 Here is a dublink of the lectures between this one and of Mr. Professor Lagoyanis. But at the beginning of course you will see again those schemes of transitions and so on. On the way, I will try to give you in your hands some tools. Most of them are available online for free. Počutno, gupex, ko sem tukaj pokazala, je komersijalna programa, vse z Univerzitivnji hvala Kanada. In, kaj bi se počutite, in kaj bi se počutite, kaj bi se počutite s tem softwareem. Tukaj. Tukaj. Tukaj. Tukaj. Tukaj. Tukaj. Tukaj. Tukaj. Fizika. Ne za... Znamo, da je zašlično zašlično, ali začneš, kaj smo v tem energijenju, kako je vsega, in tako, da sem vsega vsega, in tako, da sem vsega, da sem vsega, da sem vsega, da sem vsega vsega, da sem vsega, da sem vsega, implementation, obhjeljne in težko spesivne, konjuncto mego artisti, in počeber o načinstavno, kaj so, vsega vsega vsega z vrstvenosti, kaj je zelo z vrstvenosti, je inošeljana zelo. In potem, v drugim stupu vsega vsega vsega vsega, zato, da je elektrono vsega, vsega vsega je zelo z vrstvenosti. In potem se vsega vsega vsega vsega vsega. Zelo je bilo strančne notace, ni nekaj je vzelo, da je tudi historijka. Nekaj, atomik vzelo, ki je zelo vzelo, in ki je vzelo, da je vzelo, da je zelo vzelo, kako je alpha, kako je beta. Prv, da je zelo, da je zelo, nekaj je vsah nekaj, in zelo, da je zelo vzelo, da je zelo, da je zelo, oč 20% češeljjih, več vse prihodli. Tako, k je zelo, da vse vse vse pomečil v sreči, l, da vse vse vse pomečil v sreči, n, m, vse vse. In tudi da se si zelo, da je bolj zelo, dataj se zelo na netom. if you do some quantum mechanics, operator responsibility is electrical dipole moment. And this transition should obey this nature of this dipole moment. So you see, from L0 to L0 from L to K, there is no transition because the change of L should be one. to je vzgleda za zaživljenje. OK, z prospetimov, očenje, kaj je tudi tudi tudi vzgleda, tudi vzgleda, da je vzgleda vzgleda. Na vzgledanje vzgleda svoj tudi vzgleda je vzgleda vzgleda. Tako, tudi tudi tudi vzgleda. In potem posledajte atom v nekaj zelo, zelo v nekaj zelo, in drugi drugi proces je početnja na vse. V tem zelo potrebno da vse postoji vse nekaj prej vse. In, tudi, nekaj schem, ki je vse. To dose. Na ne, da budem je zelo, da je openingva. Zelo, da jeyelling. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Ne. Vse je to odličnico. Na web. Znači se, kako je prijezna. Vse je prijezna. Vse je prijezna. Prejdaš je. Ne zelo. Zelo. Ne zelo. Prejdaš, da so ne zelo. Ne zelo, da se prijezna. Prejdaš, da se prijezna. Ne zelo. Mi greš smokedi many things, but he didn't check these one. Let me just see. Anybody knows what to do. So let's see probably I will try to enlarge a bit and What's here? A lot of xray data and for you what is important if you will work with ex-ray emission energies. Vseh počkaj smo pričo dobro vseh pak, qe vseh je vseh posaočno vseh, nekaj je online in je vseh tebevši začala, je nekaj generacija, naredišu vseh v tem dobrovom. Vseh da sem razumila, kako pa se pravimo izdelu v tako dokumentu. taj dokument. Zvukam je za to. Zvukam. OK, X-ray, in vse. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Zvukam. Bim je tukaj na svetu, da je tukaj na svetu stik, tako zelo zelo, kaj je tukaj način. Protonči, najbolj, nekaj ne zelo v metu. Tukaj ne zelo v metu, tako zelo način v metu. Tukaj na tukaj ne zelo v metu. je probabilitavna ionizacija in x-rays zvukenje. Zato, da jih je detektor, jih je detektor x-rays. Zato, da je je zvuk? Kaj ima detektor, jih je detektor nekaj del, kaj je to zvukenje, če je solitnja dela. Profesija dela 4 pi. Zato, da je je zvukenje, je neko prefereno angularne zašličenje, izgleda, da je tega proprzivna nekaj memori dajanizacije, tako in potom, da je zelo v any tega. Čudoviteh zelo delajjev, vtega však pospravljena, if there is 2 times more protons coming, you will be 2 times bigger, so that's number of protons. To je avogadron number, in here it's also important, what you have here. Detector ne zelo vših fotov, ker je nekaj ne potreba vsega, je to vsega, da je detector, ki zelo vzelo v 0 elektroni, in nekaj fotov ne da se vsega vzelo v zelo, in je to vsega spektra, ki je vsega. Efficiency, sorry, godz of technique doesn't like us today. Hopfully, at least there. I will show it there, if not. Ok, so efficiency of the detector. For example, you have x-ray of 5 kilo electron volts. Some detectors will see 80% of all the photons because in front of them they have some absorbers or vacuum windows. And then sometimes we deliberately put additional absorbers there. Sometimes we cut part of low energy spectra away. If you are interested, for example, in metal ions, let's say copper or something higher. So there's also described as initial absorber. And there is very important quantity. Probability for production of x-rays. Inside you have ionization cross-section plus fluorescent yield. So not every vacancy we were speaking before is at the end decaying by emitting a photon. There are other alternative transitions and decay of these inertial holes. One, maybe you heard about it, is a jet transition. And then you have also coaster chronic and so on. So here we describe so-called production cross-section for x-rays and it's a slightly different cross-section smaller than the ionization cross-section. And of course, when the photon is created here, it must reach the surface and undergoes absorption from the creation up. And this is, as you know, it's exponential fall of the numbers and here in this exponential coefficient. This is additional complication of this calculation. All the composition of matrix is present. So to correctly describe absorption from the position of production out of the sample, you need to know exactly entire sample. So things are getting complicated. And one step is that you take into account stopping factor, production cross-section and absorption and do integral from zero energy to the initial energy of the proton and you got a special factor called tic target factor. And then we actually with this managed to cover two complex things. First is stopping of protons inside the target and absorption of the x-rays coming out. And now the yield is a bit simpler. Again, we have solid angle, number of protons impinging on the target, this Avogadro number. This is efficiency and absorption in front of detector and here is this tic target. And you see now the yield of element with index i is proportional to the concentration, axis concentration of element i. And this is molecular mass of element. What is now the trick? What is now the problem? If you would have just a very thin layer where there is no stopping and no absorption out, we can do it by hand. We are trained physicists, most of us, and we can do this calculation by ourselves. But as absorption here on the way out and the stopping here are functions of all the constituents of the sample, things get complicated. And we will see it later. We will try to do this for a metal alloy in a simulation. You must allow your calculation to iterate. You assume at the beginning a bet matrix, we call it matrix that describes stopping and absorption. And what you see in the spectra, you say, it's there. Let us evaluate and assume very bad matrix. You run through it and then say, OK, I can estimate now how much copper is in my target. And you put better result in and that computer is iterating. And finally, if you have enough information for him, he will give you proper concentration. OK, let's see if this guy will show us something more. Not really. See? He can do anything against it. OK. Now, what is very important. I will assess my students. You are, from time to time, most of us are very lucky. So you got a new accelerator. In every generation, maybe once or something. And, for example, in Itemba, South Africa, they got 3 million volt tandem. You can make 6 million electron volt proton. What energy would you select for optimal pixie? You have now anything from one up to, let's say, we don't run to 100% usually, let's say, from one to five MFV protons. If we look for the cross section now, you sit here for iron, very important element in pixie. If you are, for example, at about 2.5, you reach roughly 130 barns. If you go to five, you see here, you reach roughly 800 barns. So your yields will be much better. So, from this first instance, you would say, if I can do 5 million volts, let's go for 5 million volts and do pixie there. Usually, if you go through literature, you will see that in the last time, most of pixie is done roughly at 3 million volts. If labs can do it, if they have seen it in it machines, sometimes at 2.5, do you know the reason why 5 is not so much desired? Anybody would guess what's the problem at 5 million volts? A lot of them. And what would happen to your spectra? Your silicon detector or SDD or what every detector would see a lot of gamas. Actually, not their photopics, but a lot of Compton tails. And if in your spectra, whatever spectroscopy you are doing, your background is high. And you have very small yield or if you can trade this, no background and even smaller yield, what would you select? Lot of background and reasonable yield or no background and let's say 5 times smaller yield. What's better in the detection limit sense? Many times without the background. Background is a problematic thing. It provides you statistical uncertainties in the energy range and you need to have roughly three times the sigma of the background to say, okay, there is a peak. And if your background is zero, you can do already with ten counts at least identification that something is going on there. So that's why PiXA community prefers a bit lower energies where detectors don't see too much gamma, Compton tails of gamma radiation. That's annoying. Okay, let's try. Okay. Now types of X-ray detectors. Community in the last decade was traditionally using so-called C-lead detectors. So these are silicon detectors with drifted lithium. We will see how the crystal looks like in the following slides. However, in the last decade a lot has changed. C-lead detectors were very slow detectors. So you need roughly ten microseconds to, I would say, to digest the pulse. Collection of the charge when the photon enters the diode is slow in that type of detector. And this was main constraint, actually resolution. Anybody knows how the resolution of X-ray detector is defined. At which energy and how you would measure it. If you are buying detector, they would say you 140 EV, something like this. And then what does it mean? So if you would irradiate manganese with your protons, you will see manganese K alpha line at 5.9 keV and then you go to full width of half maximum and that's your resolution. The best detectors today they can do, let's say, 128 EV, something like this. Standard 140, 150. And if you want to do it with this resolution with C-lead detector you need nitrogen cooling and again it's a slow detector. Now silicon, so-called silicon drift detectors are taking over and they are very fast. So instead of 10 microseconds to digest one pulse through electronics, collect all the charge and process it into pulsate distribution, you need only one microsecond which is essential difference. You can do much faster pixie with it. That's how old silly detectors, good guys still in operation in lab solar or the world look like. Here is dewer and then you have here cold finger. Just to show you how they do. I will not, where is it? I will not show, I don't have destroyed x-ray detector but I have something very similar. That's what you can push it around. That's what in the dewer of the cousin of silly detector that used to be germanium G-lead detector for gamma rays. So we will see a copper bar that actually cools down the crystal and also we cool preamps, part of preamps. The fat usually, the transistor. And now how you would, let's see how silly detector looks like by determining its efficiency. And then later on, I will show you the alternative silly conductors which are now. You must actually do efficiency calibration for any detector and the process is very similar. So when you are buying x-ray detector, please be very pushy. Manufacturer should give you all the details. They don't like to give the details for them is a trade secret and if they hide it, then you are in a big trouble. It will take you a long time to figure out how to describe your detector in your pixel setup. You need to know how they made from which material the electric contacts, how tick are the electric contacts of your detector. What is the dead layer typically? Is there internal collimator? I will show you how important is internal collimator later on in the Gupik's fit. Usually it results in parasitic peak. You are happy, you discover, they don't know. We will see nickel in your sample where nobody saw it before. You figure out that, for example, zinc, k-photons, excite, fluorescence in your collimator and you will see a wrong element in your spectra. You must be very aware what is in your detector. And if vacuum window starts to leak, slowly you can get not water but ice layer on your crystal. Crystal is very cold and all the moisture in your vacuum chamber, if the vacuum window is leaking, will end up as a small ice layer on your crystal. And if you are careful, sometimes you can get rid of it. If you are not so lucky to get rid of it, at least it's important to take into account to describe the efficiency appropriately. That's how now a bit more detailed image what all you need to consider when you're describing the layers even in Goopics in your evaluation program. First is usually a beryllium window or now you can get already polymer windows. So that's the first layer where part of photons will be absorbed. Beryllium is the, I would say the lightest compact material able to withstand the pressure difference of one bar. You have here inside vacuum and you have here usually atmosphere or vacuum depends what kind of pics you are doing. Then you have, as I mentioned to you before, possible ice layer. Then you have gold contact and then immediately after the gold contact you have a thin dead layer. Actually it's silicon there but this silicon does not absorb x-rays appropriately. So it's like additional absorber there. And of course then you have it also in the back but this is less important. So again it's part of inefficient and also another contact. If you will want to see the physics of transmission this is where to look for. All the community is going to this home page. Let me see, but I think I'm without internet here, so I'll see what I can do maybe just to show you the first page of the, oh, do we see it? Again not, huh? I will try to bring you into your side, just. Okay, at least something. So it will not work because I'm without internet connection but at least you can see later on maybe. So you enter here formula, for example for beryllium simply type beryllium density, if you leave it minus one he has it in his own records, don't need to care about it. And you put for example you're interested in absorption from 10 EV out to 10,000 and he would drive you the file in 100 steps, you can do it in 500 and then you just submit request. Very useful home page and if you will look for X-ray detector there is for example 25 micron beryllium window in front of it, you check how far down you can come with the sensitivity. You can go up to sodium for sure even with 25 micrometers. If you are really focused on very low energies you take either 12 microns of beryllium or polymer window on your detector and on this home page you can calculate how much photons for example of sodium what fraction will be transmitted to your detector. Whether you will see 10 or 40% of photons, this is quite important for the detection limits. In order to understand and order to select in order to predict, you need to discuss with producer what options he has and he will tell you it's full fancy, I will give you ultra thin window and you want to measure from 30 kV you need high energy detector no point, better to take 25 microns of beryllium which is very robust, you will not kill it and so on. If you want to measure sodium you will see that if you will take polymer window you might need, if you have visible light conditions you will need to have light block also there. All these things should be considered when you are buying and this is a good tool. This is estimation how much photons you will detect, this is base for your selection of the detector. If you would like to measure for example sodium with it then you need to really consider carefully which of the vacuum windows that producer is offering you will select and so on. I am also almost blind. I need to duplicate is this one? Let's go on. If you will now take the data from the home page I showed you you see each of the layer has its own absorption characteristics these rapid jumps where they come from anybody would guess why it's not soft curve if you if you reach k etch of some etch of some element there the absorption will have a drastic jump because if you give just enough energy the electron will jump out from the shell there your absorption probability will be higher and that's how you see it's like in some places like rapid jump and this is actually the L or K shell ionization energy and then when you consider all this transmission of all the layers we show before then this is finally your transmission of your detector if you described it quite well then you take set of micrometer tin standards what kind of job you did micrometer produces evaporating standards on polymer foils and that is ideal target I was mentioning before you can assume no energy stopping in the tin layer and there is no absorption on the way out from pixel methodology tin pixel sample and then these are certified values and that's if you did this job very carefully what you get and you see sometimes it's not exactly there but not far so this what we see here for us we are from our lap with such characterization is very happy there are some problems big discrepancy what's with titanium anybody has some instinct what's wrong with titanium and they evaporate you elemental titanium on your target what would titanium do it's a gather material eat all their dirt in their vacuum evaporator so they use quartz balance to measure what is the lateral density but it's not just titanium there all the residual gas in their evaporation machines so that's why this is the most problematic standard of micrometer titanium you can buy standards also from European NIST IRMM and you see they still have some problem but they have cleaner vacuum chambers for evaporation so the discrepancy is much smaller in the end you have spectra like this and you fit them and you check the residue we will see about the residue later it tells you something the areas where you don't have everything well described if the residue is too high and then you got your concentrations ok we see how silly looks like let's see the new technology why it's so much faster than silly detector actually electrodes are not front and back but you have these concentric rings where the voltage is slowly increased along the way and now if you create electron hole pairs they are drifting another direction they don't go front back but they drift along this and then they are collected by these sets of electrodes and you have also this is silicon integrated circuitry technology they will do also integrated fats on the chip so if you feature some problems with your detector you don't send such thing to the producer and ask him to check your preamp or something and replace some fat transistor in preamp because they are integrated there what they do they scroll the crystal away throw it, put a new one and they will charge you almost as for a new detector because that's the heart of the detector you will pay 60% of the price of a new no serviceable parts on it again another so x-rays are coming from here and the electrical charge carriers are collected here in the center now when you will buy it's very important also what kind of geometry they will make for you I'll try again to show you just recent work okay now you see it we will try to see the x-rays before the energies and that's how the tablet looks like I'll try to enlarge some place in the parts of it that's just a fresh we are buying new x-ray detector I wanted to show you this experience so producers have different size of crystals roughly said bigger crystal, bigger solid angle you must be carefully you pay a lot of money for solid angle you see this is the sketch of the sample your beam is coming this way just next to the snout you can approach because it's on a movable slide with vacuum bellow here you can approach to very close and you will cover 0.36 stradia with a small 65 square millimeter sensor which is collimated to 50 square millimeters you should not use the edges of the crystal just the central part and then they have available also and quite slow anyway I will just show you this you see they offer much bigger crystals this one is 100 9 square millimeters collimated to 80 square millimeters you are again approaching here you pay much more money but you see the solid angle it's smaller than this one worse resolution because bigger the crystal lower the resolution and you pay roughly 10000 more for the detector so what's the point the encapsulation is not very optimal so this is your this is your crystal and you have a lot of hardware a useful one next to it so here if you buy that one is a choice but then you go to this one extremely big crystal 170 square millimeters collimated to 150 you will pay probably 40 or 50 000 for this detector but at the end if you do this geometry you cover more than half of the stradian this angle is really huge everybody who was working with these coaxial detectors was dreaming about availability of such detectors so now I just got these sketches with the offer so it's very I would say tempting to get this thing into your lap you can get it ok let's continue fast also a new development probably the fastest pixel detector in the world is Maya development by Chris Ryan and his colleagues in Australia so you see it's a very big chip with annular aperture beam is coming through annular aperture and then you have a lot of segments here and each segment acts as individual x-ray detector so they can cover really not only very big solid angle just two times bigger solid angle that the one I showed you with coaxial geometry but count rates can be in order of 200 times higher so they can do on synchrofront facilities count rates of a few hundred thousand per second so spectra in mapping mode are coming very fast thanks to this development ok, now I will do very fast some applications that I usually do at home with micro pixie and I will pay attention that I have ten minutes to show you gupic case just five minutes very fast pass through applications so this is the lap you will see tomorrow I usually work on micro probe that's how you form it maybe you heard about it pairs of two slits and in our case triplet with magnetic quadropose and then your chamber is very close to these optics in the focus of the magnet that's how the chamber looks like once you have micro probe you equip it with a lot of detection if you have space because in our acquisition system we have eight ports and we do in so called event mode your acquisition system is waiting for detectors and saves the energy of the event number of the channel and position where the beam was at that moment we pushed it closer than Oxford Oxford I think is 18 cm we went to 14.5 14.5 and another question you said one by one micron but in that case you have quite huge current yes I will show the optimal case we can go sub micron that was just roughly the optics that's how the station then looks like you see this is still old silly and this is IGE both low energy high energy detector later on you see it on this side this is already silly condrift detector so no djur anymore and this is the best we can do we use focused ion beam low energy one to mill the standards and you see these are 16 times 16 this is 5 times 5 square millimeter frame and if you if you check the beam size now on these edges it's roughly 600 700 square nanometers and current is 200 picohams not many labs can do this especially labs need also very bright sources our colleague Lori got it recently and also all our colleagues who have single ended machines have even more bright sources than we do have so we can do if we do everything optimal we have a space to do it in sub micrometer later resolution space and then you have biologists coming doctors coming a lot of work for them I'm doing this for the last 15 years and it's quite I would say quite interesting work why they don't go to electron microscopes because you put a sample in it and what would they would see huge background this is Bremstralung electron Bremstralung and as protons have much higher mass in contribution you see a lot of small pics are there so we are roughly 3 orders of magnitude our limit of detection is lower than theirs and that's why biologists who have for example they bring you a grain of wheat 3 cultivars which one has more iron in it and iron is in the level of 100 ppm nobody will be able to do it with electron microscope they come to pics or some other topic ok, you need to process there is tissue preparation protocol for pixie is quite complex issue you will see it on the slide and we can discuss about it later so now I mentioned several detectors they are already waiting on events to pixie we measure the thickness of the slice of the tissue we measure light elements with electron back scattering and then we also measure we have in beam rotating chopper I will show you next hour how we measure how many protons goes to the sample and then when you measure you have there you put discrimination limits in your spectra and you got such rough maps out of it just to know that your measurement is unfolding well you see a lot of different elements thickness, profiles everything is there in life and statistics is getting better and better ok, just example I mentioned with grain they are really interested in trace elements because it is very important for us to get zinc and iron from breath because this is our staple diet and if you cut the grain this is quite interesting shape this is map of phosphorus and you can do 2x2mm but you can also zoom you will see to individual cells these are individual cells in seed envelope and then for example I am a tea drinker a lot of tea is produced on soils which are full of aluminium I always was asking myself what the hell I drink every morning and tea with spiked tea with special minerals and I will show you where that minerals are accumulated aluminium is of concern in human diet you see aluminium where are you here this is cross section of a tea leaf and you see all aluminium is in upper and lower epidermis even tea plant does not like it it comes with other minerals in it and then it puts this into the epidermis but if you zoom this is you see very strange feature these are single layer of epidermis cells and you see that where you have for example potassium here there is a hole in aluminium actually plant is so clever that it doesn't kill epidermis cells but somehow pushes aluminium between the cell membrane and the cell wall where is an active space and that's a story of aluminium in tea these samples we cut everything from 10 to 50 micrometers depends what you are looking for if we look for cadmium which is spectroscopic extremely difficult you need thick slices but you will lose cellular contrast because one cell is roughly 10, 20, 30 micrometers if you would like to see individual cells then better cut slightly less than diameter of the cells you will still see the cellular wall of each individual cell ok now this is in vacuum in vacuum, yes dried tissue according to special protocols ok additional thing is that if you have such individually grown cells it's astonishing that you can scale how much particular mineral is individual cell I will just show you an example these are human cells grown on very thin foils and this is just an example we did hundreds of cells in different cultivation procedures and for example this cell after the evaluation you can tell your doctor or biologist it's 3.3 picograms of potassium and 21.1 of gold nanoparticles in picograms extreme elemental sensitivity and as again these are when you dry these cells they are thin pixel samples quantification is quite simple because there's you can check how much absorption is there but you see the absorption is very small and stopping through the cell is also very small ok, now the last thing we did I was very proud presenting this also on the IBA conference because we see because of the paper at the end but proteins are very interesting thing you imagine biologists know exact composition of protein if it's contained inside ten thousand amino acids they know exact sequence of feature of them for us, for me, it's really impressive but then I was shocked they were asking me can you measure whether we have in this perfectly known protein 2, 3, 4 centers we'd think say what, ask me again we don't know how much zinc is in how do you don't know if you know ten thousand amino acid sequences no, we have no technique to determine it and then this is the thing that Jeff Grime started in beginning of 2000 and we were following his way so what's also very nice forget about all those normalization and everything the easiest thing is your sample has a substance that you know how much is it in, that we call it internal standard and purified proteins have internal standard in it because among 20 amino acids or something you have two amino acids contain sulfur methionin and cystein and you ask them if I would get from you how much sulfur is it in I can do it for you otherwise and they tell you immediately they know all the sequence of amino acid so internal standard is always there and then life for us working with is trivial and simple so we just applied solution on very thin foil we are using 100 nanometer thick piola forum we suspend several droplets on it measure the spectra you see the sulfur in our case you see golden ions you see zinc which was pollution at the beginning they couldn't purify this protein for example very well should not be seen there and that's how the maps look like in micro probe because you call it coffee stain effect where all the material is transferred to the edges of this droplet this is roughly 1.5 millimeter big circle that you analyze and you can check the thickness and extract for your map spectra just from the thickest part and so on see this is thin you check how much you thin the sample for example we were running 20 hours on this one thinning is not there so we don't evaporate anything from proteins and at the end we provide for a special protein containing 24 rings how many gold atoms are there to bind this bucky ball made of protein rings together this is so called synthetic protein very interesting cage which you can open close just by changing the pH in your solution and just in May we were finally got first paper in nature which is for our group really success. Future of Pixie just one year ago I was opponent on a PhD thesis in Ivaskila where they have one of I would say five arrays of with test transition sensor arrays you have series of small gold blocks in this array and each of them is kept in this transition between superconductive and normal state and now imagine you put you hit this golden block with X-ray and as heat capacity at such low temperature so small you really heat up with a single X-ray that small block and because of this these blocks start to jump on this transition edge going up and then with reverse cycle you push it back and you measure how much you need to push it back that's the principle electronically you must push it back again state and then you get the fantastic energy resolution Pixie we are doing with 140 EV I mentioned to you you can do pixie with this detector at 14 EV ten times better one thing is that you resolve interferences and other is that if you sometimes you have so called chemical shifts that can be in a matter of even two free electron volts and if your resolution is like 10 or 15 electron volts you already see the shift of energy because your element is in particular chemical state you are slowly getting to the place where you don't do just elemental analysis but also chemical analysis we are all dreaming about such detectors detector that is able to do this but it's a big of like five seats together here and you cover really extremely small energy range with crystal brak diffraction here again you see what is the edit value one spectra in one shot there's a comment on that we just acquired in the cyber reserve VWDX detector that has resolution of few tens of electron volts like 40 something like that and that does entire energy range you have mechanics in it anyway when I was student at the university professor Knoll I was privileged came to our place and gave a lecture and he said it's a question of few years when everybody will work with these detectors with super conductive detectors will rule the world in the next decade now I am getting called almost it's almost 30 years since then and these are the first detectors that do the job reasonably and they are very difficult to maintain but anyway time will make it sooner or later and now let me take five minutes break for everybody and I will prepare small goopics run on one of the files