 Good morning is Two minutes past nine so we can start Welcome to the activities of Intercollege and optics today we have Full activity we have Lectures, and we have also experimental hands-on session so For the beginning we will start with a lecture Introduced by Professor Ahmadu Wagh from University, Czech Anta Biop from Senegal and He will present a lecture on laser spectroscopy and multi-spectral analysis and Some applications in this field Then we will have a lecture in optical tweezers basics and application presented by Dan Kozok from National Research Council of Italy and Then in the second part of the day starting with 2 o'clock We will have a combined Hands-on activities, so we will have the experimenter session with surface platform resonance method for precise detection and low concentration solution they are groups 1 to 3 with This is in M lab also Experimenter session in Determination of optical properties of thin films Influence of the substrate and materials also in M lab and we will have in Adriatico Informatics lab the computer lab processing, so they are groups 4 5 6 everything will be followed in accordance with the program so keep attention on the program and at the end of the hands-on session from this Location at half past three Please groups which are involved in the experiments in M lab Please go because you already know the road, so may I introduce Professor Ahmadu Wagh, please professor Thank you very much. Please mister. Okay, so good morning everybody It's it's a great pleasure for me to be here today at ICTP and I would like to thank the organizer for opportunity to talk about multispectroscopy and laser spectroscopy with some application so I start with the outline before going I Would make a brief presentation of the lab network we stand for African laser atomic molecular and optical science network To me this is important because it is in the framework of this Network that we have done All these things I am going to talk about So and after I will I will show the activities that we have in the atom laser laboratory at the University Shek Antajop of Dakar So for the presentation of the network it was created in in 91 at the occasion of the first international workshop on the physics and the modern application of lasers at the University Shek Antajop of Dakar, Senegal and it was with a participation of about 20 20 countries 20 participating Country from from Africa and also from the from the United States from from Italy and so and Of course it was with the support of ICTP the Senegalese government and French embassy in Senegal and there was a personal involvement of Professor Abdul Salam and Professor Galeno Denaro who was the director of the office of external activity I want to take opportunity to to pay tribute to to professor Abdul Salam and to professor Galeno Denaro they have done a lot for the development of science in in Africa and in developing country so from 1996 The network have established a strong interaction with Lund University and the international program in physical science IPPS in in Sweden Uppsala University and This was thank also to the effort of professor Galeno Denaro Professor Sun Swanberg from Lund University and Professor Lenal Aselgrin from international program of physical science the the main purpose of the network is to promote the physics of Lasers atom molecule optical science and their application as well as to develop a scientific cooperation in Africa in the in this field. So you will see during my talk all kind of Collaborative action that we have established within this this network Here we have we have a map of of the representative of the of the network of the representation We have we are organized such that there is representation in Africa And also we have international contact and our international contact are everywhere as you can see in in Europe in in the United States in Canada in Brazil in Russia in even in In Australia we have somebody there for the for the representation in India and so Okay so The activities of the network it is workshop a school and conferences Development and cooperation in lasers and optical science training program For the development and building capacity in research in optical science in Africa and in this in this framework the network is a Or my laboratory is a node of the African laser center and this African laser center was was created thanks To the activities of the network where we was trying to to bring Hard infrastructure laser infrastructure in a in many places in a in a in Africa so we have also training program for for for development and building capacity activities in international society our network is a member of the ICO International Commission it is the International Commission for optics and also for in Sosa committee and We were a member of a committee for international year of light So this is some of the of a slide to show what we we have done till the the first Meeting in Senegal in 91 we got a meeting in after that meeting in Zimbabwe in 93 in Ghana in 94 in Sudan in 96 in Tunisia in 2002 in 2004 in Cameroon in 2007 again in Ghana in 2010 in Senegal 12 in Senegal and also 14 in Senegal So we are going around around Africa trying to put people together doing research in optical science This is the the slide from my lab In 2000 there was the first ICO topical meeting in Africa so Some people can recognize themself. I say professor Professor Sheepard is here. It's you Yes, and my Maria Calvo Anna also Anna is Anna is there and I was very happy to To to have them in my house. So this was a great pleasure for me So this is a very long time in 2010 So we are trying because if you want to do such kind of networking It is very important to have good collaboration of political authorities So we we got opportunity to visit the the president of Republic of Senegal During the lamp 10 meeting here. You cannot recognize also some people. We have a soon Sunberg is there I think Joe also Johnny Mella is there professor alloté. Who is a member of? ICTP scientific council. I am there myself with the president. I'm taking the hand of the president and and so We have many other Friends from Tunisia from Morocco from from other country. I think Anthony Johnson also is there and Secazi from from the US and so and We we try also to create the African physical society and this African society physical society was launched in Senegal This is the member committee of this African physical society But up to now I have to recognize we are trying to push the things so that These African physical society can work effectively the president is a professor alloté and I am one of the vice president with This professor from Tunisia and other people and also we have ICTP also sitting on board of these African physical society and and after that in 2014 also We we we make a launching of the African optics and photonic society It was one of the workshop also of the of the lab network in Senegal here You can see some people of the international steering committee. We have Anthony Johnson soon soon Swanberg Johnny Mella Yagatai from from from Japan who is in charge of Getting founding and many other people for Paul Baba sure is there I think that's me tired and other people more artists girl are member of these African African optics and photonic society. So this is a the member of of the people participating to this meeting in Senegal and Here, this is the the last lamp meeting with in collaboration with African African imaging Spectral imaging network. The name is asphine. This network also was created in Senegal by the lamp network in 2005 in 2010 It is a kind of sub network regrouping country from Senegal from Côte d'Ivoire from from Ghana from from Burkina Faso Mali and Mali Which is specialized in imaging and in the framework of a collaboration between the lamp and this Subnetwork we have done a lot. It is with the support of of ISP it is the international program in physical science in Sweden and here you can see the officer of of ISP and is a taller one and Carla Who come down in Senegal for this for this meeting and it was also the equation to make a celebration of an international year of light? So now I'm going to talk about the activities that We are doing in our In in our laboratory in Senegal But as I say it is in the in the big framework of of this African laser atomic and molecular and optical science network So we I will talk about lasers and lead induced fluorescent spectroscopy laser induced breakdown spectroscopy X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, which is which is not exactly in in the framework of of the lamp But this is a collaborative actions that we have with the international atomic energy agents And also we have we I will show something about the military a spectral microscopy that we start with Lund Institute of Technology with with a support of also ISP in 2009 in in Ghana and after that we organize also in Ghana in collaboration with ICTP and group from Genova Francesco Special workshop in Ghana on optical tweezers This this was a very inspiring workshop for us to continue to do a multispectral Microscopy and to to to get into topic for diagnostic of malaria and so Thanks to some of the work of Dan Kojak I think he's going to talk after me who who have developed also a technique for for malaria diagnostic So and and and after that we we have also a topic on multispectral imaging in in a remote sensing This is also in the in the framework of lamb and as we network and We've a support of ISP and Particularly we've a very strong involvement of professor soon swan berk who Is inspiring a lot of things that we are doing within our Network and the last one will be on horizontal microscopy with with lasers. This is the image. I show you During the meeting last meeting near the near the sea What this is the last topic? We just start to do to do these this work and I will show you some image some some Preliminary work that we are doing in this field Okay, so so let's start For by the laser and lead industrialism spectroscopy. This is one of the of the topic we have We have started as I say in 96. We got a strong collaboration with Lune Institute of Technology Lune University with a soon swan berk and this this collaborative action start here at ICTP because soon was coming giving lectures and With a professor denaro we've soon with myself as a as a President of the lamb network. We have organized a meeting in Lund on Dired laser spectroscopy and during this meeting. There was a participation of it is it was a kind of not meeting a workshop for people from Ghana by Paul Babasho from Ghana Abdullah from Sudan myself from Senegal and A friend from from Kenya to to mount a dial laser spectroscopic Equipment so that we can do absorption Saturation spectroscopy modulation spectroscopy and we started this topic in our different country and Especially from my laboratory We were able to train people from from Malia from Mauritania and from other Surrounding country, but I'm not going to talk about about these Dialas spectroscopy. I will I will focus on Honor on a lift which is one of the most sensitive approach Available for analytical purpose because it is very easy to implement. It is a well-investigated And also it is non-invasive techniques and it is imperative for many application in in environmental Monetary so one of the other of the activity of the lab is to to see the fluorescence in in plant and here you have a Simplified a Yablanski diagram, which saw how fluorescence is working. I think during the lecture of Professor Alberto. He have shown many things about that You can you can see here This is the fluorescence Emission this is the excitation in in the in the S1 and S2 level and after there is some Intercrossing system and you have the fluorescence now If you have room temperature, you can you can excite any kind of Molecules so and after there is a fluorescence emission so The activity we have done is the the monitoring of the vegetation by a Spectroscopic detection and this is very important by if you make this detection by electromagnetic Radiation because it is a it is a powerful Non-contact and and non-destructive matter in the study of environments So the and the laser industrial spectroscopy of terrestrial visitation is an important aspect of active remote sensing which provide a specific tool for assessing visitation damage and forest decline and And as you know the development of plant is based on the capture and the transformation of sunlight by chlorophyll through photosynthesis process and the efficiency of This project this process depend Open the presence of sufficient amount of water mineral nutrient carbon dioxide and light so you can the plant damage by pollutants like water stress pathogen result of Reduce rate of photosynthesis. This is why it is important to to make the measurement of a depression of a photosynthetic process and it is an important Criterion in the evaluation of Accessory pigment to chlorophyll a and stress condition in plant here I just show the the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll, which is around 400 nanometers and 700 nanometers I will I will show in the in the in the result. This is the instrumentation. We have it is a very simple instrumentation that was financed by by IPPS and We we we we make a workshop in Sweden in 2001 Where each group from from different African country have mounted his own? Spectrometers so and and this this is very important and after that Every group went back with his spectrometer. This is a for in the African context. This is important to Have your own equipment so that you can work at home Not just to go in some lab in some in some developed country to do things and after when you go back home You you cannot work anymore So with this kind of system and it was very effective at this time. They just have the discover the blue Lasers and the blue laser is sitting here to to make a fluorescence Spectroscopy and also to make other things like a photodynamic therapy. I will talk about that after So this is a some applications that we have done in our in our laboratory concerning specially medicinal plant you can see the different spectrum and what is interesting in these in this Assessment it is the the two pick of of of fluorescent spectra and you have to to do The the ratio of these two pick and this ratio tell you about the state of the plant, you know, it is the F I cannot see very well here. It is the F 690 and the F 735 nanometer peaks if you if you you you make the ratio of these two peaks like like here It is it is shown you you can see what is what what is the state of the plant and at the same time You can have also a fingerprint of each plant because here we have done with With different plant in in in our country. This is a citroniae carouselier saas and a galensis mangy and pué sapote This was done. This was a MSc thesis of one of my students and We it was very very very interesting to to to do such kind of work and we got a collaboration with our friend from Ivory Coast They they take a portative instrumentation. We got a grant from the to us and they they measure the lack of of Potassium in palm tree, you know before before doing laser technology They used to send the soil sample in France to wait for one two months in order to to get the result and with this technique They they have immediately as a result and they know what to do what what measures they have to take so that to save the plantation for some potential damage and and I talk with some people from Brazil, which are also using this technique in the In the in the orange plantation in a in a in Brazil So after that we we use the same equipment to do application in in photodynamic therapy in in collaboration with With a professor Katerina Swanberg who is sitting here. So we we made the first clinical experience in Senegal Lund University Medical Center Lund University Hospital and also the Department of ENT at the Aristide Le Dentec University And of course the Department of Physics where where is there? my lab This is the the the different application of this of this PDT The the principle is is relatively simple. It is it consists to to to give Some kind of photosensitive sanitizer to a patient and after one hour or two hours. It depends You you can make a checking by a blue a blue laser diode that that I show you and and after that you you make a Therapy with a with a red light. So with with a with a blue blue diode You can make a diagnostic and and and a diagnostic you can see the okay, pardon you can You can see here the shoulder the characteristic shoulder for the for the cancer Which for the cancer cell which are absorbing the the photosensitizer in this in this in this example, it is the alpha amino Levenic acid and and the principle is very simple after after absorbing the LA and with shining and shining with with with a red lasers you you make a excitation and after there is some Inter a system crossing and you you transform there is a photo photo chemical reaction which transform the the triplet oxygen to singlet oxygen and and and the singlet oxygen is a Is a is very bad for the for the organism the singlet oxygen. It is a poison so that you you you induce the intoxication of of the cancer cell by by this by this technique and We we okay. We we started in Senegal, but unfortunately we we we cannot develop filter due to due to lag of a strong political commitment from our our university authority and mental authority because at this time The product was very very expensive and it is a Katrina bring some LA in in our lab at this time I think one gram cost about $150 so this is the also the the workshop we have done in a in moon and this was published by by Katrina Swanberg and soon swanberg in the in the aero aero physical news So this is a some of a session in a in a in Dakar at the at the hospital With a participation of nurse Benso and also a Christina swanberg and and this is biophotonic in in nature You see the nature also is is doing good, but biophotonic by producing nice papaya fruit okay, another topic is the the X-ray fluorescence and for this X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy we have a monochromatic radiation Which can excite also the system and at and and you will obtain the emission of X-ray from from higher share and What is interesting is that there is a characteristic emission for each element. So with this technique you you can make analytical analytical Measurement you can you can measure concentration you can do a lot of things And if you have an unknown sample or so you can use a suitable X-ray sources in in our laboratory in collaboration with international atomic energy we we we got a Portable X-ray X-ray X-ray spectrometers and We have this is the the schematic of the analyzer and this is in our lab The how the setup is there you can see here. This is a This is the X-ray Protective you can take it off and you can go in the field with it with With battery and there is also a GPS a GPS wireless Transmission which is integrated so that if you are if you are making some analytical Measurement in some place you have at the same time All the all the coordinator of the place all the location of the place and For that we we start a mapping a Geological sample in Senegal in the in the eastern part of Senegal in this part you have there is a lot of gold There is gold. There is a Zirconium there is iron and and it was important to to do some collaboration with the geology department in in our in our university and I Some of my student was working on it It is a trauré and and and by that, you know, we sitting here and and others a student So it was it was very interesting because we combine as this method We we've also the lips technique and I'm going after to talk about that because what is what was our problem with with We've a lips technique is that you can make measurement But the problem is how to to measure the concentration I will talk later about it in collaboration with gas me how we how we make something concerning these The measurement of at least of electron dance density So here we we also we also apply this technique in Agricultural product, you know in Senegal people are drinking a lot of tea it is like here in Italy people are drinking a lot of coffee and And we have tea coming from different places from China from Cameroon from from North Africa from Kenya and and it was important to to know The provenance of this different tea and also there is another kind of tea. It is Artemisia Which is very very which is a known has to fight against malaria So we we try to to to make a differentiation of this different tea by by x-ray techniques and also by by lips technique and After we use a principal component analysis to to to see what is the provenance of Of of a different tea and this is this this work also was done by by by Traure and Some other people in you know in my in my lab This is the the same application, but here you have more detail in the in the spectrum you can see the different element Which are contained in this This is the tier number number three sample from Cameroon and and this is the the three Number five sample from China So you you can see and and from China there is different kind of tea in Senegal There is Cheval there is a fecha there is thought there is hella there is a you see all this kind of tea are In Senegal and people are are are using them very very often So now I will start to talk about the the laser's breakdown spectroscopy which is also a very Interesting technique. It is it is fast and it is okay Somehow not not destructive, but in any way in our lab the samples that we we take for for the measurement because we got a two 200 milli joules So there is there is a small damage in the in the sample in any way, but it's not it's not so so terrific So and these lip techniques it it's rely a minimum sample preparation And it can be applied on sample of arbitrary shape in solid liquid or in gaze user status So this is the the equipment we got in In our lab also this was in the framework of the of the collaboration of the lab network with Uppsala University So here we in order to to be sure that That you don't need a Google to to make a measurement because here we have we have a chamber Where if the sample is inside the chamber and you cannot the laser is not operating if if the chamber is open So and if it is closed you you you have not any any damage for you because the radiation are stopped by by the by the by this green glass here. It is radiation at 1064 nanometers, and and this is a I will I will I will talk about that after this is some other a application of the lips the the first When we we start the first experiment we were able to to bring our friend from from Spain Gatsby type who works in the lips laboratory in in CDTA in Algeria so we we we make the first measurement with him and and we are we make a calibration free Method we use a calibration free method to to measure the electron density of of the of the aluminum I lose Okay, but I am not going to show this year, but I just want to to show you what is the Enter equipment as you can see it is it is a very very Very friendly equipment, and it is very solid and still now we are we are doing a lot of work with it Here we we do some application in soil pollution This is very important in in Senegal not only in Senegal, but everywhere. We have a very nice Bay in in Senegal the name is the name is Han Bay it was one of the beautiful Bay I can see in West Africa, but unfortunately nearby they say there is many industry and the industry are Deversing their pollutants in the sea and you see what what happened to the to the nice Bay with such kind of things so we try to to to make some some measurement with with our lips our lips a system and some of my Few of my student was working for their their infiltration and also for their PhD thesis So this is also we we try to to measure the pollution in a implant in Dakar using the lips We took a bark of Of trees in the street where there is many car going on and we make a measurement To this is the name is as a director in Dica in Senegal But he's a his common name is is a name a name trees so we we have Make some measurement and and we have seen a zirconium and the explanation of the presence of zirconium is that in Senegal in many place Especially near they see The sound there is a lot of zirconium even now there is an industrial exploitation of zirconium which is used in a in a cell phone and in many kind of technological apparatus And and also we we try to to use the lips To to study medicinal plant Because you know in Africa the many people they have no money to to buy to buy medicines so they they they got their They they don't go to the doctor, but they go to the To the traditional practitioner who gives them some some plan to say okay You have to drink this and you will so we we we will think thinking to try to see what is what is the content of this medicinal plant and and we know also in advance that the potassium is One of the element which is very important for for diabetic people because the presence of of potassium is is a way to For the for the cell to to control to control the sugar So we try to to to make these potassium content in different in different plant like in a in basilic Basilic is also used here in Italy in Moringa Olifera in Cumbretum in Kenkeleba the Kenkeleba is is a drink is it is like coffee for Italian for the for the For the breakfast people in Senegal there are drinking Kenkeleba, and and Kenkeleba was was supposed to be very very strong to fight against against stroke So we we were trying also to see what is inside and also in the citronella in the Menta Piperita in in Menta Spee Cata, you know I have difficult to to pronounce all this name because we do it we in collaboration with people from from biology in French you call them Biology vegetal because in France they make a differentiation between Biology animal animal biology and and vegetal biology in we have a big university We have a 120,000 students and we have many departments So it is it is a good way to have a collaborative action with these with these different department and to see Many things and and this work is is going on It's going on for for other plant and to to to know exactly what is and we got also collaborative action with With with Odontos tomatology department. It is it is the dental department in our university as this is a two of my student working on on dental analysis the girl is from from Morocco and The objective was to assess the spectral variation depending on the pathology of of different patients affecting by the dental mineral tissue and also to establish a correlation between a different Legion and chemical basic composition of the tooth. It was a very very interesting study because We we have noticed that even We we can make a gender a gender differentiation so I never think about that that There could be a kind of gender differentiation in the in the tip for man and for for for women so this is some of a of of a spectral but but of course this one is is due to the apparatus of a of of the doctors because they have they have Apparatus where there is this this metal and This is some of a spectrum In in in the dentin tissue for for nitrogen for calcium for carbon for potassium based on the different pathology of dental the our doctors they take about 75 75 sample and The analysis where it was made 75 sample and It was published in the in the dental and or a surgery Okay, now I come to the Multi-spectral imaging spectroscopy as as I tell from the beginning these multi-spectral Imaging spectroscopy we started in in 2009 in Ghana and also in 2010 There was a another workshop in Ghana I talk about that at the beginning of my of my of my talk and The country participating with the support of IISP 2008 9 11 12 in Maligana Kenya Codiva and the there was a last activity was in 2015 in Senegal during the year of light So this is a The meeting in Ghana here one can recognize soon swanberg giving lecture And here this is a group of students mounting their own microscope You cannot recognize here by from Senegal a girl is from Ghana I think this one is from from Ivory Coast There is somebody else from from from Ghana here No, at least it was in the University of Cape Coss in Ghana and it was very very interesting because each group have to mount his microscope and after to take it home and And continue to work with it We want to do the same with With optical tweezers, but it was not possible But maybe then we'll talk about it because they got an example here in In in ICT P at Eletra where people are working with here This is the schematic view of the of a microscope of a transform microscope by by Micaela is a and and and soon swanberg and all it is one of the student a very a very smart student of soon swanberg who make this different change and we can make a microscopy in a in a in a different geometry and Exposure time and gain of a camera can be also set and A live update of sample optical property are also shown So you can the image which is obtained by with a system are safe In the t-format so for for visualization and image processing we use MATLAB With a possibility to see the image in black and white three color red green blue or False color representation, but in in our laboratory in in Senegal we we we go We go beyond because we we use now This is a machine learning technique to make also a differentiation in the in the malaria diagnostic between healthy cell and infected cell okay, so The the military spectral imaging microscope we have used in our lab It I think also it is used in other lab of the of the network maybe in Ivory Coast in Mali To to make the characterization of Plasmodium falciferon infected red blue cell and For this purpose we use this microscope to study optical property in diffusion and transmission mode In addition we use a machine learning technique for the differentiation of healthy and contaminated RBC cell and The main aim is to get a quick malaria Diagnostic, you know usually in in Africa. They use the malaria diagnostic They they use the lamell where they take a Drop of blood and after they they go to the lab and it can take More sometimes more than one day to know what is going on and in the meantime The patient can die so there is there is a need to have a quick diagnostic system and to to To to know if immediately if it is a malaria or if it is not malaria because sometimes they give you a Medicine which is very bad for you. I remember my wife was sick and they give to her to her a Medicine that it was not malaria and and and she was very very bad Due to the malaria Pills that they give to her It was terrible even since she got a problem with the eyes So and and myself I was very afraid and after that I don't want to take malaria pills So it is it is just to say that it is a serious problem in Africa, so this is the the the photograph of the Microsoft microscope in in our lab as I show you the schematic view by by Michele and So here this is my my student working on it this is a Salma is in the lab and and by Working on on the microscope There is other student. So this is the component of the of the multispectral Microscope there is a megapixel Camera what you see the characteristic here So the the wavelength which are used is a 388 400 as et cetera, et cetera, but as as you see in one of the of the slide of of by it is in at one four hundred Seventies that we can see here This is the ocean This is the spectrometer from ocean optics This is a very useful spectrometer and it is it is not very expensive. It costs about five thousand dollars that We we got a support of course from from from ISP to get all these things and There is this is the the result in scattering mode and in transmission mode and I will show you after that it is in scattering mode that you can you can have a good result with this microscopic system So here this is some of the image in the in the in the diffusion geometry and here This is the optical spectra This is the treatment by by Matlab not much in learning after I will show you What is the machine learning technique? Here, this is the machine learning technique. It consists to the following you have a known sample With this known sample you make a construction with a function and you you set the the mean square value And you make a validation of this testing we've We've we've known sample. Yeah so after that you take the unknown sample and with your with your hyperbolic function in the in the Exponance of this hyperbola in the exponential here. There is a parameters of the blue sample healthy and infected and after that You you construct your function and and you calculate the the mean square value again, and you compare to the mean square value of the of the training set and if there is a Matching so this means that okay. What you have done is okay. It's good So this is the result obtained with these are in a in transmission mode here the sensitivity is about 92 percent and if you are in the in the Diffusion mode you see the sensitivity is 96 percent So this is a very very important statistic tool not only for for microscopy It it worked also for for leaps for all these things that it is difficult for for you to To know the concentration to nothing so you can you can make a separation So I I personally I think that it is it is good to to take that for in in many lab better of course it is For that you need to to to do some some program nation to know Also, maybe my club to know lab view lab you enter fast in our laboratory. We have a lab you enter fast with with a microscope and now I come to a The part concerning the multispectral imaging in a remote sensing Using telescope combined with lasers This is also one of the work of our our Lamb and sub network as fin network we got a special workshop in a in a in Kenya where There was a participating country from from from Kenya of course from Senegal from Ivory Coast from Côte d'Ivoire No, yes, this is Ivory Coast book enough or so and We've the participation of soon Swanberg Micaelae and also a Chinese Because soon now is working with Katrina in China. So they bring their Chinese friend also To in working with us and they bought the equipment in China and The equipment in China are not very very expensive I think the old equipment is is less than $10,000 all all together you will see I will show you the different equipment with lasers and everything and it was it was supported by Financially by ISP. So this is the field experiment in Nairobi where here we you can see a Buy and Salma from Senegal Anderson from from Ghana and another guy here Who is it? You know him? Ah, it's okay. It is it is my friend. It is Jojo Jojo from from Ghana is sitting there. Okay, you know from from here I have I cannot see very well the image. I don't know if from your place if you see it and And this is you see you see the people were really exciting. This is a guy from Mali Looking at the telescopes. There is two telescopes. I will I will explain later to for for the for the collection of the signal for the registration for the collection of of data and so and and and this is a Micaela and one of my student and and and myself and also Salma is sitting we we do directly a field experiment in the in the research Center on insect in Kenya. This assumes himself looking at the at the telescope With with with a girl from Cameroon and a man from Kenya. This is just to show us. This is a International Network a Pan-African I can say Network, which is very important to me personally. I believe to Pan-Africanism I have I think that as say the president of Ghana Kwame Krumah is a Africa must unite and And he's here. This is in the night a tracking of a mosquito vectors because you know We got all the complete equipment with with a set to go in the in the countryside We've with everything to to protect yourself against mosquito and to make it to make a tracking of of these mosquitoes So this was the water Raman spectrum Which was taken in Kenya and it was published by by Michael soon Swanberg and and Obama During the Kenya workshop, you know This is the laser shining from the from from the telescope and the different end and we took water from the river in Nairobi and also From the tape and from different places to to make a comparison between the different spectrum Now here. This is a field experiment in in Senegal in Dhaka This is a in the in the university stadium during the rainy season measurement done by by and as a student with with with a telescope I will show some of the results that we have obtained also from that Okay, the instrumentation. Okay, I will I will bring all of them. Okay, as you see that it is almost the same component We have we have a telescope We have ocean optics. We have a laser. We have a camera and we have a we have a detector And this is the data acquisition system The instrumentation we have used this is the diode lasers at different wavelengths and the power was up to 1 milliwatt I think these lasers they cost maximum hundred dollar in China So one watt lasers. This is why in working with this instrument. We have to be very careful each group have a Goggle to to to to be extremely careful and in my lab. I was always Afraid when my students are going outside with the system and I tell them you have to be careful I don't want somebody to complain after that We use a laser to hurt him and and also we have to do it in the place where there is no no plane coming You know in in our university. Sometimes there is there is a plane fly and fly Over the university and and they do it in the night and we can we do our experiment also in the night So we have to be very careful also for that so this is a This is a system with with a different filter that That you can use for that long pass filter and all the equipment also was bought in China By by by soon so I'm there So I think that you're staying China is very very good for us Catherine Okay, now I am going to show the principle of of of a measurement So we we we the first measurement we have done it is a passive passive instrumentation using just sunlight so for that you you have these these black box here if if a fly is is a flying and Across these these black these black box you have a sound coming and and You send to the to the telescope the it is sent to the telescope the big telescope and after that it goes to the spectrum to the to the to the ocean optic spectrometers and And after you know in your computer so there is The other part of the signal is coming to the to the small telescope and to the data acquisition system This is this is the the the principle of this Field measurement, okay, and this is the reflectance spectrum that you you can get and and this is Done by by by by Silla and and that and it is published in the african review of physics Which is published here in trius. This is the Fourier transform of a of a time varying signal You you have to do that in order to know the frequency Because you have to measure the frequency and after I will say why it is important to to measure the frequency because the the mass of the of the of the insect is related to the to the to the frequency and if As far as mosquito are concerned or as a small insect It is important to know the mass to make a differentiation between male and female and and you know the The mosquito female is the one who is extremely dangerous because it is the one who is a Transmitting the malaria Parasite The the the Plasmodium falsifalum So this is why it is it is important if you make a tracking to know what what is going on So this is also the Fourier transform of a time varying signal to to determine the to determine the frequency Here it is this was done directly in the garden of of our Institute With a better play and and a dragonfly So and with the estimation of the of the mass This is the formula for the mass Which is from from these from these references That you can see in the bottom, okay now this is the the last part of of my talk concerning the the celebration of the international year of light by the land network and also by the asfin network it is a It is a network for spectral imaging and and these These workshops was sponsored by ICTP by by a you pop by ISP International science program by our university and and a part by the government of Senegal and we do it in the resource a little bit 80 80 Kilometer from Dakar And we we we have a participation also of of Vengu at these workshop So this is a the different System for this horizontal Microscopy no we are doing almost we are going to do almost the same But we want to to start to do some experiment on optical tracer with with these with this system This is a student working in the in the green with a green lasers and and you can see here The girl is from Mali The boy one of the boy is from from Ghana I think the other one is from from Kenya and and this is a in the in the blue configuration in the blue laser Configuration, so we have also of course a participation of of of female This is one of my students and the the two other are from Mali and from Ghana And and this is in the in the red Configuration, so what we want to do in in Senegal with this project is to to make a characterization of Tissue and this characterization of of of tissue It could be a healthy tissue cancer tissue. It could be also food product So there is a lot of application of these horizontal Microscopy and you can use different laser configuration to do what what you have you want you want to do Okay, this is a this is all and I Want to to to acknowledge The abdu salam International Center for theoretical physics the international program in physical science and International science program at Uppsala University for their support and scientific collaboration and My special thank to soon and Katrina so under for their support collaboration and friendship to NIME LA and all the staff of ICTP for their collaboration for many many years and Also their support and understanding. I think we'll continue to to work with all these organization ISP ICTP Oh, yeah, but we have to take the the African government also even even if some time in Africa It is very difficult to do to do research But the government that are supporting if you are if you are Doing workshop if you are trying to to bring international people because there are proud to say okay in Senegal We have international meeting people coming from okay from from Zimbabwe from from South Africa from Sweden And so they're happy to say that Okay, or in Ghana also we made a lot of conference in Ghana with the support of a of a government This is why I say African governmental authority and university authority also where we have organized our our different activity and I want also to to thanks my my colleague from the lab network Professor Bashoi, Professor Gassmi, Professor Moral, Professor Jojo Igan who have done a lot for the development of optical science in Africa and at the least not Last but not least I want to thank all my students for their inestimable contribution So this is to acknowledge the different institution ICTP This is Uppsala University through the ISP program the the lab network the International Atomic Energy and the University second job of Dakar Thank you