 mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs, are widely used in regenerative medicine for treating various diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiac ischemia, diabetes, and bone and cartilage diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of MSCs in cancer is still controversial, with some studies suggesting they may contribute to cancer pathogenesis while others report their suppressive effects on cancer cells. Further research is needed to understand when MSCs promote or suppress tumor development before planning a MSC-based therapy for cancer, particularly central nervous system tumors. The current evidence suggests that MSCs have a double-edged sword in oncological treatment, and recent advances in MSC-based anti-cancer agent delivery systems are being explored. This article was authored by Abdul Krim Macha, Abdul Krim Macha, Alejandro Martin Montalvo, and others.