 Mesenchymal stem cells, MSEs, are a type of adult stem cell that have shown promise in regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into diverse cell lineages and exhibit regenerative properties. However, there is currently no standardized method for isolating and cultivating MSEs, leading to heterogeneous cultures of stromal cells containing stem cells with different multipotent properties. Despite this, non-clonal stromal cultures obtained from bone marrow and other tissues have been used in clinical trials for various diseases, including hematological disease, graft versus host disease, organ transplantation, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, and diseases in the liver, kidney, and lung. There are currently 493 MSE-based clinical trials ongoing or completed worldwide, highlighting the effectiveness of these cells in treating various diseases. However, there are also criticisms of the use of MSEs, including concerns about their safety and efficacy. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive review of MSE-based clinical trials and their potential applications in regenerative medicine. This article was authored by Tiziana Swallaro, John Franco Paluzzo, and Umberto Galdorizzi. We are article.tv, links in the description below.