and recent example for this thing is Pratan Mandri Jandan Yojna so these are some financial terms which and you can use it for your answer writing that is so 48 44.58 crore bank accounts and you just relate with population in India so we have 100 crore plus populations and based on this one Yojna we have created 44 crore bank accounts so literally we can see that approximately around 50 percentage of population we are able to reach with the banking system by this scheme one scheme and also it is also said that around 1.57 lakh crore is being deposited in these accounts this this based on government subsidies and MG Nare Garmani all this is a part of it so 1.57 lakh crore is submitted through this particular Yojna who have created a bank account this clearly shows the importance of this particular Yojna how it created this financial inclusion this also includes insurance insurance cover for this particular scheme and so insurance cover which provides the security for people so this given in paragraph 5 all is possible because of this digital banking unit being promoted by the government so it creates opportunity for rural branches for banks to create this Jandan Yojna get integrated and ultimately resulting in all this financial benefits opening 44 crore bank account 1.5 lakh crore amount has been deposited and insurance cover is being created financial inclusion is all possible because of the digital banking unit next thing we go for this paragraph 6 so so union government said in Lok Sabha so that is a data these are some datas which use it for your answers in Lok Sabha so right now we have this 1.56 lakh post offices and this can be leveraged or effectively used for financial inclusions so and the most interesting aspect is around 1.41 lakh post offices are in rural areas rural post offices so this data we need to keep in mind so whenever you want to write an answer regarding financial inclusion post office play a major role okay so it is all because of digital transactions because of connectivity between post offices and capitals all this are possible through digital transactions okay so paragraph 1, 2, 3 so in paragraph 1 so right now this core banking system that's called CBS CBS is nothing but the core banking system so this core banking system is being created in 25,000 post offices which provides greater opportunity for people to have financial inclusions and and apart from this we have this 129,000 post offices having handheld point of sale missions handheld point sale of missions based on subscribers SIM cards so ultimately what is the point we need to understand is as we know that 1,40,000 post office are in rural areas that around 1,29,000 post offices have this handheld machines where people go there and deposit the money they can get back the money all these are possible through this technological platform it all comes in digital transactions core banking system is there for 25,000 branches and remaining things they have all this handheld devices okay and what are the financial inclusion being done so financial inclusion at post office level is so there are a lot of schemes are there that is national saving certificates our next thing is PPF PPF and Kishan Vikas Patra Patra so all this Sukhanyi Samraj the Yeojna so all the schemes are possible only based on digital connectivity and transactions and this is being provided by post offices so this point you can use it that is any question for importance of post offices of financial inclusion based questions you can use all these points okay so that is given in paragraph 2 so in paragraph 3 so recently government we can see that focusing on this cryptocurrency so cryptocurrency people are using in large numbers that is given in paragraph 3 large numbers so government came to know that recently in Indian system and across the globe people are using a lot of cryptocurrencies to understand cryptocurrency there is a term called bitcoin so bitcoin is one type of cryptocurrency which we can see people are using a lot in our global level and government came to know all these things so that is given in paragraph 3 in paragraph 4 so cryptocurrencies we call it as cryptocurrencies but government call this as virtual so digital asset virtual digital asset so in virtual digital asset so recent in budget that is 2020-23 budget so government came out with certain things for example first and foremost thing 30 percentage tax for income generated out of it so if you are investing in cryptocurrency and if you are taking some benefit out of through investments for that there will be 30 percentage tax lab will be given for it and also tax it shows us TDS being detected at one percentage so and also TDS we are that is we have this gift if they are giving some gift as virtual digital assets so that is also being taxed so ultimately government is taxing this so that is given there and another most important point in this paragraph 5 is this is the information which we need to know this can be a question in your plumes also so by taxing it is not legal please understand by taxing it is not legal this was said in the budget itself though we are taxing it it does not mean that it is a legal thing so that we need to understand this cryptocurrencies and apart from this so right now so government especially RBA is coming out with the central bank digital currency so general central bank digital currency that is given in paragraph 6 and that is to boost digital economy what the primary objective is boost digital economy so boost digital economy and also the most important thing is government is going to introduce that is RBA is going to introduce digital rupee so this is based on blockchain using technologies so blockchain technology you need to know for plumes aspect from science and technology perspective what is blockchain called technology what are the key terms in it that you want to know which in plumes they can ask you the questions so digital rupee is right now government is promoting it so that comes under central bank digital currency so that is being done by the government and so so digital currency and the most important thing is it is also acting as a fiat currency so fiat currency is you can also transact and do transaction with companies or markets you can do the transaction because government is recognizing as a fiat currency okay which is recognized by the government you can use it as a legal tender and so it's a another form of currency another form of legal currency the form of legal currency government says it's not a new currency so we should not get confused whether government is creating a new currency in India it's not the existing currency rupee is being digitalized that comes under central bank digital currency that's all given in paragraph six and seven and paragraph eight so there's a reference that's not done only in India so right now there are eight countries so eight countries accept having this central bank digital currency central bank digital currency is being there in eight countries eight countries especially they are located in Caribbean so Caribbean countries and also in Nigeria this factual question can be an answer this factual point can be a question in your plumes and also 87 countries are 87 countries are right now they're going for the pilot projects so pilot projects so one is India apart from this there are a lot of sorry 87 countries not 87 percentage so 87 countries are going for the pilot projects of the digital currency okay and also there's a proposal that this in India again paragraph nine that is central bank digital currency can be classified into two one is for wholesale and retail wholesale and retail so this wholesale will be issued first so that's a point these are all some factual points which you need to keep in mind for plumes point of view so all this comes under digital transaction what we saw right now all part of digital transaction any question regarding financial inclusions what are the measures taken by Indian system or Indian government you can relate to all these aspects okay so right from post offices right from digital currency and also code banking system Jan the news now all you can relate okay our next article is demographic dividend so the term demographic dividend we need to clearly understand that in a society we need to separate the population based on age so anyone between 15 to 60 they all comes under working age population so when we call this as demographic dividend is when this population's age is very less mostly in the aspect of 20 to 30 or 20 to 40 at the maximum so for a layman understanding that we called as demographic dividend simple to put it when the population is very youthful when you take the entire majority of population if you take all their age if majority of them are in 20 to 30 that we called as demographic dividend okay so paragraph one so paragraph two three and four so in paragraph one so they say that so population so India's population is as a 1.38 billion so 138 crores if you want to put it in last terms it is 138 crore population is there global population is around 7 billion or 700 crores right now 700 crores or plus we are 1.38 billion so this clearly says that one sixth of our population is India every sixth person in the world is Indian okay that all the information we need to understand and what are the median ages if you put all the age of Indians right now 138 crore populations age and if you put it an average median is different but average if you want to put in layman times average is 28 years so this clearly shows that Indian population is very youthful population okay whereas they compare it with China and US so China's and US population is growing old so we know that China and US is the greatest economy in the world correct so US is the developed economy China is a developing economy India is also developing economy so when you take this China and US economy the population is aging so that's a that's a concern for these countries okay so youthful population means a lot of benefits are there on us they get employed and based on employment there are revenues to the government and because of employment they created their own market correct once the people get employed they have a lot of demands in their life either it can be a two wheeler four wheeler mobiles and all this we can easily understand so as India's population is very youthful so that it clearly creates a market for India correct but China US population is aging fast okay so that's a point which you need to understand from paragraph one and paragraph two what the indication they are giving is though it's a demographic dividend where our age is only 28 years I mean a median ages but the time period to use it very effectively is 20 years so simple to put that so right now we are in 2022 next 20 years is considered to be the golden opportunity for India within this 20 years if Indian policies are set in right directions India's projection to in global level especially economic development social development will be very great because we are effectively using this 20 years of demographic dividend for the Indian advantage okay that is also another reason we can see prime ministers referring India's HR capital of the world human resource capital of the world so the government is creating clear policies to take this 20 a time period as an advantage to make India's one of the prosperous country okay they have given the time period of 20 years this we need to clearly understand and paragraph three and national income of any country increases with the workforce is educated and employable skills okay so so national income so so based on the previous two paragraphs when you take national income it's entirely based on educated workforce and also skills employable skills so this we can see that how government is giving greater focus on these two areas so new education policies one such thing where they want to promote education in India a lot but also employable skills though they are getting educated that education along with the skills should need need to be need to have a demand in the market that's called employable skills even we have skill India program all you can integrate here why government is focusing on all these things okay that's given in paragraph three and paragraph four right now they are saying that right now we have startup ecosystems emerging a lot so startup ecosystems emerging a lot and especially in the area of health education health education agree business so what they are saying is right now this 20 years there is employment opportunities in these areas especially start-up start-up ecosystems are emerging a lot recently we can see in India a lot of new companies are coming into limelight either it can be a Swiggy Zomato or Nike all our startups so it create its own employable employable opportunities creating wealth for Indians so this is this this is all entirely possible because of this demographic dividend taking all these companies want to take the advantage of this demographic dividend okay this next thing is paragraph one so paragraph two so in paragraph one so right now we can see that based on the points which we understand from the previous paragraphs so government is focusing on national skill development mission so the name itself we can understand so if you want to have better national income so that should be educated youth with employable skill so to promote that right now government is creating this national skill development mission and also government has created initiatives like startup India startup India skill India or digital India so digital India and we have this mudra scheme so mudra for a small industry scribe so what do you call it as MSME so all these are being promoted ultimately creating employment opportunities for creating employment opportunities next thing is paragraph two so they also referring about the scheme of Adi Shakti which we referred in the previous article so this is entirely focused on creating infrastructures creating infrastructures like road railways railways correct airports ports logistics so under Gati Shakti government is also propelling on their side to create this physical infrastructure though it seems to be a standalone point but we need to integrate here with the article so again easily understand as India's in demographic dividend age group is around 28 is a median age and next 20 years a prime time for India development so government on its side creating all these infrastructures so ultimately society can effectively use this infrastructure resulting in greater productivity so that results in socio-economic development that's given in paragraph two and paragraph three so so government also has created this digital ecosystem for skilling and livelihood is another point so digital ecosystem for skilling and livelihood so so this especially for young population so in population to learn and sharpen their skills so sharpen their skills and creating an opportunity so based on that they are they have created 750 virtual laps so virtual laps and all this related in creative thinking so these are some points which we can relate with how government is responding for this demographic dividend so and also elaps 75 skilling elaps so this is another point which you need to understand so when you say demographic dividend what Indian government is doing for this these are the points we can relate it how Indian government is responding for this national skill development mission is there and also they're creating digital ecosystem for skilling and livelihood so there's a e portal for all these things so ultimately government is focusing on tapping this demographic dividend to make India a prosperous country and next we go for the article green economy so paragraph one two so what is this aspect of green economies we know that regarding our development process ultimately the cost is paid for it and where our environment is being compromised a lot in our development process and that comes with term called green economy how we are focusing on that how to minimize the cost or if you want to put in another terms how to minimize the carbon footprint so in this budget how government is focusing on these areas okay so we have this clean air policy so clean air policy is one so clean air policy so in this budget government is focusing on this clean air policy we know that air pollution is one of the biggest trouble for our country especially for urban centers daily pay heavy price because of air pollution so for all these things we have this government coming out clean air policy in this budget so that is one and also we have this national clean air program so in paragraph two based on this policy where we have this national so clean air program national clean air program and where financial assistance financial assistance is given to pollution control boards financial assistance given to pollution control that's given in paragraph two so so in this article we are going to focus more on this budget how green economies are promoted so one is clean air policy along with that program to reduce our pollutions and financial money on financial occasions are done by pollution control boards for center both for central level and state level pollution control boards next thing is paragraph one two three four five and six so in paragraph one so national mission for green india for it's a centrally sponsored scheme so centrally sponsored scheme means though the subjects belongs to the state level where union government will allocate the money so there was an increased allocation of 360 crores so 360 crores this fact is not important just to say the importance of this particular scheme in this budget this was given and so based on this right now we can see that we have project tiger so we have project tiger especially for animals aspect project elephant so this is another area of green economy where we are trying to protect the animals ultimately protecting the ecosystem correct so especially in wildlife arena so protecting of wildlife is also part of green economy so in that we have this project tiger and elephant where allocation is enhanced in this budget that is the point this given and also we have this for project tiger we have this national tiger conservation authority where financial allocation is also enhanced for it okay so that is paragraph one and paragraph two and in paragraph two we can see that there is a factual information which can be a problems question make national tiger conservation authority a statutory body which comes under ministry of environment and climate change environment forest and climate change so that we need to know what okay and whereas in paragraph three so paragraph three where we have this national coastal mission national coastal mission so where primarily focus on coastal communities coastal communities so to protect their coastal areas and sustainable development of coastal areas so that is a national coastal mission which is also part of this green economy okay that's given in paragraph three and paragraph four if I primarily focus on sunrise economy so green economy so green economy is called as sunrise economy is a term which you can use it for your main sunset writing what is sunrise means emerging economy so right now a lot of things coming under green economy it's all new to our system economic system and social system so that is called sunrise economy which is a new aspect for example electric vehicles so this this paragraph also speaks about it when you take this electric vehicles one important aspect is this battery so government is coming out with this so battery swapping policy so swapping policy so what is battery swapping is right now one of the biggest challenge in promotion of electric vehicle is rechargeable batteries so in any family or any corporations when they want to go to electric vehicles the biggest question is always the battery systems so what government is coming out with this electric swapping policy so government is saying that in our system we are going to promote this battery swapping what is battery swapping is when you have an electric vehicle there will be a location where you want to go to give the dried battery of you and get a new battery and put into your system it can be a two wheeler or four wheeler so we can see that there is no need for charging it out and you want to establish this swapping centers across the society either it can be national highways or any urban centers people come and swap the things so government is promoting it so ultimately that has a huge impact on our system that's the reason it's called the sunrise economy okay so so that is given in paragraph four and paragraph five right now they're also focusing on this blending so already we have this petrol and diesel we are using it so right now they can blend with this ethanol all this things come under this concept of blending so right now it's around eight percentage so eight percentage of petrol is being blended with ethanol so ethanol is nothing but a byproduct which is taken from agriculture wastes when you have agricultural sugar sugar cane molasses all this there when it's being extracted we have an ethanol so government says eight percentage is right now the ethanol mix by 2025 this target is around 20 percentage there's also again part of green economy okay so our next thing is regarding this biomass paragraph six so biomass especially for this power plants so power plants for energy generations they want to increase from five percentage or seven percentage of biomass pellets so so ultimately what they're saying is CO2 saving is around 38 million metric tons annually for power generation if you're there if you're using this biomass pellets so this the carbon being avoided in the environment so this also avoids stubble burning what is stubble burning is we know that one of the biggest problem for oil pollution in the least farmers of Punjab Haryana they burn their copper residues that's called stubble burning crop residues are being burned that's called stubble burning and if you go for biomass based power generation all these things so ultimately this biomass pellets in thermal power plants so if seven percentage of biomass pellets is used in thermal power plants and this biomass can be created through crop residues of Punjab Haryana so this is the point they try to highlight here next thing is paragraph one and paragraph two and also right now we have this central pollution control board so in central pollution control board to monitor air and water quality so air and water quality is being monitored by this central pollution control board again related to this green economy concept okay so next thing is another most important information is regarding this point of 40 percentage of India's power capacity India's power capacity should be from non-fossil fuels this is part of this Paris deal so when India went for this Paris deal regarding this climate change all so what are the target given is 40 percentage of India's power generation should be from non-fossil fuels so non-fossil fuels for example fossil fuels is like the thermal power plants they use coal to generate power so what the target they say is if 100 units are being generated in India 40 units need to come from non-fossil fuels so that's a target and this is a promise made by India in Paris deal so as per 2021 central electricity authority so central electricity authority power generation from non-fossil fuels has reached to the level of 40.20 percentage we have a target of 40 percentage but as per 2021 we have 40.20 percentage coming from non-fossil fuels this clearly shows that we achieved the target that target here was 2030 but we are able to reach it very closely here so so this was the points okay so where we can use this green economy and all points is when there is a question regarding sustainable development what need to be done so we can relate all these points here and how India is responding for climate change you can use all these points how Indian government is responding for climate change so all these are the points okay thank you