 Yes, but the behavior, didn't it? Yeah, it's a great pleasure to introduce the last speaker of the U.S. And that's Professor Daniel Adley from Trinity College, Dublin. And I should say that all of the last four of these afternoon lectures have been sponsored by the kind support of Citiget, which is a hero project. Citiget is an international collaborative research project that looks at the uses of modern and ancient genomic data in shaping public understandings of the past and our individual and collective identities. Now, Daniel, as many of you will know, is Professor of Genetics at Trinity College, Dublin, a member of the International Society of Analytics, the Royal Heritage Academy, and a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. And today, Daniel's going to talk to us about his ongoing research into ancient DNA, with a particular reference to Ireland and Portugal. So please give a warm welcome to Professor Adley. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you for mentioning the Citiget project. It's been a pleasure to come up with Adley. Usually, the way it works, whenever you supervise the incision, it's really all the work of the incisioner slides and talk about it. Debbie's one more independent. Her slides are very human-like. I can't speak with it easily. Anyway, so I'm really going to focus in on it, but I'm going to revisit some of the large themes that Debbie spoke about. And I guess one thing we're all interested in, and certainly I grew up being very interested in, is in Ireland, we're very conscious of heritage. And there's a lot of... It's very heritage-rich country, Ireland. And this is a bit of heritage from Northern Ireland, where I'm from. It's a local, natively, portals tomb in Marraau. And first of all, I was born and brought up. And one question that we have always find us, we might ask ourselves, is the people we know, they're sort of buried there, but the people like us, this is a chain of ancestry, stretching all the way from 5,000 years ago to the present. Or is it more complex? Is that chain convoluted? Is it what it looks like? Does it have breaks or whatever? And you feel like visiting the town of England, and kind of going beneath here, some of you should bear in mind, as I heard in a renewal program, the local GA18, where I'm running a year or two back and we're in Ireland final. And the capsule has been renewed for safety purposes. And they saw this, and they all come together, and put it back together. So that's the story. I don't know if it's true or not, but it is. And you visit Marraau and feel it climbing in here. You don't bear in mind the script there, by the local GA18, and not by a 5,000-year-old, 100-year-old part of Ireland. So these are some lovely slides by Philip Armstrong, owned by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. And what we have is a simple timeline of virus prehistory. This is a sort of idealised area of time, if you like, it's a clean version of Dundalk, or something like that. Hyper-Clean Dundalk. And what you can see is you have the present, in the middle of it, you've got the past as well, you've got the evil ruins, there's the dormant and the illific ruin, like the one I showed you from Marraau. And if you visit the same place, deep in the past, and this is the point here, just during the Glacier Period, what's there? Well, no humans. It's the first thing. All you have is something cold adapted to the fire, perhaps as the ice is receding. But no humans. Humans arrive on the island probably about 10,000 years ago, maybe earlier, there's some tentative evidence about that. And those first humans, what's life like? Well, they're living in permanent residences, and they're in contact with the landscape, which is relatively minor. They have boats. How do we know that? Well, we know that because I was going to get here. We came here on boats, because the best models are that the ice receded before or after the land bridge was broken by the human cells, and they're living on it. I don't think it was different given the land bridge to the continent, but it lasted the most longer than the land bridge from a very long time. Their life cycle, there could have been a few of them, maybe even something like 50,000 in the end, they lived by hunting and gathering. The hunting was wild boar, but it may have been produced by not far more, and fishing was certainly very important. Some of the major findings of mesolithic archaeology are around major rivers. For example, by the sand on the side of the river, near Coray. The next phase of our timeline is the Neolithic. Here, the landscape does certainly start to be transformed, and we have in the Neolithic different lifelines, completely different lifelines. People are farming, they're cattle sheep, so that's the extent of goat that pigs. They're living in more permanent residences, rectangular houses. They're starting to be cultural, ritual religious impacts on the landscape. So these burial mines, different sorts of tombs, and there are different sorts of villages, monuments in different parts of the country. And properly, so this is a big change, and that being mentioned, the advent of farming in Ireland as elsewhere is a massive change. It's hard to imagine a greater change in the timeline of people who are living on this island or elsewhere than the advent of farming. People are controlling their food, and obtaining their food in a way that's never been true before. So we'll just take our rabbit, run through thousands of years, go to the Bronze Age, and the Bronze Age people are still farming, of course. The ritual landscape is somewhat different. The settlements are somewhat different. Here we have slightly different sweets of archaeological remains, of burials, and of course metallurgy. And think of the impact of a grey landscape, of a grey village, the greyness of stone. Think of the impact of the gold and the burnished weapons, shields, ornaments of copper. So new weapons, new tools, and really presumably symbols of status. So the Bronze Age is a change. Now with the Iron Age, we'll skip through that to written and through written history towards today, and here we are back in sanitised Dundalk. So something has happened in genetics over the last ten years, but really more rapidly in the last five years, and we're going to show you a picture of a machine. This is a box of tea here, and the joke that somebody made to me that we have a Trinity team because they're already, I don't know what people bring to use any, lions, buries to eat corn. But in any case, the point I'm making is, if this box represents the amount of data that a moderately hard-working postcard might have gathered in a month or so, just seven years ago, the amount of data at the same postcard working in an automated lab might gather an equivalent amount of money on time. It's represented by the intrigue of the genetics department, the errors of a box of tea. So this has been a major change, and the change has been really in genetics from gone from being geneticists to genomicists. This change has been really fantastic, and it's been particularly impactful in AT&T DNA, because the most widely used sequence technology actually lends itself very well to AT&T DNA because it works with very small findings. And I don't remember where work was changed, but of course people still press up like this, who married the AT&T DNA lab. I personally think which we don't have to. I think the problem of contamination and containment is pretty good solved, but we've seen it in technology. What we still do, and I'll be observable, is a lot of precautions against contamination. But it's not as important as it was. What we still do. But really, the point is that if you want to work in AT&T DNA lab, 80% of your work is found in the fund of this sort of machine here, which is a computer with two screens. You can drink your coffee out of your work, and you need to be very smart. And this is also really much of this very smart. There's not a lot of other stuff in genetic labs. And that 80% of work, really the field is statistical genomics. And it's challenging. The computer you're working on costs 20,000 euros instead of 1,000 euros, and you need to know how to work it. So it's challenging. It takes a while to get up to speed. And it has focused the field in relatively fewer productive lab origins. So that's probably going to change in the years ahead. Because the mounting up to be able to do this sort of work is quite a steep line. So again, we go to illustrate the power of this new sequencing technology. And you've all done DNA tests, so you're often really most empowered. And this is John the Valkyrie's, unfortunately, yeah, it's John the Valkyrie's map of human individuals in genetic space. And what it does is it recapitulates purely from the relationships that can be survived in people from genotypes, and these genotypes are 500,000 slips. And what it does is whenever you do physical components analysis, which is just a way of summarizing lots of variables in a very few numbers of meaningful dimensions. And let's get two dimensions. So this is a plot of individuals in a two-dimensional genetic space. So two individuals beside each other, like these two atoms, are very alike. Two individuals very far from each other, like these two individuals beside each other are very different. So it's a summary of difference and similarity in genetics. And what happens when you do that is it recapitulates the shape of you, which is very nice. Here is a very influential ES for the Spaniard PD from Portugal, I.T. for the plane. Here's an entire inch of it. These are somewhat different in timings, in terms of their certain units, their item timings. And they're here in the middle of the genetic Mediterranean, if you like. And here's Ireland, and here's Germany, France, and Asia and Europe as well. It was there because of Switzerland. So Switzerland was very healthy. And Eastern Europe was. But you can see it's a beautiful summary of the power of this. And if you follow the genetic test, well, do you think it's powerful? Who thinks that there's a genetic test that's powerful? I think it's very powerful. It goes 300,000 to 500,000 cents for 100 dollars or 60 dollars, whatever it is. That's really, very powerful. We've been paying more for those same things for a lot of years. I've never done a genetic test myself. And I don't intend to. It's not part of it, it's just like it wasn't on a solid income. I was tested years ago, we were sort of nine on the name of the story. I wanted to volunteer for that. But part of it is I love cousins. I have 41 cousins. But I have a problem with those who do want to do tests. Good luck to you. So in the history of ancient DNA, one of the studies was a big one for me, but it really dropped. It dropped all over the world. It was published by Andreas Katter and Zinke and others in 2012. And one thing that was a sequence of woodsy. Woodsy, I'm sure you all know where he was. He was a nice mummy. He was discovered in 1981. He was so well-preserved that in this way, people thought he could have been a hiker. Then he thought, well, he's 5,300 years old. So he's Copper Age, early farmer Copper Age. And here's a reconstruction of what we did in sequence. We did sequence with our colleagues, of course, and struggles and some of the things with them. He was wearing all sorts of different animals and his apparatus were made of all sorts of different animals. But the thing with Woodsy is that he was fine on the alps. So on our genetic map of Europe, he should have appeared here if his geography likes his genetics. But genetically, he wasn't terrible here. Genetically, he was fine with that right here. So he was more nicer than he was. So that's a bit more possible. And it turns out from other sorts of analysis, he probably did originate from somewhere around here. So what that tells us is that genetically in Europe, the past was a different country. That the patterns we have today went there 5,300 years ago. They are all the recent ones. And as I said, the penny dropped. And the the penny should drop for those who are doing things like looking at whitecombs also, mitochondria, DNA, and just looking at modern data and saying based on modern distributions mitochondria was over here 5,000 years ago and from here, 7,000 years ago. The past is a different country. Modern distributions are not a secure window to the past. They're involved in it, of course, but you've got to be careful. The only way to really unpick the past is to use ancient DNA as well. So, just to mention two people, I should mention everything as well, but it's quite clear to me already that the two people that I'm going to talk with about today are Larry Gussity and Green Martinial and, of course, colleague Sirian Delfast. So that's the work I'm going to talk about. I'm going to finish the post-grads who have done great work in the land. So, we'll talk about our land first. So, what have we done in Ireland? So, we've got some data from the Irish Mesolithic now, which I haven't published yet. We've got a genome from the Neolithic from Barna Atty in 29 and the first genomes we looked at from the Bronze Age were from Barna Atty. These were published. And we now have from our work a lot more data and what we know is that they're typical. Even though there's only one or a few samples involved, they do give typical results of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. So, what I've done is, we have done the principal policy analysis and I've just put them on because it's such a nice map. But we've done it with the same data and this is how these samples fall. So, firstly, where does the Mesolithic on the Gavir fall if this principle comes on the space? And the fact is in European terms, genetically, which falls, if you like, in the hypernodes in a portion of the graph, there's no longer with us. And so this comes from Valhalla, you know, it's a mythical north. So it's really quite different. Any humans that are present on the island today and any humans that are present really anywhere in Europe. Now, when we move to the Neolithic and that is already to mention this, there's an interesting history of ideas about the link between cultural change and migration in archaeology. And it's illustrated by these quotes which I've taken from the book by Jeff Mali. So, the earlier Erebnach and Sanctuary idea was very much that really saw something change, something like a superior human that came with a people who were associated with that change. So, you can see in this quote from an area of Professor Harkyology in Ireland that finally committed one of the colonies we find a way to live just with more developed arts. And you see the language is a little bit it's good, it's value in, you know, colonies and developed arts. And then this idea and from the 1960s onwards in archaeology there was an intellectual movement away from this idea that migration is an extraordinary change. And you can see here, as I've ever quote, I'm not from the 60s, the 60s from Retard until the 1980s. And then here we have Professor O'Kelly talking about, at least a little bit and coming back with calves and lambs, kids in neon pigs probably a way for to as well as friends. Invited in the environment. No invasion, no arrival of great colonies and farms. So this is equally value in this much more possible. The question is, I live this this idea of love purchase and the idea of archaeology. Professor Hader archaeology in UCB. He surfaced working archaeologists in our recent years and asked them which of these two views did they ascribe to and those who gave up here, it was evenly divided. In fact, it wasn't evenly divided, archaeologists. I was one of the people who asked and I'm not an archaeologist. And I thought, it's more like this. So, it's a big issue the relevance and balance between these two points. So what does the genetics tell us? So our first sample with our collaborators in Belfast came from Balanahati in Kati Dao, a very famous human remains, it was excavated in 1855, an early excavation actually and her face was reconstructed by Elizabeth Black. And we were looking to get the chance to work on her and this is a giant spring just like in Belfast, it's quite a beautiful place. And she falls down here she plots somewhere in the Mediterranean not quite as far as I did see but between Spain and Sargentia so she's really very very different from our hundred gallery right here. And this is a point of difference occurring within less than a thousand years in this case. It cannot be heard locally by some drift of righto-maternity it can't. This is the result of a massive migratory thing that has to be. So a marginal misrepresentative so the individuals who came in with farming were not saying there's no input from the earlier type we're not sure yet but the earlier type is swamped by farmers coming here so we fall from the data very firmly on the side of migration as being an explainer of the change. Farming is not a technology that's just adopted by locals it's something that comes in with people who are migratory and they do colonize they do self-shop here. So what about the bronze age? Our initial samples came from the north not because I'm an ordinary but because the laws are very strict in the south about accessing human remains as they should be and it just takes a little more time to get access. So the study came from some remains that were from Rotland Island which was the bar from Rotland Island was being sent and it came across some histograms and the bones were very much there and we would love to work on it. And I would say that this commitment was to post this study and I would put the creek someday for the most I see what happens. So I hope lots of Washington people would be there in the meantime and don't do business. So the interesting thing here is that the bronze age sample falls up here and here we're really getting very like what we are today. And in fact when we use a couple of methods, the best methods are the half-class the most heavily sequenced graph of the island sample which modern populations because of most example the answer is Scottish, Irish, Welsh. So what if you link the Celtic and the vertical islands populations from the Western parts of these islands? So really we're starting to look like modern and the Irish here. And again this amount of today changed and in this case over a thousand years this cannot happen by genetic, just like to involve migration substantial migration. Now just to walk through that so if you some genetic tests I know they'll tell you your ancestral components are 10% Scandinavian 80% Whatever Britain are or maybe 2% Egyptian or something. If somebody tells you 2% something, ask them what's the arrow margin if we find it's plus or minus 5%. I don't know what the arrow margin is but I would be skeptical of 2% the sightings of that. Okay so the statistical technique we're using here is akin to those techniques and this is a bit of work that our capacity did and it's from a paper published in the Journal of Irish Archaeology and the data that we've done are a bit as heavy mentioned actually in constructing all the ancient data. Of course we couldn't do all of it and the data comes from very fine research labs in Denmark and Sweden and in Mainz and in Harvard the ancient DNA community has got some drawbacks but one of its very positive advocates is the sharing of data really it's an example of a community that's making the data freely available on the public actually so a lot of it here was implied that peak composition of populations and individuals into an estimated ancestor components and you can see here this is the modern DNA part of our study you can see the three main ancestor components anywhere although it gets a little more complex to these and slightly different down here in the southern Mediterranean shores but we have these three ancestor components so where do they come from? I just want to through it again even if I have to explain it very well so up to the dog farming what we have are three components this sort of beige component which is really Anatolian in its origin this teal, it's not green it's teal component which is most early most early encountering about it is in classes on the other the Georgian classes that we work with but it's supposed to find labor in some Iranian farmers which is very interesting you know so farming develops not just with this Anatolian type of genome but also with this Iranian type of genome at a later stage and then there's a third component here which is the the European one, the Galer type or the Western European one so we've got three very different types of genome that are there around about the dog farm and quite differently though they're really quite different 5,000 is one of the differences another difference here is something like 30,000 20,000 to 30,000 so why are they different, why are they separate in this analysis it's probably because they overwinter the ice separately they're emerging from different refugium where these ancestral components found their way through the challenge of the ice and what happens as we progress the football farming happens and as already mentioned farming finds its way and probably the genome sweeps into Europe and finds its way all the way to as much less insurers in Portugal and Ireland and elsewhere with a little bit of degradation up here in the culture but also is the interesting that there's a mixing across the various areas as well which occurs actually at the top of the top of the top of the top and there's a movement of the teal crosses under gather up into the into the region of the Black Sea which is undoubtedly to do with the transfer of farming of livestock and then with the third mining BC with this great movement into the centre of the continent and again of this crew here which some people have gone down to Ireland and we've shown that movement of people stretches all the way across to those Western friends now how complete or how substantial was the chain in population here what I would say is it really doesn't look very different to what we see at the same time on the continent so it could have been a massive migration a overwhelming migration I wouldn't say that it's a big deal of passing on there before but it's really that leads to the Bronze Age there the Bronze Age in Ireland we have some Bronze Age in Portugal that's probably this year this is Rui's work this team component is barely detectable it actually is detectable but it's very so whatever's happening here in this transfer that results in the Bronze Age is different here there's a different relationship between the centre of Europe and Ireland and the centre of Europe that's interesting to look back to so in Ireland what did the Bronze Age ever do for us well there are some genetic characteristics in Ireland that are actually extremes and some of these are serious and some not so of course so we are in Ireland being the highest frequency of the alleles that cause hemoconthosis of genetic disease of excessive iron retention we have the highest frequency in the world and we also have the highest frequency for cystic fibrosis we have very high frequencies for female kitten urine to hide the sebum with the highest frequency of certain alleles and cartils these are the two diseases that are tested for me they test very well you want we've got the weightiest weight skin in the world the ones who who's ancestry is Irish not every other expression of course has his ancestry and freckles is one of the disease that is very common to me we have the highest frequency for lacking its persistence in the West Coast is almost on the December so if we ever hold a national gene for Ireland this is the gene where the world leaders lack its persistence for the world's very high and also something that was described actually we described really 20 years ago is that there's a certain Y-concentrate that's very common it's almost 100% so do any of these turn up in antiquity and particularly in bronzies do the Y-concentrate turn up but the world turns up since it's present in those genomes some of the allele was a bit of fair skin we didn't come across seeds but we did come across the allele that causes hemocomatosis but one color allele makes it more common than that and that's interesting right to learn that it's the first time the Mendelian disease gene has been described in an ancient human mind so we would argue this and from the fact that the closest modern populations to our bronzies are the capital populations really we're looking at something very likely establishment of the Irish gene by the bronzies and there's just for example there's a map of the C2N2Y hemocomatosis allele and you can see is the max so something else we did was that we used a statistical trick we those are samples, our genomes and genomes from elsewhere that have been sequenced in a similar way in genomes generally speaking I'm not sequenced to the degree that you can call every allele in the genome for its two countries it takes quite a lot of coverage which is another word from wanting to seek and so is to the degree we can securely call every allele in the genome but there's a statistical trick you can use which is called a mutation which basically means that by looking at a large number of modern genomes and looking at the way the allele is associated with each other on the chromosome you can make a probabilistic estimate of what a missing allele would be it basically means that if you've got the allele decided you have a very good chance of doing what that allele is what that genetic variant is so I feel like we'll bootstrap a number of them so we did that for a whole range of ancient samples from different labs and we managed to call alleles all across the genomes all genome calls and from that knowledge and also from the knowledge that tens of thousands of people have their think measured and that has been compared to the genetic data across the whole genome and people have figured out parts of the genome that influence pike mumps and that enables us to estimate people's genetic height and this sort of technology is used for example in animal breeding today so for example whenever you have a bull you want to know if that bull is really good it's too good to do it one way is you can you can allow it to have many dogs and then wait until they go up and measure their milk yield and then say yes there's a good bull coming to use it for breeding but that's expensive much less expensive way to do it signals the bull and say well we know which parts of the genome influence milk yield best and this bull has more and we can estimate its predictive value as a breed of bull so it's the same statistical technique so what we're doing here is we're estimating genetic height or genomic height for individuals through time it doesn't mean that it's an actual height because people with 100 dollars 10,000 years ago couldn't have the same conditions and nutrition that we have today of course but it does get the balance of the variance that they have that caused higher on the more high today and it's interesting because what do you find? You find that the caucuses undergathers are quite short genetically speaking the other undergathers are tall the guys from Valhalla genetically speaking are tall days the name of the farmers they were small and then through time what happens in a area breeding back in of the undergatherers because they persisted in western Portugal for 500 years or so and what happens too tight is that the farmers in Portugal start to acquire some more undergatherer species and they're getting taller and then you can grasp the increase in height partly through the influence of the undergatherers and bring tall teams in here and actually there's some proof that the undergatherers are tall there it is I don't know if they've ever seen the film of Highlander yeah, that's audience's own I've never seen a Highlander there's another audience I spoke to recently and they're all going to look at me like this so the bad guy in Highlander he's a courtman and he's tall, and me as Christopher Lambert great film so I've mentioned the European languages so that's the last thing I'm going to talk about so there are two concerning ideas about the European languages the whole idea about the European language is that if you take a word like the word from the world which is an old Germanic language it's both are and I'm not sure you all know it's dark in Latin and Greek it's greater and greater the insight came from a man who lived in his angle or else but he was a colonial George I think and he lived part of his time in India and he studied Sanskrit he studied as a classical scholar and he knows similarities between Sanskrit which is a Georgian language an ancient language in South Asia the word for Robert in South Africa is roughly I'm really not sure that's there you have it he knows that words like words for other very intrinsic things like parts of the body you know very important human things that they were all very similar these words are called cognates so essentially it's the same word the word for brother across this space and time is the same word and what does that tell you it tells you that well what he told him was that they all belong to the same family and they're all of India and you can see here this is a map where which estimates where and you can see but you know it's all the way across here deep into no if they're all part of a family the implication is at one stage they were all they all at some stage were ancestral ancestors and ancestral language and the big question is where was it from and how did it spread and there are two big theories for that one is called Remfruits Anatolia main purposes and that is that originally the homeland of the Europeans was in Anatolia and this spread like Eastern West with agriculture with the people who spread with agriculture the second theory that has a lot of purchase and it's championed by Tim Henry who spoke this maybe a couple of years ago it's that of Gilbert Haas he was a PhD supervisor and our idea is that it's this group of both the Black Sea the Anaya of the Caribbean and it's a spread in this group East and West that spreads in the European languages and then once in a while it starts to differentiate and become a language now what does genetics tell us well the thing about archaeology when it comes to languages much of archaeology is done in other words, stones do not speak what's the exception of those which have descriptions we're not for a certain point archaeology is done archaeology is done in Ireland until old school which is probably the reason but genetics of course is done because genetics can never tell what language an ancient person can see there's no gene for a particular language but what genetics can do it can help the debate we think by at least showing times when there could have been large migration and a large migration at least gives you a horizon which is a candidate for linguistic change and we can see it today you know what language do I speak it's not the language of my ancestors it's a large migration part of the world and if you go to Manhattan people are not speaking whatever type of native American comments there's a large to the European so languages do change with migration certainly it can change so I think the key is this and that is that if we assume that there's a large migration from a book like sea well first I should say that when an aquaculture spread from Anatolia into Europe I do think it's very plausible probable almost certain that there was language that changed because we have an overwhelming change in culture and an overwhelming change in people that seems to me that the reason that the languages are not going to survive so undoubtedly there's truth in the Anatolian hypothesis in that there was language but was this migration from a book like sea enough to bring language change I think that's my thing and the migration into the north of Europe is pretty profound and actually the impact of Indo-European in the north is pretty profound there's virtually nothing left of pre-Indo-European language to arm the part of the continent Finnish is different of course but that's because it's a different migration bringing a Uralic language so Indo-European reigns supreme in the province of Scotland now remember I said that there's only a trace of migration allied to this big change reaching the Bronze Age so there's something happening here but it's not the same as what's happening here and that actually fits why does it fit because this is a slide from John Cook's chapter in his own book and what it is is a plot of non-Indo-European best names and descriptions in an Iberia around the time the description starts which is which is the last one I'm going to say isn't it in this Iberia my eastern Iberia it's non-Indo-European and western Iberia is in Europe so even today there is a non-Indo-European language which persists in northern Iberia, southern France in the last period so what happened here is yes migration or the acquisition of Indo-European language but it's incomplete and I think that fits but that goes to genetics there is a genetic influence from here and the genetic influence is going with that so the incomplete genetic transfer fits with the incomplete language transfer but the alternative hypothesis is that the Celtic here came with farming and the Basque language isn't pre-farming language I don't think that's possible but I'm going to say in the Iberian continent that the transfer of farming wasn't just as astrobatic as I am so my money is with the Gimbaltas hypothesis not the foot-match hypothesis ok I'll finish there I've acknowledged some of our collaborators some people did the work as I've gone along but not a lot of collaborators to many archaeological and genetic collaborators that we have and of course our farming agencies which are listed here thank you thank you very much for your presentation what was the motivation for this mass migration I've tried to organize meetings just to get people to organize as I heard in CAS so how do they do it back in the old days so what was the motivation for this? I don't know what I would say in two big migrations there's a difference in character between the the agricultural migration seems to have involved automatic warming there's some good analysis by Gunther A. which suggests that the young mayor migration leads to the wrong way and was more male of course so you'd imagine there's something of a different process going on in one of the current types coming into the various geographic areas questions for now what did we take down here by six o'clock so I'm gathering your stuff and this is Jeremy thank you for your presentation I heard about funding and I just want to tell you what took me with these steps I'm migrating to New York and we saw that the CHJ came for us to help the community so it's just based on a hybrid you mean could there have been an Anatolian origin that leads to a step and then spreads it to American focuses I who actually did that mostly where the ancestral in the European culture and prior to then it's a presence from what we might say absolutely I have a quick question which angle that's right that's right which is the same as the so how do we explain well I said the first thing about what you said so it's actually an area or something in the other thick space which is what's the meaning of it so I heard that there's a lot of it's a very new media transfer that's from Debbie do you think that's a migration that's in the reality of pre-print do you know how it's going to be published no I'm not that's what I'm hearing from the bus the bus is going to be very comfy my bus have a little bit less of the the bronze eggs nor the European they have a little bit less but they're not devoid of it but they have a little bit there are two questions over here we've got a question from John I couldn't quite follow the last map which I'm attempting I thought this was yes this one if the the this this if that in how they example if you show them from it's a different it's a very different composition what is the similarity between between between the sorry oh yes okay well what I was finding out is there is a difference Ireland is purely it's purely like that where it's a theory of its next so I'm coming back to the difference not the similarities it's a little offbeat but all perception they have to be in a in the mind-making that when we do look at entity night through time there are examples of some individuals who have worn the amethyst and there's one particular one where 5,000 year old Dominion with that individual seems to have something like a recent ancestor who was in the amethyst something like a big crime crime and by the time we're looking at these different strands in Europe it seems that our balance is always there so if it's all right has these migrations shown through the hemoprotosis gene any enlightenment to where the gene came out of if it might have had is anybody looked at the Irish population types 1, 2, 3 and seen if there's a dominance or a population versus a I don't know what you mean where is population types 1, 2, 3 2, 6 I wouldn't expect the y comes on that's just y comes on types it's not the population types because the y comes on there's only one max it's like saying it's not a type of population it's just a gene anything about the origin of this problem I think we understand to look at what we need to do and are there many more samples to be involved it's a trend hey now we have a good point great I just have to say thank you very much to Dan Bradley for fantastic presentations thank you thank you for organizing to support the last four lectures of this afternoon which has been amazing absolutely thank you for having us and to Edward Jones as well this is the first stage of Genealogy Ireland we are going to be kicked out so gather your belongings and I will see all of you for tomorrow one last thing and when you're coming in tomorrow don't forget to refer to the main entrance because that opens on 11th and 13th this entrance here over on the left hand side of the screen that is the genealogy back to our past entrance that opens at 11 o'clock and that's going to be the entrance tonight as well so the exit to the beginning of tonight you come back in tomorrow and that's where you get to see the first lecture which starts on 11th, 15th see you tomorrow