 Section 1 of French Self-Tort This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Michael Gaddiak. Andrews Golding. French Self-Tort, a new system founded on the most simple principles for universal self-tuition by France J.L. Sim. Section 1. French Alphabet and Pronunciation. The French alphabet consists of the following twenty-five letters. Readers note the French alphabet now comprises twenty-six letters including W, end of Readers note. A is pronounced like A in the English word father. B as in English. C before E and I is pronounced like S. Before A, O, U and before a consonant, C sounds like K. D as in English. E, U, I, I, I are pronounced like A in the English word care. F as in English. G before E and I it sounds like J. H is quite mute. I pronounced like E in the English word me. J is pronounced like S in the word pleasure. K as in English. L as in English. M as in English. N as in English. O, O, A, U, E, A, U are pronounced like O. P as in English it is often mute at the end of words. Q is pronounced like K. R is pronounced like the English R in run. S sounds like the English S sometimes like Z. T is pronounced like the T in the English word tent. U is pronounced like it must be heard from a Frenchman. E, U, O, E, U are pronounced like U in much. V is pronounced like the English V. X is pronounced as in English. Y is pronounced like E in the English word me. Z is pronounced like a soft S. Pronunciation. The French language has three accents which principally belong to the E, namely the acute accent, the grav accent and the circumflex accent. Readers note the acute accent is indicated by a small line above the letter running upwards from left to right. The grav accent is indicated by a small line above the letter running downwards from left to right. The circumflex accent is indicated by a small upside down V above the letter. End of Readers note. If the E is without the accent it is either pronounced short or not at all. If with the accent it is always pronounced. Vowels. The pronunciation of the following vowels requires most care. O, U is pronounced like O in the English word look. O, A, U, E, A, U are pronounced like O. A is pronounced like A in the word father. A, E, acute is pronounced like E in the word better. U is the most difficult letter to pronounce for there is no corresponding sound in the English language. It sounds like the German Uumlaut like U and it ought to be carefully imitated from a Frenchman. U, E, U, O, E, U are pronounced like U in the English word merge. O, E, E, grav, E, circumflex, A, I, E, I are pronounced like A in the English word care. A, I, Y are pronounced like E in the English word me. E. The nasal sounds A, M, A, N, E, M, E, N, U, N, O, I, N are equally difficult to pronounce and these ought to be heard and imitated from a Frenchman. A, M, M, A, N, N, E, M, M, E, N, N, U, N, UN, O, I, N, WAN. Rule. Those who study without a teacher ought when an opportunity occurs to ask the pronunciation of a difficult word. By such means the learner will arrive at the correct pronunciation which no description in words is capable of conveying. End of Section 1. Section 2 of French Self-Tort. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Mikhail Kedziak. And Ruth Golding. French Self-Tort by France J. L. Sim. Section 2. Vocabulary. The French masculine article is LE. The indefinite article is UN, A. The feminine article is LA, UN, A. One. The universe. God. Dieu. The world. Le monde. The sky. Le ciel. The sun. Le soleil. The moon. La lune. A star. Une étoile. The air. L'air. The earth. La terre. The water. L'eau. The fire. Le feu. The sea. La mer. An island. Une île. A lake. Un lac. A stream. Un fleuve. A river. Une rivière. The animals. Les animaux. The metals. Les métaux. The gold. L'or. The silver. The iron. Le fer. The steel. L'acier. The copper. Le cuivre. The tin. L'étain. Two. Man and the parts of the body. Man. L'homme. The body. Le corps. The head. La tête. The face. Le visage. The forehead. Le front. The eye. L'oeil. The eyes. Les yeux. The nose. Le nez. The ears. Les oreilles. The beard. La barbe. The chin. Le menton. The mouth. La bouche. The lips. Les lèvres. The tooth. La dent. The tongue. La langue. The neck. Le coup. The shoulders. Les épaules. The arm. Le bras. The hand. La main. The fingers. Les doits. The nails. Les ongles. The chest. La poitrine. The heart. Le coeur. The knee. Le genoux. The leg. La jambe. The foot. Le pied. The bones. Les os. Three. Food and drink. The bread. Le pain. The flour. La farine. Meat. De la viande. Roast meat. Du roti. Beef. Du boeuf. Du veau. Mutton. Du mouton. Lamb. De l'agneau. Pork. Du por. Bacon. Du lard. Ham. Du jambon. The soup. La soupe. Rice. Du riz. Eggs. Des œufs. Salad. De la salade. Mustard. De la moutarde. Du sel. Oil. De l'huile. Vinegar. Du vinaigre. Pepper. Du poivre. Butter. Du beurre. Cheese. Du fromage. The breakfast. Le déjeuner. The dinner. Le dîner. The supper. Le souper. Hunger. La faim. Thirst. La soif. Water. De l'eau. Wine. Du vin. Beer. De la bière. Milk. Du lait. Tea. Du thé. Gin. Du jeunis à œuvre. Brandy. De l'eau de vie. Four. The dress. A coat. Un surtout. A cloak. Un manteau. A waistcoat. Un gilet. The trousers. La culotte. The braces. Le bretel. The cap. Le bonnet. The hat. Le chapeau. The comb. Le peigne. Gloves. Des gants. A ring. Une bag. A watch. Une montre. The stocking. Le bas. The boots. Les bottes. The boot jack. Le tire botte. The slippers. Les pantoufles. The shoes. Les souliers. A shirt. Une chemise. A pocket handkerchief. A mouchoir. The clothes brush. La brosse. The umbrella. Le parapluie. The parasol. Le parasol. Five. House utensils. A table. Une table. A chair. Une chaise. An armchair. A fauteuil. A looking glass. Un miroir. A clock. Une horloge. A trunk. Un coffre. A box. Une boîte. The bed. Le lit. The counterpain. La couverture. A pillow. Un oreiller. The sheets. Les dras de lits. The mattress. Le matelat. The plate. L'assiette. The candlestick. Le chandelier. La lampe. A spoon. Une cuillère. A fork. Une fourchette. A knife. Un couteau. A cup. Une tasse. A saucer. Une sous-coupe. The tablecloth. La nappe. The towel. Un essuiement. A glass. Un verre. The teapot. La théière. Six relations. The family. La famille. The husband. Le mari. The wife. La femme. The father. Le père. The mother. La mère. The child. L'enfant. The son. Le fils. The daughter. La fille. The brother. Le frère. The sister. La sœur. The uncle. L'omple. The aunt. La tante. The cousin. Le cousin. The marriage. The marriage. Seven occupations. An occupation. Un métier. A workman. Un artisan. A baker. Un boulanger. A miller. A menier. A butcher. Un boucher. A brewer. Un brasseur. A tailor. A shoemaker. Un cordonnier. A smith. Un forgeron. A sadler. Un cellier. A carpenter. A menusier. A mason. A mason. A bookbinder. Un reliever. Eight. The town. The town. La ville. The bridge. Le pont. The tower. La tour. The gate. La porte. The street. La rue. The market. Le marché. The building. Le bâtiment. The town hall. L'hôtel de ville. The theatre. Le théâtre. The post office. La post. The church. L'église. The cathedral. La cathédrale. The school. L'école. The prison. La prison. The exchange. La bourse. The palace. Le palais. The hotel. L'hôtel. The inn. L'auberge. The public house. Le cabaret. The coffee room. Le café. Nine. The house. The house. La maison. The door. La porte. The lock. La serrure. The key. La clé. The bell. La sonnette. The staircase. L'escalier. The drawing room. La salle. The dining room. La salle à manger. The room. La chambre. The bedroom. La chambre à coucher. The window. La fenêtre. The wall. La parois. The kitchen. La cuisine. The roof. Le toit. The cellar. La cave. The garden. Le jardin. Ten. Animals. An animal. An animal. A horse. Un cheval. A donkey. Un an. The dog. Le chien. The cat. Le chat. The rat. Le rat. The mouse. La souris. An ox. Un boeuf. A cow. Une vache. A calf. Un veau. A sheep. Un mouton. A you. Une brebis. A lamb. Un anio. A pig. Un cochon. The hare. Le lièvre. A monkey. Un singe. A wolf. A wolf. A bear. Un ours. A lion. A lion. An elephant. A tiger. A tiger. Eleven birds. A bird. A bird. A bird. A coc. A coqu. A hen. A chicken. A chicken. A chicken. A chicken. a swan, a goose, a nois, a duck, a lark, a nightingale, a rocignol, the swallow, the sparrow, the raven, the crow, the parrot, the eagle, 12 fishes and insects, a fish, a pike, a salmon, a carp, an eel, a trout, a herring, oysters, a crab, a crayfish, a turtle, a whale, a serpent, a frog, a worm, an insect, a spider, a moth, a flower, a fly, a mouche, a gnat, a bea, a bee, a honey, a wasp, a butterfly, a papillon, 13 vegetables, beans peas peas cabbage cabbage choux cauliflower choux flower carrots carrots a beetroot beetroot asparagus spinach radishes celery melon cucumber 14 trees and flowers a tree a branch a leaf an apple a pear a plum a cherry a knot a current a gooseberry a strawberry a chestnut the oak tree the fir tree the birch the willow a flower a rose a pink a tulip a lilly a violet a bouquet 15 the school a school the teacher the book the paper a pen an ink stand the ink the pencil a letter an envelope an envelope 16 time and seasons the time a minute an hour a quarter of an hour a quarter of an hour half an hour the day the morning noon the afternoon the evening the night a year a month January February March April May June July August September October November December a week a fortnight Monday Tuesday Wednesday Wednesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Sunday Spring Summer Autumn Winter Winter 17 the country the country the village the hut the soil the meadow the prey the barn the mill the cattle the herds the shepherd the mountain the hill the valley the wood the forest the forest the road the high road the railroad the railway a mile the waterfall the fisherman the huntsman the hunter 18 nations an American a German Germany a Dutchman a Dutchman a Belgian a Belgian a Belgian a Swiss Switzerland a Hungarian a Hungarian a Hungarian an Englishman an Englishman an Irishman Ireland a Scotchman Scotland a Danish Denmark a Swedish a Swedish a Russian a Russian a Russ, Russia, a Spaniard, a Spaniol, Spain, a Spanish, a Frenchman, France, an Italian, Italy, Feminine. End of Section 2. Section 3 of French Self-Tort. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Mikhail Kedziak and Ruth Golding. French Self-Tort by Franz J. L. Thim. Section 3 Vocabulary. 19 Adjectives. Poor. Pauvre. Rich. Rich. Clever. Prudent. Stupid. Stupid. Sharp. Ego. Blunt. Obdu. Clean. Proper. New. Bad. Hard. Hard. Hard. Soft. Soft. Strong. Weak. Weak. Weak. Weak. Weak. Weak. fat gray thin mince polite poly impolite malonette false faux deep profond wide large narrow étroit round rond square square square narrow étroit round rond square carré short cours long long flat plat warm chaud cold froid fresh frais ripe wall dry sec sour agre sweet doux bitter amer hungry affamé thirsty assocfé heavy lourd light léger wet humid content content happy heureux gay gay sad triste useful utile strange étrange pretty joli ugly lait dark sombre open ouvert disagreeable désagréable proud fier arrogant arrogant cowardly lâche courageous courageux faceless déloyale innocent innocent 20 verbs to eat manger to drink boire to be thirsty avoir soif to be hungry avoir faim to breakfast déjeuner to dine dîner to sup souper to lay the tablecloth mettre le couvert to serve servir to carve trancher to smoke fumer to sneeze éternuer to cough tousser to think penser to reflect réfléchir to speak parler to say dire to repeat répéter to explain déclarer to be quiet se taire to chat causer to tell raconter to ask demander to answer répondre to reply répliquer to be mistaken se tromper to object objecter to doubt douter to affirm affirmer to prove prouver to assure assurer to deny nier to maintain soutenir to dispute disputé to consent consentir to approve approuver to praise louer to admire admirer to blame blamer to believe croire to know savoir not to know ignorer to imagine imaginer to compare comparer to imitate imiter to forget oublier to remember se souvenir to wish to will vouloir to desire désirer to wish souhaiter to love aimer to flatter flatter to embrace embrasser to hope espérer to rejoice se réjouir to give donner to thank remercier to esteem estimer to honor honorer to despise mépriser to hate aïir to offend offencer to insult insulter to quarrel se corréler to swear juré to punish punir to beat battre to weep pleurer to sigh soupirer to regret regretté to repent se repentir to excuse excuse to pardon pardoner to revenge venger to joke rayer to laugh rire to live vivre to feel sentir touch toucher to taste goûter to see voir to hear entendre to grow croître to go aller to go out sortir to return retourner to meet rencontrer to follow suivre to run courir to jump sauter to fall tomber to dance danser to play jouer to ascend monter to descend descendre to sit down s'asseoir to lie down se coucher to rest se reposer to sleep dormir to dream rêver to awake s'éveiller to get up se lever to dress s'habiller to draw dessiner to show montrer to present présenter to take prendre to accept accepter to refuse refuser to receive recevoir to spoil gâter to throw jeter to lose perdre to look for chercher to find trouver to hide cacher to cover couvrir to uncover découvrir to carry porter to bring apporter to travel voyager to depart partir to arrive arriver to ring the bell sonner to open ouvrir to go in entrer to buy acheter to sell vendre to pay payer to lend prêter to borrow emprunter to return rentre to repay rembourser to exchange échanger to pack up empacqueter to unpack dépacqueter to steal voler to study étudier to learn apprendre to read lire to calculate compter to write écrire to sign signer to seal cacheter to explain expliquer to translate traduire to begin commencer to continue continuer to finish finir to work travailler to paint peindre to draw dessiner to stitch coudre to spin filer to wash laver to cook cuire to roast rotir to boil bouillre to weigh peser to build bâtir to sow semer to pluck cueire to plant planter to reap mouassoune 21 adverbs at first d'abord previously auparavant afterwards ensuite together ensemble at last enfin where où here ici there la elsewhere ayeur above dessus below dessous within dedans without dehors everywhere partout nowhere nulle part up en haut down en bas anywhere quelque part already déjà often souvent sometimes quelque fois in future à l'avenir always toujours never jamais soon bientôt immediately aussitôt late tard early tôt at present à présent quickly rapidement at once tout de suite afterwards puis yesterday hier yesterday evening hier soir today aujourd'hui tomorrow demain tomorrow morning demain matin tomorrow evening demain soir the day after tomorrow après demain enough assez too much trop little peu much beaucoup very très more plus less moins at least au moins thus si nearly presque about environ all tout all together tout à fait only seulement well bien better mieux so much the better tant mieux bad mal worse pire rather plus tôt without doubt sans doute indeed en effet on the contrary au contraire scarcely à peine perhaps peut-être all at once tout à coup not at all pas du tout not yet pas encore nothing rien nothing at all rien du tout with near chez près near près in within dans en before avant behind derrière below sous over sur far from loin de on the side of à côté de opposite vis-à-vis round about autour de instead of au lieu de in the mid-stove au milieu de on this side de ce côté on the opposite side sur le côté opposé out of or after après with avec since depuis between entre parmi without sans for pour through by par against contre during pendant 22 conjunctions or ou either or ou neither nor ni ni also aussi but mais however cependant yet pourtant if si if not sinon if only pourvu que even if quand même même si although quoique that is c'est-à-dire as comme except that outre que for car because par ce que pourquoi pourquoi and et therefore ainsi consequently par conséquent end of section 4 section 5 of French self-taught this is a Librevox recording all Librevox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit Librevox.org French self-taught by Franz J. L. Thim section 5 declensions the definite article is rendered by le before a masculine noun and by la before a feminine noun as le père the father la mère the mother the plural for both genders is le as le père the fathers la mère the mothers if the article le or la stand before a vowel or silent H the E or A is omitted and an apostrophe is substituted as not le arbre but l'arbre the tree not le habi but l'habi the dress masculine singular nominative le père the father genitive du père of the father dative au père to the father accusative le père the father plural nominative les pères the fathers genitive des pères of the fathers dative au père to the fathers accusative les pères the fathers feminine singular nominative la mère the mother genitive du la mère of the mother dative à la mère to the mother accusative la mère the mother plural nominative les mères the mothers genitive de la mère of the mothers dative au mère to the mothers accusative les mères the mothers declension of a word beginning with a vowel or a silent H singular nominative l'homme the man genitive de l'homme of the man dative à l'homme to the man accusative accusative, l'homme, the man, plural, nominative, les hommes, the men, genitive, des hommes, of the men, dative, aux hommes, to the men, accusative, les hommes, the men. masculine, nominative, un jardin, a garden, genitive, d'un jardin, of a garden, dative, à un jardin, to a garden, accusative, un jardin, a garden. feminine, nominative, une ville, a town, genitive, d'une ville, of a town, dative, à une ville, to a town, accusative, une ville, a town. declension of proper names, masculine, nominative, Paris, Paris, genitive, de Paris, of Paris, dative, à Paris, to Paris, accusative, Paris, Paris. feminine, nominative, louise, louise, genitive, de louise, of louise, dative, à louise, to louise, accusative, louise, louise, adjectives. The French adjectives are placed either before or after the noun as le bon père, the good father, un bon garçon, a good boy, une table ronde, a round table, la bonne mère, the good mother, une jeune fille, a young girl, du lait chaud, warm milk, comparison of adjectives, grand, great, plus grand, greater, le plus grand, the greatest, petit, small, plus petit, smaller, the smallest, bon, good, better, le meilleur, the best, mauvais, bad, worse, le pire, the worst, petit, little, moindre, less, le moindre, the least. Observe then following the comparative is always translated by qu'il est plus poli que son frère. He is more polite than his brother. Numeral adjectives. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 18, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 23, 23, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 50, 50, 60, 70, 71, 72, 72, 73, 74, 74, 75, 76, 77, 77, 78, 78, 79, 79, 80, 80, 81, 81, 82, 83, 83, 84, 84, 85, 85, 86, 86, 87, 88, 88, 89, 89, 90, 90, 91, 91, 91, 92, 93, 93, 94, 94, 95, 95, 96, 96, 97, 97, 98, 98, 98, 99, 99, 100, 101, 101, 110, 120, 130, 200, 200, 300, 300, 400, 400, 500, 500, 600, 700, 700, 800, 800, 900, 900, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 10,000, 20,000, a million, Ordinal numbers, the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, the eighth, the ninth, the tenth, the eleventh, the twelfth, the thirteenth, the fourteenth, the fifteenth, the fifteenth, the sixteenth, the seventeenth, the eighteenth, the eighteenth, the nineteenth, the twentieth, the twenty-first, the thirtieth, the fortieth, the fiftieth, the fifteenth, the sixtieth, the sixtieth, the seventieth, the eightieth, the eightieth, the nineteenth, the eighty-first, the hundredth, the hundredth, the hundredth, the thousandth, le millième, the last, le dernier. Pronouns. I, je, we, nous, t'as, tu, you, vous, di, you, vous, il, they, she, elle, they, I, moi, we, nous, t'as, tu, he, lui, masculine, my, mon, feminine, my, ma, my plural, mais, masculine, thy, ton, feminine, thy, ta, thy plural, they, masculine, his, son, feminine, her, sa, his, her, plural, c'est, à, notre, à, plural, nous, your, votre, your plural, vous, their, leur, their plural, leur, who, which, that, qui, what, that, quoi, which, what, quel, lequel, what, que, end of section 5. Section 6 of French self-taught. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Annie Poirier and Ruth Golding. French self-taught by Franz J. L. Thim. Section 6. Verbs. Avoir. To have. Infinitive mood. Present. Avoir. To have. Past. Avoir. U. To have had. Participals. Present. Ayant. Having. Past. U. Had. Ayant. U. Having had. Indicative mood. Present. I have. J'ai. Thou hast. Thou a. He has. Il a. She has. Elle a. We have. Nous avons. You have. Vous avez. They have. Il, elle, ont. Imperfect. I had. J'avais. Thou hast. Thou avez. He had. Il avait. We had. Nous avions. You had. Vous aviez. They had. Ils avaient. Past. Definit. I had. J'us. Thou had. Tu us. He had. Il us. We had. Nous us. You had. Vous us. They had. Il us. Perfect. I have had. J'us. Thou hast had. Thou a. He has had. Il a. She has had. Elle a. We have had. Nous avons. You have had. Vous avez. They have had. Ils. Elles ont. Plus perfect. I had had. J'avais. Thou had. Thou avez. He had had. Il avait. We had. Nous avions. You had. Vous aviez. They had. Ils avaient. Past anterior. I had. J'us. Thou had. Thou us. He had had. Il us. We had. Nous us. You had had. Vous us. They had had. Il us. Future. I shall have. J'aurai. Thou hast. He shall have. Il aura. We shall have. Nous aurons. You shall have. Vous aurai. They shall have. Ils auront. Future anterior. I shall have had. J'aurai. Thou shall have had. Thou aura. He shall have had. Il aura. We shall have had. Nous aurons You shall have had. Vous aurai eu. They shall have had. Ils auront eu. Conditional present. I should have. J'aurai. Thou should have. Thou aurai. He should have. Il aura. We should have. Nous aurions. You should have. Vous auriez. They should have. Ils aurai. Conditional past. I should have had. J'aurai eu. Thou should have had. Thou aura. He should have had. Il aura. We should have had. Nous aurions eu. You should have had. Vous auriez eu. They should have had. Ils aurai eu. Imperative mood. Have. Let us have. Ayant. Have ye. Subjunctive mood. Present. That I may have. Que j'ai. That thou mayest have. Que tu es. That he may have. Qu'il est. That we may have. Que nous ayant. That you may have. Que vous ayez. That they may have. Qu'ils aient. Imperfect. That I might have. Que j'us. That thou might have. Que tu us. That he might have. Qu'il e. That we might have. Que nous usions. That you might have. Que vous usiez. That they might have. Qu'ils us. Perfect. That I may have had. Que j'ai eu. That thou mayest have had. Que tu es eu. That he may have had. Qu'il est eu. That we may have had. Que nous ayant eu. That you may have had. Que vous ayez eu. That they may have had. Qu'ils aient eu. Blu perfect. That I might have had. Que j'us. That thou might have had. Que tu es eu. That he might have had. Qu'il e. That we might have had. Que nous usions eu. That you might have had. Que vous usiez eu. That they might have had. To. The auxiliary verb être. To be. Infinitive mood. Present. Être. To be. Past. Avoir été. To have been. Participals. Present. Être. Being. Past. Êté. Been. Ayant été. Having been. Indicative mood. Present. I am. Je suis. Thou art. Tu es. He is. Il est. She is. Elle est. We are. Nous sommes. You are. Vous êtes. They are. Ils. Elles sont. Imperfect. I was. J'étais. Thou was. Tu étais. He was. Il était. We were. Nous étions. You were. Vous étiez. They were. Ils étaient. Past definite. I was. Je fus. Thou was. Tu fus. He was. Il fut. We were. Nous fumes. You were. Vous fût. They were. Ils furent. Perfect. I have been. J'ai été. Thou has been. Tu as été. He has been. Il a été. She has been. Elle a été. We have been. Nous avons été. You have been. Vous avez été. They have been. Ils. Elles ont été. Plus perfect. I had been. J'avais été. Thou had been. Tu avais été. He had been. Il avait été. We had been. Nous avions été. You had been. Vous aviez été. They had been. Ils avaient été. Past anterior. I had been. J'étais. Thou had been. Tu eu été. He had been. Il eu été. We had been. Nous nous étions. You had been. Vous étiez. They had been. Ils ont été. Future. I shall be. Je serai. Thou shalt be. Tu seras. He shall be. Il seras. We shall be. Nous serons. You shall be. Vous serai. They shall be. Il seront. Future anterior. I shall have been. J'aurais été. Thou shalt have been. Thou aura été. He shall have been. Il aura été. We shall have been. Nous aurons été. You shall have been. Vous auriez été. They shall have been. Ils auront été. Conditional present. I should be. Je serai. Thou shalt be. Thou serai. He should be. Il serai. We should be. Nous serions. You should be. Vous seriez. They should be. Il serai. Conditional past. I should have been. J'aurais été. Thou shalt have been. Thou aurai été. He should have been. Il aura été. We should have been. Nous aurions été. You should have been. Vous auriez été. They should have been. Ils auraient été. Imperative mood. Be. Sois. Let us be. Soyons. Be ye. Soyer. Subjunctive mood. Present. That I may be. Que je sois. That Thou may be. Que tu sois. That he may be. Qu'il sois. That we may be. Que nous soyons. That you may be. Que vous soyez. That they may be. Qu'il sois. Imperfect. That I might be. Que je fous. That Thou might be. Que tu fous. That he might be. Qu'il fût. That we might be. Que nous fousions. That you might be. Que vous fousiez. That they might be. Qu'il fous. Perfect. That I may have been. Que j'ai été. That Thou mayst have been. Que tu ai été. That he may have been. Qu'il ait été. That we may have been. Que nous ayons été. That you may have been. Que vous ayez été. That they may have been. Qu'ils aient été. Blu perfect. That I might have been. Que je sois. That Thou might have been. Que tu sois. That he might have been. Qu'il aient été. That we might have been. Que nous soyons été. That you might have been. Que vous ayez été. That they might have been. Qu'ils aient été. End of section six. Section seven of French self-taught. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. French self-taught by France JL Thim. Section seven. Three regular verbs. The infinitives of verbs in the French language have the four following terminations. E are. E. As in. Donner. To give. I are. Ir. As in. Finir. To finish. O I are. Oire. As in. Recevoir. To receive. R E. As in. Vendre. To sell. All that precedes this infinitive termination is called the root of the verb. Verbs which only change their terminations and not their roots are called regular verbs. Those which change their roots, irregular verbs. The verbs ending in O I are are all irregular and the French language therefore has in reality only three regular conjugations. The first conjugation ends in E are. E. The second conjugation ends in I are. Ir. The third conjugation ends in O I are. Oire. The fourth conjugation ends in R E. R. The past participle is formed by adding to the root of the first conjugation an E acute. E. To that of the second an I. E. To the fourth a U. U. As. Donner. To give. Donner. Given. Finir. To finish. Fini. Finished. Vendre. To sell. Vendu. Sold. The four conjugations. First conjugation infinitive mood. Present. Donner. To give. Past. Avoir. Donner. To have given. Participle. Present. Donner. Giving. Past. Donner. Given. Ayant. Donner. Having given. Indicative mood. Present. Simple tenses. Absolue. I give. Je donne. Tu donnes. Il donne. Nous donnons. Vous donnez. Il donne. Compound tenses. Anterrière. I have given. J'ai donné. Tu as donné. Il a donné. Nous avons donné. Vous avez donné. Ils ont donné. Descriptive. Imperfect. I gave. Je donnais. Tu donnais. Il donnais. Nous donnais. Vous donnais. Il donnais. Plus perfect. I had given. J'avais donné. Tu avais donné. Il avait donné. Nous avions donné. Vous aviez donné. Ils avaient donné. Narrative. Past definite. I gave. Je donnais. Tu donnais. Il donnais. Nous donnais. Vous donnais. Il donnais. Past anterior. I had given. J'ai donné. Tu as donné. Il a donné. Nous zoom données. Vous ut données. Ils eurent donné. Future. Future I shall give. Je donnerais. Tu donneras. Il donnera. Nous donnerons. Vous donnerais. Ils donneront. Future anterior I shall have given. J'aurais donné. Tu auras donné. Il aura donné. Nous aurons donné. Vous aurez donné. Ils auront donné. Conditional. Present I should give. Je donnerais. Tu donnerais. Il donnerais. Nous donnerions. Vous donneriez. Il donnerait. Past I should have given. Subjunctive mood. Present. That I may give. Que je donne. Que tu donnes. Qu'il donne. Que nous donnions. Que vous donniez. Qu'il donne. Past that I may have given. Que j'ai donné. Que tu es donné. Qu'il est donné. Que nous ayons donné. Que vous ayez donné. Qu'ils aient donné. Imperfect that I might give. Que je donnais. Que tu donnais. Qu'il donna. Que nous donnions. Que vous donnais. Qu'ils donnais. Plus perfect that I might have given. Que je donne. Que tu es donné. Qu'il est donné. Que nous usions donné. Que vous usiez donné. Qu'ils usse donner. Imperative mood. Donne. Give thou. Qu'il donne. Let him give. Donne. Let us give. Donne. Give ye. Qu'il donne. Let them give. Second conjugation. Infinitive mood. Present. Finir. To finish. Past. Avoir fini. To have finished. Participals present. Finissant. Finishing. Past. Fini. Finished. Ayant fini. Having finished. Indicative mood. Present. Simple tenses. Absolue. I finish. Je fini. Tu finis. Il finit. Nous finissons. Vous finissez. Il finisse. Compound tenses. J'ai fini. Tu as fini. Il a fini. Nous avons fini. Vous avez fini. Ils ont fini. Descriptive. Imperfect. I finished. Je finissais. Tu finissais. Il finissait. Nous finissons. Vous finissiez. Il finissait. Plus perfect. I had finished. J'avais fini. Tu avais fini. Il avait fini. Nous avions fini. Vous aviez fini. Ils avaient fini. Narrative. Past definite. I finished. Je finis. Tu finis. Il finis. Nous finim. Vous finis. Il finir. Past anterior. I had finished. J'ai fini. Tu as fini. Il a fini. Nous sommes fini. Vous êtes fini. Ils eurent fini. Future. Future. I shall finish. Il finira. Nous finirons. Vous finirez. Il finiront. Future anterior. I shall have finished. J'aurais fini. Tu auras fini. Il aura fini. Nous aurons fini. Vous aurez fini. Ils auront fini. Conditional. Present. I should finish. Je finirai. Tu finirais. Il finirait. Nous finirions. Vous finiriez. Il finirait. Past. I should have finished. J'aurais fini. Tu aurais fini. Il aurait fini. Nous aurions fini. Vous auriez fini. Ils auraient fini. Subjunctive present that I may finish. Que je finisse. Que tu finisses. Qu'ils finissent. Que nous finissions. Que vous finissiez. Qu'ils finissent. Past that I may have finished. Que j'ai fini. Que tu es fini. Qu'il est fini. Que nous ayons fini. Que vous ayez fini. Qu'ils aient fini. Imperfect that I might finish. Que je finisse. Que tu finisses. Qu'ils finissent. Que nous finissions. Que vous finissiez. Qu'ils finissent. Plus perfect that I might have finished. Que j'usse finis. Que tu usse fini. Qu'il eut fini. Que nous usions fini. Que vous usiez fini. Qu'ils usse fini. Imperative mood. Fini. Finish. Qu'ils finissent. Let him finish. Finissons. Let us finish. Finissez. Finish ye. Qu'ils finissent. Let them finish. Third conjugation. Infinitive mood. Present recevoir. To receive. Past avoir reçu. To have received. Participals present recevant. Receiving. Past reçu. Received. Ayant reçu. Having received. Indicative mood. Present. Simple tenses. Absolue. I receive. Je reçois. Tu reçois. Il reçoit. Nous recevons. Vous recevez. Il reçoit. Compound tenses ontarrière. I have received. J'ai reçu. Tu as reçu. Il a reçu. Nous avons reçu. Vous avez reçu. Ils ont reçu. Descriptive. Imperfect. I received. Je recevais. Tu recevais. Il recevait. Nous recevions. Vous receviez. Il recevait. Plus perfect. I had received. J'avais reçu. Tu avais reçu. Il avait reçu. Nous avions reçu. Vous aviez reçu. Ils avaient reçu. Narrative. Past definite. I received. Je reçois. Tu reçois. Il reçois. Nous reçois. Vous reçois. Il reçois. Past anterior. I had received. Future. Future. I shall receive. Je recevrais. Tu recevras. Il recevra. Nous recevrons. Vous recevrez. Il recevrons. Future anterior. I shall have received. J'aurais reçu. Tu auras reçu. Il aura reçu. Nous aurons reçu. Vous aurez reçu. Ils auront reçu. Conditional. Present. I should receive. Past. I should have received. Tu aurais reçu. Il aurait reçu. Nous aurions reçu. Vous auriez reçu. Ils auraient reçu. Subjunctive mood. Present. That I may receive. Que je reçois. Que tu reçois. Qu'ils reçois. Que nous recevions. Que vous receviez. Qu'ils reçois. Past that I may have received. Que j'ai reçu. Que tu auras reçu. Qu'il est reçu. Que nous ayons reçu. Que vous ayez reçu. Qu'ils aient reçu. Imperfect that I might receive. Que je reçus. Que tu reçus. Qu'ils reçus. Que nous reçusions. Que vous reçusiez. Qu'ils reçus. Plus perfect that I might have received. Que j'usse reçu. Que tu usse reçu. Qu'il eut reçu. Que nous usions reçu. Que vous usiez reçu. Imperative mood. Reçois. Receive thou. Qu'ils reçoivent. Let him receive. Recevons. Let us receive. Recevez. Receive ye. Qu'ils reçoivent. Let them receive. Fourth conjugation. Infinitive mood. Present. Vendre. To sell. Past. Avoir vendu. To have sold. Participals. Present. Vendant. Selling. Past. Vendu. Sold. Ayant vendu. Having sold. Indicative mood. Present. Simple tenses. Absolute. I sell. Je vends. Tu vends. Il vends. Nous vendons. Vous vendez. Il vende. Compound tenses antérieures. I have sold. J'ai vendu. Tu as vendu. Il a vendu. Nous avons vendu. Vous avez vendu. Ils ont vendu. Descriptive. Imperfect. I sold. Je vendais. Tu vendais. Il vendait. Nous vendions. Vous vendiez. Il vendait. Plus perfect. I had sold. J'avais vendu. Tu avais vendu. Il avait vendu. Nous avions vendu. Vous aviez vendu. Ils avaient vendu. Narrative. Past definite. I sold. Je vendis. Tu vendis. Il vendis. Nous vendîmes. Vous vendîtes. Il vendir. Past anterior. I had sold. J'ai vendu. Tu as vendu. Il a vendu. Nous sommes vendus. Vous êtes vendus. Ils eurent vendus. Future. Future I shall sell. Je vendrais. Tu vendras. Il vendra. Nous vendrons. Vous vendrez. Ils vendront. Past I shall have sold. J'aurais vendu. Tu auras vendu. Il aura vendu. Nous aurons vendu. Vous aurez vendu. Ils auront vendu. Conditional. Present. I should sell. Je vendrais. Tu vendrais. Ils vendraient. Nous vendrions. Vous vendriez. Ils vendraient. Past I should have sold. J'aurais vendu. Tu aurais vendu. Il aurait vendu. Nous aurions vendu. Vous auriez vendu. Ils auraient vendu. Subjunctive mood. Present. That I may sell. Que je vende. Que tu vendes. Qu'ils vendent. Que nous vendions. Que vous vendiez. Qu'ils vendent. Past that I may have sold. Que j'ai vendu. Que tu es vendu. Qu'il est vendu. Que nous ayons vendu. Que vous ayez vendu. Qu'ils aient vendu. Imperfect that I might sell. Que je vendis. Que tu vendis. Qu'ils vendent. Que nous vendissions. Que vous vendissiez. Qu'ils vendissent. Plus perfect that I might have sold. Que j'usse vendu. Que tu usse vendu. Qu'il eut vendu. Que nous usions vendu. Que vous usiez vendu. Qu'ils usse vendu. Imperative mood. Vend. Sell thar. Qu'ils vendent. Let him sell. Vendons. Let us sell. Vendez. Sell ye. Qu'ils vendent. Let them sell. End of section seven.