 Okay, so I think this is a good time to get started welcome welcome again on this lovely father's day Thank you for taking time to come to this presentation It's gonna be part two. So I'm gonna go over some stuff that we talked about in part one in April And then move on to some newer stuff so I always think of Second-life as sort of Wonderland. So the title is a pun catalysis in Wonderland and I've tried to show quite a few of the Quite a few of Lewis Carroll's quotes here and I see that my laser pointer is not active Let me turn that on and there we go. Okay, so Taking it away. I use some jargon this talk is I'm going to recycle it for my Ken 511 class the graduate Organometallics class and it's going to form some of my introductory Material all I talk about catalysis as introductory material We usually get to it at the end of the semester, but it's the most interesting part and it's why we do Organometallics I'm going to talk to you a little bit about number of Nobel Prizes in this field that have been awarded in the last 60 or so years So what are organometallics? Well, other than being a scary word that gets some people kind of excited It's a classic compounds that strictly speaking contain a metal carbon bond Okay, in practice, they're going to be the ones that show the reactivity that metal carbon bonds do including for metal hydrogen bonds Metal anode something that is near to my heart metal phosphorous bonds a few others. Okay, but Basically, they're going to be compounds that are in low oxidation states It's it's a mature field There's a lot going on in it and to know everything that goes on with it It's somewhat of a Red Queen's race where you have to run as fast as you can Stay in place So couple of examples here's one That strictly speaking counts because it's got iron carbon bond in the form of cyanide cyanide is Cn minus and the Prussian blue dye shown up here known since the 1700s and it has a lot of use in art and blueprints and Even in medicine these days This is strictly speaking an organometallic compound Although I think there would be a lot of organometallic chemists who go. Yeah, I might. Yeah, okay I'll get away from that. There's some more interesting things I've imported a X-ray structure of Prussian blue it's the cube above and I've simplified that structure a little bit. There's water inside the cube so here here And here these are supposed to be water molecules this particular structure had some disorder some of the cyanides where Disordered or randomly replaced with waters and I've just shown three Different representations Pull down the cube Edit and then we move This is one thing I wish we could do in real life, but I haven't smashed anyone with a cube I Distances futile so each of the vertices represents an iron atom and The lines between the vertices represent cyanides The gray I think represents carbon the kind of orange rod on the sides represents nitrogen as you can see each Each carbon atom I'm sorry each iron atom is Connected to another iron atom through a cyanide beautiful stuff This is using medicine. It'll absorb toxic things like cesium and phthalium and Prussian blue analogs are used Or are being researched as nanoparticles to deliver drugs to various body I'll move that out of the way That would be very inconvenient. I would love to be able to do this sort of thing in real life Just have a big old lecture hall where Models can just be pulled out of the sky Okay, so that's out of the way Next slide Really the field started with pherosine this is an iron compound It's actually got the formula C10 H10 iron it's a classic compound called Sandwich compound because there's an organic group up here an iron atom an organic group down here and Wilkinson got the Nobel Prize in 1973 For explaining exactly how this Molecule holds together It's a very stable molecule. It's stable up to 500 degrees. It is air stable moisture stable It's actually got a lot of organic chemistry going for it these days Including some proposed pharmaceutical So here's an example and I snuck in the ample of catalysis in here this is This is an adenine Derivative where we start on the starting side It's got the sugar and the sugar has just been modified with trimethyl silo Trimethyl silo groups on to make it a little more easy to handle, but there's a whole class of Adelus called a palladium catalyzed coupling reaction Essentially you take two organic molecules may be something that's a Bromide like this one like a Double bond something with a bromide on and then in this particular case I got a C triple bond CH you could do a C double bond CH as well and The palladium does some beautiful magic I think there's probably some copper that they didn't put into this particular slide Solvent was methanol they end up taking this CBR group the CH group they made HBR that stuff went away and then you got the carbon-carbon bond formation right here a big problem in organic chemistry is how to make carbon-carbon bonds and so there've been so many Studies on how to make carbon-carbon bonds and some of the best ones are catalytic reaction I have a reaction that's similar that I've introduced into our fourth year inorganic laboratory Where we do take half a gram of the two starting materials and put a milligram of The palladium in a milligram of some copper in and it just chugs through the Hole of the starting material to no time flat give us a couple products Sends up being a way of making an adenine adenine derivative that can then be incorporated into artificial DNA and There's a whole bio again metallic chemistry of ferricin Let's see given the carbon-carbon bonds are so common. Why is it difficult to create them in the lab? To create them We're the specificity to make them in Exactly the position that you want them to be in the molecule and as I was taught later in exactly the handedness is a challenge There's there's so many carbon-carbon bonds and organic molecules it becomes It becomes a problem to Construct the molecules in exactly the right way so we Hold a number of tools So that we can do that Okay So most of the time the catalysis is hidden over the arrow, right? So we have an alkene ethylene got platinum and hydrogen. We make an alkane. Okay? The end Basically says there's a double bond Ending alkane basically says there's no double bond. We've simply added hydrogen molecule Long ago we figured out that solid platinum could do hydrogenation So why isn't platinum just used for everything? Well again, it's selectivity sometimes you want to do some more interesting things with your chemicals Instead of just making toxic waste One of the wonderful things about transition metals is that they can bend the rules of classic organic chemistry And in the last lecture I kind of talked about that a little bit In terms of orbitals and where electrons can go You know, I think to summarize that Where electrons going a molecule is controlled by where the various nuclei are Right, and it's just physics. It's plus charges and minus charges The plus charges are big and massive and don't move around so quick the minus charges the electrons move around a real real fast Since it's a small-scale thing this quantization the energies of the electron can only take certain values And so that gives us a number of channels look at different channels of where electrons happen to be and In your organic models Those channels by adding a metal So now in my introductory talks to my students I'm going to talk about oxidative addition or you can take a metal and shove it into a Maybe a carbon bromine bond Right, so essentially kind of inserts There's consequences to that in terms of how you Count the electrons which Lend the process its name of oxidative addition the reverse process where the Metal gets squeezed out and the two things that used to be attached are now attached to each other That's called a reductive elimination If those two reactions are a beautiful example of something that we call the principle of microscopic reverse ability If you can make something happen in the forward direction it should be able to happen in the reverse direction Well, why would it happen at all? Well, usually we do something in the middle I can insertion to change the conditions a little bit so that what used to be favorable in the forward direction is Now favorable Reverse direction so this particular example of today of addition insertion reductive elimination three reactions can be used to make a cycle of reactions that convert starting materials into product and the classic example Wilkinson's catalyst and I've built a model of Wilkinson's catalyst. Let's bring that for home right now my screen is a little bit smaller than my awkward in placing objects Okay, so Essentially that's a stylized model. I've got a rhodium atom If I click on this thing Here we go. We've got an animation and We'll let it cycle through Off it right at the beginning Okay, so that's kind of at the beginning and what we've got is a Blue and a red ball attached to this shiny ball. That's the rhodium atom That's a hydrogen first thing rhodium is going to do is split the hydrogen There we go it then I summarizes so the atoms rearrange a little bit the next step here the Rhodium atom mediates the transformations have a coordination basically attachment of the alkyne to the metal center Which forces one of the hydrogen Blom on to one of those carbons and then the other one gloms on to a carbon The hydrogenated molecule goes away and then the whole thing starts over again so I've got this animation and most of these other models hanging out at the Area of epidermis very near to where the Ship and I think I've got them set up so that I can copy You know manifest them res them I guess wherever you like so You know, this is hopefully an animation that That that makes sense. I mean it basically just goes over and over All right, I'll move that out of the way Rhodium atom on its own and had a lot kind of donatee looking organic shrubbery And that stuff is kind of important. I'll talk about just a little bit later on Wilkinson got a Nobel Prize for Or Parisine, but he's pretty well known for this Wilkinson catalyst If that same process is represented in the diagram, it's something leading the animation to the corresponding point in the diving Yes, okay, so when I talk to my graduate students or I'll try to use I remember to use pointer to show how we're going around Hey, okay, so This is a pun basic animation for hydrogenation anyone who's ever programmed in basic will represent go to 20 Essentially, there's a series of steps and it just goes around and around and around and of course If you tried programming that into a basic editor you get a syntax error Hey so one of the things that happens in Wilkinson's catalyst is that the hydrogen atoms slides over to a carbon atom and then gets peeled off the thing is that Carbon atoms that are directly attached to a metal can also slide onto another carbon atom. So in that case you can get the ethylene inserting over and over and over again and that would lead to polyethylene So I probably should have put an end in front of the little double line here that represents CH2 double bond CH2 to represent You know how many of these? CH2 CH2 get Together a good catalyst is going to give you a hundred thousand or so Units Strung together a very long polymer a good Paula a catalyst is not going to have any kind of branches coming off at Random points Good catalyst is not going to give you short polymer. There are mechanisms by which short polymer can be made We you know our technology were pretty much mastered getting good catalyst these things called Entse metallocene among industry standards today, and I've got a model Entse metallocene right here Now let's see if I can bring this forward without crushing any of the onlookers Okay, it's to go back What makes this an antse metallocene? Okay, well ferrocene. I showed you before is a sandwich compound So I'm telling you the sandwich compound that two kind of flat is organic groups of the metal in the middle the answer Make it is because those two things are attached to each other and they're no longer Parallel they have an angle between them. Okay, so they're kind of tied back. Let's see I need to rotate this Looking at it from the front Big doughnut big green doughnut This is supposed to represent a growing polymer The ground I've got some extra ethylene all of jewels Actually, that's not ethylene. It's propylene What's the difference well ethylene has two carbons propylene has three carbons and I'll talk about one of the major differences in a few slides But for this guy, I've tried to kind of show Here's where we start ethylene inserts other ethylene binds inserts binds inserts That is not the best animation. I'm working on better animations using unity And in fact if I tried to put a few more ethyliens this This this animation crashes you can see As a feature the ground polymer Shifts from one side of the zirconium. It's a pink thing is a zirconium by the way to the other Okay, and kind of a windshield wiper effect and The large groups at the bottom like near the ground that are attached If they're big enough they direct the growing polymer to always be growing up towards the sky that has That has consequences on the exact arrangements how these things insert All right Making me dizzy I'm not scaring anyone with And my chemistry's talk that's scary Well, except for the toxic plate. Ha ha ha ha Okay Back to what I might know So here's another animation another dad joke basic Go-to 30 where we simply show more and more Ethylene or Propylene into the growing polymer chain Farthest they have to do bad jokes So here's a thing I've been talking about some of the details of catalysis and Bring these red and Red and blue tetrahedra Forward So the point I want to make with these two models is that these two models are built with tetrahedra these two models are built with tetrahedra and You know a tetrahedron doesn't have a handedness to it It's just a plain old tetrahedron the left hand form and the right hand form look exactly the same right Take a mirror image of a tetrahedron. Hey, it's a tetrahedron. Yay But these tetrahedra are connected to each other same way that Carbon which likes to have things are ranged around it in a tetrahedral form can connect to each other and I've shown Camera to where the Big kind of arrow thing is I've shown is that I This tetrahedra I rose as a spiral away from you the top one spirals in a In a clockwise manner That would be the red one the bottom one spirals in a counterclockwise manner These things will be mirror images I Think I've actually got them so that you know they would be mirror images of each have actually But the thing is you could never take one and physically manipulate it To be able to overlap with the other These things will not Physically overlap just like your left hand and your right hand There's no way you can physically manipulate your right hand in space Make it into a left hand. Hey, I'm I'm assuming you don't have access to a black hole or something like that So a time machine or something that'll rotate you through four dimensional space in three dimensional space Your left hand will never become a right hand. That's the same for some of these molecules and It's a feature that's really important for Because molecular recognition and biochemistry is why most biochemical work If Handed form of a molecule and you feed it the left-handed form of a molecule. It will not Recognize it. So one of the wonderful things about a catalyst is that it can leave an imprint of its handedness on the product There are or strictly organic ways of making polymers a radical condensation There are radical polymerization. There's condensation polymerization. There's carbanion methods But none of these have the ability to control the handedness as New molecules of ethylene or propylene are added. Well, yeah, and you know my My chair that I'm sitting on I'm a bit disappointed with it because it's it doesn't seem to be a left hand or a right hand I was I was hoping to use it as a example of handedness, but but no okay, so a Little bit about handedness so I've got a molecule here it happens to be I think one chloroethanol and there's a Left-handed form and the right-handed form these two drawings are depicting Mary images of each other the conventions we use if we have just a line Then a plain old line just says okay. That's parallel to the plane of this screen This little hash tag or this little hash line from the this vertex to the chloride represents Angling out behind the screen this one The wedge Represents and going out in front of the screen Turns out and I've drawn these as new energy Then it turns out there's no way to take models of these and superimpose them That's one thing that second life would be handy for if I had models of them There would be no way in space to Rotate them so that they perfectly superimpose and how we as chemists look at molecules You know we take the CH bond and Look at the molecule holding the hydrogen Opposite to us and we look down that CH axis So basically the in my little drawing here the CH is way in back and There's rules for doing this, but you usually just take go by molecular weight and your biggest molecular weight then your next Vegas or chlorine then oxygen and carbon and if there's ties if everything's carbon there's other rules I won't go into them. But now basically this Would be a counterclockwise Definition or a spiral Do the same thing chlorine to oxygen to carbon in the mirror image is a clockwise And essentially well, we just say okay one's going to be s for the counterclockwise I've always remembered it as s is for sinister which is Being left and ours for right Yeah, it doesn't doesn't really make sense as a mnemonic because one's in Latin ones in English, but it works for me These two molecules They are in the s What are the absolute configurations in terms of rules? Ah, let's see mek. Yes. So if you had 100% of the s form And then, you know, it would be it would be a Single what we would call enantiomer, but if you had a 50-50 mixture of the two forms that would be called we're seeing it Because you know, basically the s form is called the race mate of the R form so we're seeing it is basically a random mixture. Hey, there's inorganic hand in this as well So carbon does tetrahedral What we usually do here is for Octahedral complexes. Here's a special case The metal has six things attached Octahedral simply means you got something on top on the bottom to the left to the right and in front and back Let's say you've got three different flavors of things attached. You put one flavor in the back and then you see Where the thing that is on the top goes does it go to the left? Let's go to the right and for inorganic chemicals instead of R and s we use capital lambda and capital Delta So here capital lambda would be left and capital Delta would be texted. So Yeah, it doesn't make sense in terms of how the Latin and But now it works There's also D and L these these smaller lowercase letters They are used to describe and I've got a couple slides on this the rotation of plain polarized light and There's going to be no relation between D and L and the R and s The inorganic chemistry the Delta inland Handiness is a fundamental property of organic chemistry That was discovered a long time ago discovered before Atoms were accepted right 1850s, you know the atomic theory was still just a theory back then Was discovered before It was That carbon could be tetrahedral. In fact, this was evident for the tetrahedral carbon or tetrahedral nature of carbon so it comes from tartaric acid and Tartaric acid can exist. There's actually several stresses of it, but I've shown L and D and One of the wonderful things about tartaric acid is that if you take This hydrogen off and this hydrogen off replace them with a Sodium which is Na plus and an ammonium NH4 plus That substance the sodium ammonium Great That substance Crystallizes as single and anti-merge so one form the left-handed form Forms its own set of crystals the right-handed form forms its own set of crystals. This is really unusual Most of the time if you have a left-handed form in the right-handed form They will get together to complement each other to form maybe something that's packs better in a single crystal but Lea Pasteur found sodium ammonium tartarate gave you a left-handed crystal right-handed crystals He could pick them apart with tweezers and then do some tests on them For the test Pretty simple actually He's an old-style Polarimeter essentially what this is is a light source There's a polarizing filter just like what you'd have in your 3d glasses if you went to recent 3d movie You'd put a solution of your sample there and Then you'd have another filter In the eyepiece and the thing about polarizing filters is that if you have them at 90 degrees to each other They don't let any light through If you have a sample that's called on quote optically active in between these two filters You'll find hey, it's not 90 degrees There's a different angle there because the sample is doing some rotation of the light Okay, the DNL Sun minus Those labels on compounds tell you about how they rotate the light, but they don't translate into the structural labels that I talked about it in the general of chemical education A beautiful demo. I just had to share it The cell phones emit polarized light so if you have 3d glasses and you Put them over your cell phone You'll see one lets through more light than the other essentially because You know how the cell phones gonna emit polarized light that light is going to tend to line up in I don't know. Let's call it the vertical direction the vertical lens on the 3d glasses will let light through the horizontal lens well if the horizontal lens only lets Horizontally polarized light through and the cell phones only emitting vertically polarized light no lights going to get through the beautiful thing is that Dr. Thompson recognized if you have a petri dish with a sample in it that's optically active like all of these handed molecules that I've been talking about You'll have to rotate that polarized lens a little bit to be able to You know get the full darkening effect, so this is a beautiful demonstration I Know polarimeters simply just look like You know little plastic boxes a lot. So, you know, I like to see I like to see the older stuff But the left-handed form right-handed forms they really do remain significant challenge Trigamic chemistry and this is a article that came out. I think only a couple weeks ago like May 31 And these folks have tried to develop a gaming app to show Show chirality so so getting back to polymerization Propylene the three carbons When you have four things attached to a single carbon and all four of those things are different Then you have a recipe for handedness gonna be left-handed form or right-handed form So probably itself has a mirror plane right because it's a planar molecule. So the plane is this day But what that what it means though is that when after it reacts to make the polypropylene It will be what we say chiral So it's pro chiral. I would have said pre chiral, but I didn't get to name things so Probably good that I didn't get to name things and you know, one of the things I really like it is In Alice in Wonderland, you can always find something appropriate. So here's Alice through the licking glass to talk about chiral molecules So we can get the catalyst to control Geometry What is what do I mean by head-to-head well Back to back to here if we consider this end to be the head of the molecule and this end to be The tail of the molecule because they're different right little chd group can be a tail Then you can worry about Do these things attach? H2 to ch2 and The end with a methyl group to the end in the methyl group. That would be head-to-head That's uncommon. Usually you get heads a tail with ch2 You know see it ch2 to see a to the End of the methyl group to the ch2 the methyl group and What is nice is to get these things attached so that you have the same handedness at all the sites Term there called iso tactic another term symbiotactic where you get the Left hand form right hand form left hand form right hand form and believe it or not How these left-handed forms and right-handed forms Alternate or not it's gonna Change the properties of the polymers or you could just have random which would be tactic And there's other ones there may be You tactic maybe it's non-random, but maybe it's complex So I showed the zirconocene animation I kind of thought of it as a mad tea party in the story Every so often They all get up run around the table and find new seats and that kind of reminded me of what was going on with a zirconocene catalyst And here in unity Which they talked about last week a little I've Started scripting a little more smooth animation that I'll use in my class and hopefully try to get as an MP4 All right talks a little bit about a little bit about the properties of the symbiotactic polypropylene superior properties You know basically better better stuff and more easily Recycled Polymers are built to last. Okay, so PBS recently had a series and they reported that The equivalent of a dump truck of plastics goes into the oceans every single minute Every minute of every day and that's that is a lot of plastic The same catalyst that are used to make these things cannot be used Up some the catalyst themselves are air and moisture sensitive so You know, there's just no way that they could be used to Unzip all of the polymers into their starting materials again. It would be nice I think people are looking at ways of doing this including biological ways. I think SR was looking at that The last time we spoke So You know, it'd be nice to use less here. We are in judgment of Plastics, I know the queen of hearts. She bakes some parts, but he was using plastic utensils to serve them You to ask whether glass is an option Plastics in the environment turn the micro plastics nanoplastics. This this is a bad thing Recycling including steel and aluminum is something that's necessary biodegradable plastic We have to look at just how they biodegrade because if they just biodegrade into nanoplastics micro plastics Then that has really kicked the problem down in scale rather than Yeah, rather than rather than As a sight down the mind The last classic Catalyst here the Grubbs catalyst Nobel Prize 2005 I met dr. Grubbs a couple of times And he's one that should be perplexing to you that a ruthenium carbon double bond Those other versions with malignant the malignant minds tend to be highly air and moisture sensitive You know bursting into flames on exposure to air the ruthenium ones are much more tolerant of air and moisture and even exotic functional groups on the organics that you're using to react them and the bottom line with this reactivity Say you've got two alkenes you mix two alkenes There's one with four of the same group another with four of a different group What happened is that this catalyst breaks the carbon-carbon double bond Essentially and scrambles the two starting material This is an equilibrium and you know if you can Know usually what happens is that you go in the opposite direction you get maybe a ch2 double bond something interesting And the ruthenium will give you a ch2 ch2 Which bubbles away and then the two things that are interesting end up attached So this is called a alkene atathesis and it's become a key Key tool in carbon carbon double bond formation in the last little while So far making elastomers like bouncy plastics Ring opening reaction By this catalyst are very important So lump here is ring opening Metathesis Polymerization and you start with something like that's a molecule of dice necropentadiene Now what it can do? I don't know why this bottom one doesn't react I think it does and so you get some cross-linking But what you can do is basically take one of these double bonds and Open them up so they attach to the next molecule and This because the double bonds have force certain Geometries on the molecules. This ends up giving you a little more Compression and bounciness to the final polymer nickel So and you know if we look at how this I'd off with some catalyst. It's got a ruthenium carbon double bond and then the next double bonded molecule comes in and It forms this four-membered intermediate The ruthenium going to the first carbon and then yeah, the double bonds have kind of shared a bond In between them so as to form the four-membered ring our membered ring has no memory and can split off the the mixed unit right The bond here when we break a bond there Then we get this guy No real difference in the activity between the structure at the bottom and the structure at the top so You might ask hey, what if one of these comes in? Well, if one of those comes in you'll still get this there will be no change So don't even have to Forms a four-membered intermediate. There's no memory so if the bond breaks there and There then again we get more mixed and we're back to where we started with For me being able to just Cut apart double bonds is just fantastic. This is something that I never dreamed of when I was an undergraduate Until finally at the end Talked a little bit about nanoparticles So the newer directions in This chemistry or to figure out what happens at surfaces I do the beginning I talked about hydrogenation using platinum metal Well, the platinum surface is what does the hydrogenation on that platinum on the inside of a big particle is just wasted so a big move to find out what's going on Surfaces has been to look at nanoparticles Please a slide or to remind me To direct your attention upward to the giant nanoparticle The giant nanoparticle I guess it's just a particle isn't it? That I brought here. Hopefully I'm not going to crush too many people with my giant nanoparticle There we go This is a really well-defined Particle I'm headies. I'm sorry. I don't think this fits on the screen. This is a really well-defined particle It's to icosahedra of gold that share a vertex Waste of this thing as some sulfur atoms the orange atoms are The gold or the green atoms are gold This is a well-defined nanoparticle because you can crystallize it and You know that every particle of the Or every molecule of this stuff is the same and that's not true for all nanoparticles with well-defined nanoparticles like this I mean just put it back up there a lot of gold With well-defined nanoparticles like that one we can start to figure out what is going on. So Just Looking at the looking at the surface of this chemistry just a little bit Here's four types of nanoparticles this particular paper Published in American Chemical Society ACS catalysis this whole journal on catalysis in the American Chemical Society 2014 Nanoparticles that had been found to have these particular shape They have surfaces and the gold atoms on the surfaces Particularly easy to make gold nanoparticles, by the way, but the Gold nanoparticles on the surface. Some of them are on An edge some of them are in a face some of them might be defect sites on that Corner they all have different reactivities that we now have the technology to probe Go into those in too much detail. Maybe this would be a great talk for a great thing to do a separate talk on And how do we know what these nanoparticles look like? Well, we can basically take Electron microscope images of them and Uniform micro crystals of these nanoparticles all with these kind of different shapes The little rods little starry type shapes Starry type shapes that are kind of fused on the face and then ones that are more spherical Okay, and so, you know, we can prove what sort of Shapes these things have and they're small enough so that we know what sort of environments the atoms are In on their faces. So here's a paper. They were catalyzing Don't don't quote me on this. I think they were catalyzing carbon monoxide Turned into methanol or something like that each each column The particular shape from the nanoparticle. This would be the data that says there's some catalysis happening Things are measures of the different sorts of catalysis my point in this particular slide is that the different environments give you different Reactivity, but the reactivity is stuff We've worked out from those smaller molecules like Wilkinson's catalyst and the ants and the phthalocenes and the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction All of those molecules happen in the solution state at single metal atoms and we were able to figure out what's going on I'm using the traditional techniques spectrostopic techniques And come armed with that knowledge into this nanofield Chemistry to the end here So, you know a lot of phenomena for these nanoparticles remain to be investigated My own interests are inorganic chemistry and electrochemistry You know, and this was a beautiful paper that came out A couple of years ago. I really like the this is the table of contents entry you can make these nanoparticles are called core shell nanoparticles And that these kind of orangey looking atoms in the core of a nanoparticle The gold is particularly easy to make Well-defined shapes from and then they coat the outside of those shapes with palladium Uh This would be a this would be an octahedron. There's just a slight There's just a slice taken out of it so you can see what's in the core And these guys kind of did some electrochemistry the oxidized reduce the electrode surface for a while and Showed that The atoms can migrate around All right, um, which gives which kind of is a problem if your palladium reaction you want and it ends up inside The particle then it's not going to do the reaction anymore All right, so, you know conclusions are transition metal organometallics Lots of Nobel prizes in in this area lots of benefits to society one of the early ones I think was uh the synthesis of large quantities of el dopa to treat Parkinson's and other disease Um small amounts of very expensive substances platinum palladium can be used economically. Um the Um ruthenium that is used for the ring opening the tapas this polymerizations End up in the polymer. So if you have elastomers, they've got probably a little bit of tracer ruthenium in there lots of applications We need to recognize that Um chemistry Um, you know, while chemicals have lots of benefits. They also have lots of drawbacks to in the through go hand in hand Oh, you know, um, there are future applications in terms of Better substances that are more friendly for our environment and for remediation of substances in the environment as well Acknowledgements. I get my x-ray data from these places crystallography open database the rcsb protein data bank Cambridge American mineralogist and small blender unity to Make many of the models I've shown you Hey, I definitely acknowledge science circle. I love these talks. I love being part of this The nsf has been very helpful with Funding for my regular research and I consider this an outreach activity from my regular research these guys are my recent grad current and recent graduate George is my collaborator from oklahoma Uh, and my school on definitely all of you and for your attention and continued support So I think that's where that's where I should end that I'm happy to take question these details determining the lab Yes, so, uh, there's a number of things that can be done. Um if you have a reaction That um is catalyzed by some substance You can use various forms of spectroscopy to look at how the starting materials are consumed and how the products are um generated So for example, you could use UV is spectroscopy if there's a color change or infrared spectroscopy Um, there's look at how how um molecules vibrate, right? So each molecule has a fingerprint of vibration See there's a particular wavelengths that are indicative of It's present spectroscopy can you be used to quantitate in terms of getting? Concentration and if you plot concentration versus time you can do some nasty math And get back to what the rate determining steps are tend to involve their transition or the catalyst themselves um We can also use magnetic resonance techniques for the same purpose Uh, so a lot of a lot of what we know is spectroscopic The other things we can do is change your concentration So if you have a catalyst that takes two things and couples them together We can only put one thing in there And then you isolate and crystallize and get the structure of The um the metal complex that results then that gives you clues So there's a whole lot of experiments that are spectroscopic and synthetic Uh, and these days we can do Quantum mechanical calculations fairly easily To be able to make some predictions about structures When I was a student the quantum mechanical calculations Were predicted to take hundreds of thousands of years to actually compute how simple reactions would go With um the advances in computers in the last 30 years plus the advances in algorithms those those things taken after them High time resolution sometimes they do sometimes they don't You know it depends it depends on depends on how you Set up the reaction if you do things dilute So that the molecules have a hard time finding each other then you can get um, then you can get Some reactivity studies at a more reasonable pace Or you could do electrochemistry And uh, if you indirect study electrochemistry where you're looking at um How electron transfer reactions compete with diffusion you can look at reactions whose Rates are up to the diffusion limit Kind of one of the things I do It's got a steep learning curve There's no more questions. I'll let you guys get back to your regular father's day activities I'll give my dad a call. I'll tell him yesterday. All right, Susan. Do you thank you for coming? Yeah, I forgot about Father's Day. I probably should have done it yesterday. Have a wonderful day everyone. Um I'll come back this week Chantel and kind of clear out Uh, some of these are all of these materials and how I repopulate the Lab portion of the sim Cool. I think we're going to go off and have coffee somewhere. So Hope it has a great day. I'm going to stand up and log out. Well, maybe I'll reset That's one one. There we go. You said this guy Okay Excellent, and I think I've got all of these objects That so people can copy and I want to say paste but you know Make you know take your own copies if you like You know base it and a lot of these have if you click on them notepad. Nope No, no show up Alrighty. All right guys stand up And we're going to go off for coffee. So Again, have a great week and we'll see you later