 In this section, we are going to talk about the factors that can cause shifts in the supply of a bond or a financial asset. So, there can be a number of factors. As we know that if there is a change in the price, we will be moving along the supply curve. But if there are changes in factors like the government is experiencing a deficit in its budget. Deficit means that the revenues they have are less and their expenditures are more and the government needs money. So, where will it come from? What will it do? It has an easy way to cause a bond. So, in such a situation that there can be this one reason, because of which we can see that your supply of bond has increased and because of that, your supply curve has shifted forward. So, the supply curve can shift forwards or backwards due to a number of factors. But we are going to discuss the three important factors that we are going to discuss. The first thing is that if you see that the financial instrument or any overall investment opportunities, the expected profitability is increasing. You said that you will start to progress in Pakistan. And the rate of return is increasing over a period of time. And if we invest today, after one year, we are getting the return of investment. Suppose 6%. In the future, it is going to be 12% or 10% and if we move forward, it will increase. So, if we see that there is an increase in the profitability in future, so that also can result in the increase in the supply of bonds. What do you do? You say profitability is going to increase in the future. So, what do we do? We need more money. We will invest more. And to invest more, the money that you borrow, you issue financial instruments in the market and you get money in return. So, for that time period, the maturity of the time period, the financial instrument or bond that you have sold in the market. So, you should have more profitability, expected profitability. You are seeing that if it is going to increase, then there would be an increase in the quantity, there would be an increase in the supply of bonds. Similarly, if you feel that some kind of contraction is coming in the economy and profitability is quite low, you can expect that in the future, it will further go down. So, as a result, this would not be a good idea to issue bonds, to take money from the people for investment reasons because you will not get a good return on investment. So, in such a situation, your supply curve will shift backwards. Similarly, if we see that inflation is going to increase in the future or decrease, that also plays a significant role in increasing or decreasing the supply of the financial instruments or bonds that we were talking about. And the third important thing that I told in the beginning is that if the deficits in the government's budget will increase or decrease, then that also causes the supply of bonds to go forward or backward shift, to increase, to decrease. So, if we deliberate on this point, we can say that if suppose we are looking at this particular set of diagrams to illustrate it diagrammatically, then we have seen that if the profitability of the investment increases, then what will happen in this situation? I just told you that you will be needing more money to invest and when you will be needing more money to invest, you will be issuing more bonds, more financial instruments in the market so that more and more money can be collected for the investment purpose because you are seeing bright future profits going up in the future. As a result, what will happen? The supply curve will shift forwards and that can be seen in terms of the brown curve. Initial supply curve, our possibly sloping blue line has increased as it can be seen in terms of this brown line which is showing our forward movement in the forward shift in the supply curve. If you are seeing that inflation is going to increase in the future, then what will happen in this kind of situation? Your quantity supply curve will increase, your supply curve will shift forward and as a result, what happens is that the supply curve is seen as a brown line, your initial line was blue. Similarly, in the government deficit, I was telling you that if the government feels that our deficit is going to increase, we have more money, revenue, total expenses and revenue generated, that is less. So, if the deficit is increased, then you will be needing more money to finance the deficit. In order to meet that deficit, you borrow money. If you want to borrow in the form of bonds, then you have to increase in the supply of bonds and that can be seen in terms of our forward shift in the supply curve.