 Okay, yeah, right on time. Very good. Let's grab a seat. Lots of seats to be had. Again, welcome to everybody. I'm looking at some names and there's quite a few people, a couple of people I think that I have not heard of before a scene. So welcome again to the science circle presentation. And let's get going. Now, oh, by the way, different authors or different presenters like to do things different ways. For me, I love to see the chat because I'm reading the chat as I'm presenting. I mean, I know what I'm presenting. Yeah, especially all non-humans. I haven't looked at the audience. In fact, I'm sitting because I don't want to complicate things by having to mess with my avatar and the chat and the slides and hold it. I've had to concentrate on the chat and the yeah. Wow, one is sitting. So I don't have to worry about the avatars. So I don't know if we do have any non-human avatars in the audience. I doubt we have any non-human people behind the avatars. But if you're a non-human avatar, welcome, welcome, as well as human avatars, etc. Okay, yeah, good. Okay, so let's, so the talk today, the presentation, the something that I would share, like to share with you is a non-human language, which, as Syzygy asked, it's not computers. It's not cheats, chat, GBT. This is about living organisms that have language. The guest who's talking now is a reference to an old movie, by the way. Okay, so what will we take a look at today is, well, exactly. Do dogs have language? I love that cartoon. That was around 1995. I have a copy of it. And it's just great when people started looking at who could be on the internet. And, you know, that's really one of the things that attracts me to second life is you don't, you can be anyone. There's no, there's few social barriers here. It's just how you interact with people, both in language, body language, in some cases, in chat, in voice, like I'm doing now. There's lots of ways that we do that. And yet, you can be anyone. And if you're a dog, welcome to the presentation as well. Okay, so the presentation today, I'm going to try to address quickly kind of, you know, what's communication, what's language? And then a little more in depth, how are we able to speak? When I say we, I'm talking about humans. When did we, but also animals? When did we, excuse me, when did we start speaking? What distinguishes human from nonhuman language if there are distinctions? And then especially what living things have language besides humans? I don't pretend to be a linguist or a physiologist or whatever. So this is not a comprehensive treatment, but more an awareness of some of the issues and the subject, which I thought I saw it. What inspired me was in December, there's an article that came out by a science educator. In other words, someone, we need both. Yeah. Okay, so we need both science, but we also need then people who are good at presenting science to everyone. Otherwise, it would be just a small little click somewhere or academics that, you know, talk to each other. So it's very important. Okay. So anyway, let's continue. Well, you're right. I actually met Carl Sagan once back in 1970, sometimes that time period. Or, darn it, I'm trying to remember the name of the several prominent people today who are really good at. He got his autograph. Okay, cool. Yeah, there, Neil deGrasse Tyson. That's the one I was thinking about. Okay, so what is language? What's communication? Let's take a look at this. Yeah, show off. That's okay. I said that Carl Sagan, so that's good. Okay, so communication. And okay. Yeah. Okay, caveats is one of the, I'm going to do two things which are usually a no-no for presentations. One is I'm going to do a slight explanation or apology. They say you should never apologize when you're talking. Just go ahead and talk. But you'll notice a little difference in my presentation and in some of the other presentations. So I need to at least explain. And that is like, in this, you should apologize or apologize. Okay. Well, anyway, this week, last week, whatever this month has been bizarre. I just thought everything that could go wrong went wrong. But I learned back in the Navy that long, long ago, that sometimes you just have to get something done. So I have a presentation for you. It has all kinds of good information in it, but it's not nearly as rich in pictures as some of you have been grown to or be accustomed to my presentations in the past. So that's my explanation without necessarily apologizing because I am here. And there's some marvelous information in here. So the other thing is because there's not as many pictures, is that it's a little too, yeah, use your imagination. Yeah, just thought, okay, LOL. Okay. So the other thing is that I'm going to sometimes kind of read what's on the slides because it's a little rich in words. And if your first language is in English, I want, I want to make sure that you, yeah, spray me. Okay. So what is communication? Well, communication is used to advantage a species to help them to continue to develop, to grow. And that basically really happened. Okay, so they also exchange information. That doesn't necessarily mean they aren't one way sometimes. But they, they convey, they exchange information. Okay. So language, though, interestingly enough, it's hard to say, okay, what's human, what's non human language because or how they're complete or how they're the same, because it's not accepted definition or criteria. So, but there is some structure in that. So let's, let's continue along that vein. In other words, the topic is difficult to completely convey. Okay, so let's take a look at then how we learn how to speak. Well, we are, you know, tagline is that or tag is, we are dependent on at least some sort of symbolic sign language. But remember that, you know, there's been people like Helen Keller, who couldn't hear or see. There's been animals, don't just, in other words, animals use a lot more than visual and other things, but it's all symbolic. But you know, emotional response. In fact, that's how we sometimes get miscommunication in just chat, because there isn't the whole, yeah, depending on, well, you know, there's Christmas words in every language. So in any case, how did we evolve? Well, yeah, I know, damn it. Okay, so one of the, one of the things that linguists or physiologists might say is, well, you know, humans have what's called a descended larynx, that it's lower in the throat than other animals. And so they would say, well, that's why humans can speak and other animals can't. In other words, they can, your, the back of your tongue can move more and is more. The problem is that it also is why we choke on food and an animal like a dog, since somebody mentioned dogs can wolf down food, because they don't have that problem. But when dogs bark, they found that by looking at the under x-ray or whatever, that their larynx lowers and also red deer and others have a descended larynx when they make voices. So we can't use that argument for saying, well, that's why humans are special. The other thing is that around 20 years ago, they just, yeah, there you go, tag will give you a much better. I don't pretend to be a doctor like Tag is. So I appreciate anyone in the audience who may be a physiologist or a linguist or whatever to, which is one of the reasons also why I like the love the science. Really, I didn't know what that was. Okay, that's cool. Yeah. We all have the imposter syndrome sometimes. But me right now, okay, so humans also discovered that, yeah, discovered about 20 years ago, that humans have this gene that what they did was they found there's some humans with a variation that did not speak. And they said they found out that they didn't have a fox to or P two gene and people that could speak did. So they go, Oh, yeah, okay. So that's why humans are unique, because animals don't have as well. They looked a little closer and they found out, well, you know, none of humans like Andrew falls at it, rodents, birds, that those dishes. In other words, who are the non speaking humans? Well, okay, there really were a couple people in the UK who had who could not speak. In other words, I had a genetic disability. It's called as a main port. I wrote it down in my notes. Tag, you know what it's called. But there's a medical name for it. And no, it's not autism. Okay, but there is a two word thing for, you know, not being able to speak. Okay, so anyway, let me go on to this one. Here is okay, then then we said, and then they said, Okay, well, you know, human brains are different, so that they can support thinking and language. But then they found, well, you know, in birds, actually the same genes. Yeah, yeah, yeah, I think that's it. Like, verbal wasphasia or something to that effect, vocal but this, this, the last four words, very clever. Okay, that's also one of the reasons I'd like to attend these ones. It is because you guys are very clever. Okay, with their language. Okay, so they found that the genes that were associated. Yeah, would be more specific. Okay. So they found that the genes that were associated with neural circuitry that supports language and such is also in birds. So we could and the thought and language are separate parts of the brain. So we so now, okay, now we couldn't say, Well, you know, humans brains are different. Well, not necessarily not this area. Okay, so when did we learn to speak? Well, the initial viewpoints for that it either came on suddenly, which was another argument for, well, you know, only modern humans have it, or it evolved. And the current idea is that it evolved and here's kind of the, for one article I saw, this is kind of the way it evolved. So if you talk to Lucy, back long ago, Oscar, Oscar, Lopeticus Apparenzis, she would have been as vocal as chimpanzee. Later on, like with homo erectus, the first humans that travel the globe, essentially, they had symbolic language and stuff. And by the time you get up to pro magnet, etc. Yeah, I like it too. I thought it's cool. And so speech sounds particularly like quick languages. Now, how do you pronounce it? It's, how do you pronounce this glory? Son, the people that live in Southwest Africa? No, it's more like the click. And I can't do it. I was going to try to do it. But if anybody can do a click language, some, like they found, like they find in Southwest South Africa, some of the people that could do have click languages. In any case, click languages develop perhaps 70,000 years ago. And then you had constant values, and then the full range of speech we have today is only, yeah, exactly. That's who the people are talking about in the power hierarchy. Koisang is either language or the people. Okay, so human speech is only 20,000 years old. It's like, oh, we did this. Okay, so they, yes, okay, now there, see, I put that down there for sumo, it may be, in other words, if you have a stroke, it may be affecting that area tag. And I'm counting on you to help me out here. Okay, so there are multiple systems involved as both physiology, cognition, in other words, thinking ideas, etc. And then psychology, and socialism and stuff like that. And humans are able to integrate all of us. But you know, birds can have, they control the song in left hemisphere, and this is much the same mammals, although not quite so unilaterally. But in the humans, they have two areas, which up on the slide there, I don't need to, plus I can't pronounce them, but there you go. Yeah, okay. Okay, cool. Okay, please pay attention to the chat. When able, there's always some really cool stuff there. But anyway, things like laughter, like I was doing, or screens, which I would do if this didn't work, or animal calls are all in the same part of the brain, by the way, which is a little more primitive area. Okay, so now singing predates language. And so early singing, they have imitated nature. It's been part of earliest social or human culture. Singing was well developed. Yeah, birds sing, the bees sing, even da da da da da da. Let's okay, et cetera. Okay, so in any case, it's been part of socialization, religion and entertainment for, let's not. Yeah, really. Wolves, there you go. In a major series. Okay, what about little wolves? Do they do the same key? Okay, so some believe that it takes domestication. So humans are essentially domesticated primates. So you get domesticated wolves, birds, more vocal, et cetera, et cetera, E minor for little wolves. Okay. Okay, so those are some of the, the other thing is that they've looked at birds and humans and they learn bird songs or language much the same way. In other words, they babble at first, if you've had kids or been around kids, they babble, then they produce a lot of sounds, not all of which have meaning. And then they tend to kind of focus on sounds that have meaning. And they learn from their elders. It appears to be a time period if you're going to be multilingual, that's the best time to learn. In other words, what, around two years or whatever, who's a child development psychologist in here? Okay, and then so it's not just humans that develop language like that. And the other thing, by the way, is if language were purely instinctual, you wouldn't have that thing about development or learning from elders or dialects or anything else. Everybody everywhere, you know, a bird or whatever, we have the same songs, et cetera, et cetera. Okay. So how is human language unique? If so, how might it be unique? Let's take a look. Okay. The idea of being able to speak to the animals, speak to the animals. Okay. It's been around a long time. There's this legend of King Solomon's ring that enabled the way to talk with animals and birds and such. People turning into animals so that they could understand. Now I know. And then Dr. Do little books, which have been movies, et cetera. So there's, there's that. Yeah, well, yeah, lots of folklore of things going on at unusual times or the unusual circumstances and stuff. But one of the things, one of the reasons we may not be as far forward on some of the scientific areas is because philosophers, religion, religious authority, et cetera, basically, did their harness to say, to try to make humans unique and not like animals. But if you look up on the screen there, the when Renee the car said, I think therefore I am, it was more than just a trite statement. It was basically saying, I am, I'm real, because I think I'm a human. Animals are not. Animals are not even real. They simply are automatons. They, they, they may have the mechanisms that they behave purely instinctually. They're not humans. We humans are superior. Okay, and then this linguistic society in Paris went so far as to ban even talking about non human language. So we had to overcome those human prejudice. Well, for sure, Max, but we had to kind of overcome that those human prejudices to be able to even get around to exploring the topic. Now, I'm not going to read all this, but the idea is this is a lot of the other types of things that we thought about as far as language and humans and stuff like that. The bottom board was kind of cute. He basically says, okay, great. So you got some animals that can say, you know, watch out for the hawk or something, but they can't sit down over a cup of coffee and talk about the hawk, you know. So in other words, people have continued to try to figure out how humans are different. Well, yeah, I'd have to go back to there. But you're right. Okay, so be a skinner, though, which was, which was always, I guess, is Pavlov, the dog Pavlov's dog thing, or whatever. In other words, the conditioning one, he basically said, look, any, you can teach any animal that was sufficient conditioning, which is almost true, if you think of parrots and dogs and stuff a little bit, dogs may go, well, for try to speak parrots and speak English words. Okay, but linguists, boy, they didn't really, they really didn't like that one. And then they were done. And then I really, I'm not going to go over all of these because I want to skip to the really good part, which is the yeah, the bell thing. Okay, I want to skip to the really good part about what they found by animals that do that language. Okay, so you can read some of these ones here. Here's a whole bunch of them going, Okay, so some animals have language, but they don't have all of these. Okay, that's nice. But, you know, actually, in other words, they discounted chemical languages, and they discounted like some sort of thing to discount the whole bunch of stuff. So it was becoming really harder to go. Human language is unique. Yeah, and my dogs definitely have me trained. Okay, and here's some more. And if you look at them, eights do some of these do some of these. And cats definitely cats have the dog strength to. Okay, so now let's get to the juicy point part of the presentation. I'm watching my time here. And what living things have language besides humans? Ah, okay, yeah, bees get be dances and stuff. Okay, so which what animals do you think have languages? I'm going to see who's awake in the audience. Well, orange, I would agree with you on that. But what are the ones Yeah, okay, whale songs that go across the ocean? Like, like in Dory, like, well, okay, parrots, and other birds, birds talk among themselves, chimps get a different color signal. Well, I kind of like that. That was funny. And in finding Nemo and Dory sort of thing. Let's see. It's kind of a interesting parody where Dory thought that that was what Wales sounded like. It's kind of like the people who, if you're talking to somebody who English isn't their first language and then you slow, not slow down, but you talk louder so that they can understand, you know, it's just people aren't thinking sometimes. Okay, trees trees. So remember to say trees when we come to the plant one, because they found that plants communicate in another way, which I'm going to share with you here. Okay, so a lot of grass. I don't know, does grass communicate good? Okay, so I did the reason why I was here, like, within about 10 minutes of the presentation was I threw in some pictures here so that I could so that if you're not familiar with some of the animals or whatever, the fungus control. Oh, the last of us, I wanted to get that game. That's a game as well as another fungus. Now, orange. Get with them. Sumo there about when we say trees, this fungus has a very important role to play in tree communication. Okay, so what did we have back here? We had previous. Okay, we have birds like parrots, dolphins, chimpanzees. I'm just gonna hold this. Okay. If English isn't your first language, you might miss some of the jokes in chat. I know. Okay, so what kind of experiments have they done? Is that now remember, this is not a totally inclusive presentation. We don't have an hour. I wanted to show you some of the things that I thought was rather fascinating, and that have been more recent. So dolphins, they have found that, you know, they can, hey, tag, would you happen to know there's a name for the nose of the dolphin? It's not a nose. It's called something else. You might not be a animal. This is not a big there's an under name. But anyways, you might not be an animal physiologist or a pair of physiologists, whatever. But there's a name for the nose of the dolphin. Yeah, okay, but don't miss anything. Okay, so anyway, dolphins, I would have said snap to that there's another name for it. Okay, so anyway, dolphins can I, another name, well, it could be, but I think there's an okay, so anyway, they can press the keyboard that generates whistles for rewards. Well, okay, that's nice. But what was fascinating was when the humans went away, there was still recording what was going on in the dolphin habitat is the dolphins decided to kind of play a game. And the okay, roster. Okay. But any case, the dolphins decided to kind of play with the whistles of the humans. Remember, this is humans make up a whistle that might mean ball. And so when the humans were away, the dolphins were actually making the sound for the ball, when they were playing with each other with the ball. So that to me, that was kind of a something very unusual that the dolphins were doing, because they weren't just pleasing the humans, they were like, okay, the humans ones to call this a ball, we'll call it a ball. Okay, great. And then the once they showed what a telephone was like, they had an underwater telephone and the mother dolphin was using the telephone to speak to its baby. And the baby not only knew that it was the mother, but knew what to do. So, you know, don't think that only if they get to the service. Okay. So anyway, the other thing is that there's an artificial language that has lexagram that is symbols that represent objects or ideas. And there's a it, they make up a language called your fish, which is based on the guy named who founded laboratory where they were doing this. But they not only were able to learn these symbols and then equate them to ID both ideas and objects, but they also then combine them in ways that they were not taught, you know, like, banana door, or, you know, or, I'm not as smart as the finding. So I'd have to find out how they combined them. But whatever they combined it in ways that they were not taught. And then of course, parents can speak in English, if parents you gotta be careful there, because it's just like little kids, if you swear a lot at home, somebody's talking about swear words. If you swear a lot at home, don't be surprised if the first word that your kid uses at school is a swear word. You know, same thing with parents. So you have to be careful. Yeah, there you go, like cry, hurt water for radish and things like that, which to me tells me a lot about their cognitive abilities. I mean, that's amazing. Okay, so anyway, now, here's some really cool things. I'm gonna give you some ones that I found that were the most interesting is your very clever tag, your vision, etc. Okay. Okay, now what they did was they recorded gestures that apes used in the wild. And there were lots of upwards of 80, 90, whatever. And then they recorded gestures that one to two year olds use children. And the children now this is what I find absolutely astounding is the children and the apes used about 50 gestures that were in common. Both and then they used them both singly and in sequences like what says which is talking about like, you know, cry, hurt water sort of thing. And then adults also were able to guess what they meant. Now, some of them, like extending your hands might mean I want or putting your hand up to your mouth might mean I want to eat. In other words, some of them, we could go, well, that's obvious, but it's not so obvious if you think that apes also use those time languages. So I thought that was extremely interesting. The other thing is it doesn't matter what the language is, it could be code language, it could be colors, it could be sounds, whatever is that in both apes and humans, they pass the language code to each other. In other words, they taught each other, they develop patterns, they use it to communicate. So in other words, you don't tell me, you know, be surprised that I, well, use the term higher order, I know, if that's concurrent, etc. Okay, so elephants, and that's just a very pretty fish that I decided to put up there may not be the fish, but it's very pretty fish. Okay, so doing experiments in the lab is not probably the best way to see how animals communicate. Then it's like, well, I don't want to communicate with humans, they're pretty primitive. So observing in the wild, the problem about observing in the wild is that it takes a long time. I mean, you know, Jane Goodall, I think, what did it take anyone here, an animal? Well, anthropologists, not anthropologists, but yeah, okay, they're really, okay. Well, now see this hang on to that, because it works the same way for whales or dolphins, and then fish. In other words, if the orca or whatever talks about, let's go hunting, and you play that same sound to herrings, they'll scatter because they, they, they associate that with hunting behavior. Yeah, very cool. Okay, the other thing but field work takes a long time. I forget how many how long Jane Goodall was in the jungle before the chimpanzees trusted her. I'd have to go back. Yeah, yeah, a long time before that, she could get some of the observations. So elephants make a lot of sounds. Fish have clip languages. Yes, indeed. Okay, so let's talk about some of these other ones. The whales, like we just talked about sea turtles. The one on the far right is a coral larvae. And then of course, you got sea lions, earpads, they're a lot of so let's say that okay, well, whales, we know that whales have some cool whale songs. They now we know their language. They repeat the song sounds at varying frequencies. They and oh, the whales are the ones that they go okay, there's about a five or 10 second feeding call that they probably, you know, they, they hunt cooperatively, they probably go okay, you guys go around in that circle and I'll go around in this circle and we'll herd them into this area or whatever. I think that's five or 10 seconds. Okay. And so if you play those feeding calls back to fish, the official scatter because they and not other whale songs, but that particular type of feeding song, the official scatter because they know it's associated with whales hunting them now. Okay, now this is cool. This one's really cool. Okay, why and it's already up there. I should ask, why do you think that little turtles, sea turtles that, you know, they come ashore, they 90 eggs, why do you think they all have to the same time and go out to sea? That's a there, anyone want to read off the middle one is that they have found now this is cool. They found that that they actually communicate with each other in the eggs. So that they all coordinate the time of their birth. You know what they used to think they used to think. I know where I used to live there were these little fishies that came ashore only, you know, in the full mood or something like that. But they found and they used to think something like that, whether it's something that's more instinctual, but that's the time they coordinate the timing of their birth, so that they can swarm and so more than they get to the sea without being picked off by birds. Is that cool? Yeah, exactly. That's that's exactly right. That is most cool. I don't know what they, you know, well, you're right. Now motors, noise of perhaps, who knows noise of boats, any number of things. Yeah, that would be okay. So you got sea lions also that are able to understand it. Now here's another one that I think that's really cool is that coral larvae, you wouldn't think of this as a this game now. But they can actually if you play them the sound, whatever the sound of a healthy reef reef is versus one that's not healthy, they'll actually go toward or colonize the healthy reef rather than the unhealthy. Now that is, you know, some of those are cool. Yeah, there you go. Hatching dance. Okay, so now let's take a look at some of the other. By the way, if anyone knows of other examples that I haven't put up, please share. Let me see what I've got. I've got a number of other ones here. I'm just seeing what we've got left. Timeless. Okay, so I know how fast to work through these. Oh, we got Okay, so anyway, here we got parrots, prairie dogs. Primates like orangutans or orangutans. Man of the forest is I think what orangutan means. mice, and the plant, and the plant has a little sign on it saying healthy. And there's a reason for that. So which I think it's just most cool when they're talking about mice. Okay, so birds, we kind of all know, because they've been experimenting with birds for some time, and you can put a bird in cage, I wouldn't call it domesticated, but you put a bird in cage, and you can observe it and stuff. But birds, of course, can mimic human language, not just human language, they can mimic sounds. I know. I've seen birds in the back of our yard, mimics some of the sounds of that they hear around the neighborhood, which is which I think is most cool. They can answer simple questions. Sometimes like, you know, what's the meaning of life? I have no idea if birds would say 42 or something else. So okay, now there you go. That's if you have seen stuff. So Sean tells us she's sitting in the garden, and suddenly her to rooster calling. And there's wasn't a rooster and it was a blackbird. Learning rooster language, I'm sure. Okay. Because birds can. Oh, I like the fly. That was a weird movie. The fly, or and then the spider was about to eat the fly. Help me. Help me. Like that. So okay. So anyway, bird songs are very complex. They have rhythm. I know. I'm doing that so that everybody will grow your chainsaw sound. Yeah. Tonal patterns, rhythm, pitch. And in other words, it's not just simple, mindless songs. They sometimes combine them in different ways. In other words, songs are different threats to make me new meaning. If like we adopt words, they're also multilingual, like the blackbird that Chantel mentioned. Oh, yeah, there's some birds in Australia. Are you telling cookables or rich ones that are this or the I know there's some budgies and stuff. Yeah, they do that. And then birds are multilingual if they learn it at a particular offense, really? Meaning of life. Okay, yeah, I'm going to have to go back and take a look at some of these links and chats. I can do it when somebody else is talking back and look at a YouTube video at the same time. I'm talking or chatting. Okay, so this is cool. This is cool. I like this one. Okay, the article said that very dogs had the most sophisticated vocal language ever decoded better than chimps, dolphins, or orcas, like this. What? Okay, so what they found that anyway, they were a fairy dog. Or I mean, you may not have seen a fairy dog because they're not in too many places, but they have quite a bit in the middle of the United States and stuff. Are there fairy dogs in other places? I've imagined they live in colonies. Yeah, okay, all the time in zoos in New York, really? Okay, wow, the zoo is in New York. Okay, but they're called fairy dogs because they probably live in the prairie. Okay, so you know all about fairy dogs? Cool. Bro, tell me about this is that what they found, yeah, the amount. Okay, is that what they found is that they not only have calls for going like, Oh, no, there's a coyote. But the calls can also describe the type of behavior they need to escape from the predators. They can also determine a species of predator and give a call for a species of predator that also says, Okay, it's not just hey, it's like, there's a young coyote that's mostly dark color on its face that is not moving terribly fast. And I recommend going to the right, you know, something that that was very sophisticated type of calls. And they can also, they found that if they have, like, say a triangle, and they pop a observer, if they have a triangle, and they pop it up, that the that the fairy dogs can make up a new call for Oh, there's a triangle over to the left. I have no idea whether it's bad or not. But we haven't seen around here. So there's that kind of stuff. Now, has anyone seen on a fairy dog whether they, they're in their bro. And they stand on their hind legs, put their arms out there. They jump is what to call a jump. Yep, it's like, like that. Okay, they what they found is that it's not just a fairy dog, exclaiming something. What they found is that it's kind of like a wave in a stadium. That is, when they're going to go forage, where they're going to go farther from their hole to get something, is that they're basically trying to make sure that the whole little fairy dog town is alert. And so, like a wave in a stadium, if you're not alert, that there's a wave happening, you might miss it. So when one little fairy dog does jumps like that, it's expecting that other fairy dogs in different, you know, on the edges and stuff will also do the same thing. So it's like, it's a test for alertness. It's like, you know, stop eating and pass the word, exactly. Okay, mice, this is cool, too. There's lots of cool ones. I've left the cool ones for later, I think, is that mice sing. Okay, the reason we can't hear it is because it's at a higher frequency. But they sing like birds. In other words, if you slow down their song, it sounds like bird songs. They have whistles. And they know that they learn these because it's deaf and they have to hear because here again, if you deafen a mouse, you know, that's statistic that we do a lot with mice is, you know, you deafen the mouse and then their songs degrade. And so their tunes are dependent on hearing and stuff, which of course, again, would not be would not happen if it were purely instant. In other words, hearing wouldn't be a problem. Now anyone seen the cart, the movie Babe with the pig? What was it? 1995? 1995? Well, it's one of my favorite movies, whatever is little mice, you know, some sort of little song in the movie, which I think is just cute. Okay, so anyway. Yeah, okay, so any case for mice, their songs vary in several types that require feedback to learn a male's alter the pitch. So instead of a mouse, if a female comes along, it's like, oh, dude, I'm really interested in you. That sort of thing. So it's, it's, they found that mice are a lot more communicate. Now, plant, plant communications. This is another really cool one that I found that you may not know. Now we probably know that if you have studied it, that plant communications, what they're able to do is chemically, yeah, I'm not quite high. So yeah, don't, don't try this because you might, you might attract mice. So then unless you're the piper, you might not want to imitate mice calls. Okay, so we know that plants like trees, okay, a couple people said about trees and mushrooms or fungi, we know that there are my serial networks, the these are the white tendrils that if you dig into really rich soil, that's near trees and stuff, you'll see them. And they act as a network, much the same as a computer network, so to speak, but it's in chemical. So trees can actually talk to each other, the mother trees talk to the smaller trees. They I mean, it's very, very complicated kind of conversation. But they have also found that plants can detect running the sound of running water. So in other words, if you record the sound of running water, and you play it in a particular and you're over in one direction, the plants will actually grow toward that sound. And it plants now I find this one to really eerie one, because I trimmed a couple trees the other day. And it's like plants and then a high pitch clip, it's at, it's at 40,000 kilohertz to 80,000 where we kind of max out at 16 to 20 kilohertz. And so when there's stress by drought, or infection, or cuts like an insects eating them, or people are cutting them, they'll actually make a sound that's almost as loud as human voice. And they don't do it when they're not stressed. Now, I actually found this in the magazine, this business insider, because they're talking about being able to use this as an agricultural tool to know when their plants are stressed, when they need water or chemicals or, you know, I'm being eaten by insects or stuff like that, wouldn't that be cool? Okay. Now, if you have if you have some other stuff to add about some of these, let me know. Or anyone else who has this, okay, eight communications. Let's see, I'm watching the time here. Well, yeah, in other words, a cactus versus another type. In fact, I've got African violets right now, and some Christmas cactus is in my bathroom, because it's too cold outside. And they basically need different water and such. Oh, okay, just made friends. Okay, cool. Good. They look like cute little things to be friends with. Okay, so anyway, eight communications, we also know that eights have advanced language or communication abilities. And they can take turns, sequence sounds, and they, orangutans, I like that one at the bottom, where they use leaves in front of their mouths to lower the frequency of the, well, we don't know because jokes tend to be cultural, right? So they could be telling a joke about humans and they and human won't get it because they are not an orangutan. So, but we all know a lot of things about, you know, here in great process, probably. Okay, so to speak of regatans, there are also other ways that, that are non vocal communications. Well, cats probably joke a lot, especially if humans expand, I would imagine. Okay, so regatans, bees, that's the little bee dance there in the middle, bats. And what I put over on the other side there, I may put the wrong one, but whatever, let's continue here. So, okay, so we know that humans also use non vocal or non verbal or whatever communications. In other words, if we simply write in chat, you're missing maybe 80% of the language. So that body language, facial expressions, position, I mean, there's lots of stuff that sometimes clothing, shifting uneasily in your seat. All of those are communication, which cannot be conveyed simply by voice, or by chat. Primates, for example, use olfactory auditory, but in other words, hearing, touching, visual, in other words, all the different kinds of senses the same way we do that convey meaning. Okay, mice running and that could very well be, I don't know if there's a little, you can stand on a chair though. Okay, so then bee dances, they, if you're unfamiliar with that, they are able to go back to the hive, and then they try to get people's attention. And then they communicate the direction distance to a food source like nectar, and they also if they're looking for a new hive area, several bees have gotten different directions. They'll come back and look, look, I think I found a good place over here. And I think, wow, you know, this is a better place over here. And then if they find a new place, and then find a set of the new hive, and they also learn the depths and such from older bees, because younger bees are less consistent or accurate than older bees. And without older bees, they don't have that thing. So they know that that now bats are interesting, they have about 33 different sounds or syllables. Now, are those just for echolocation? In other words, like pixels, they create a pictograph of where the food is and not to run into the cave and stuff in the brain? Or are they conveying words and ideas? Well, we don't know that. Okay, squids also do something interesting is that a squid can communicate in color shape, texture changes, which they control. Remember that one of the criteria for language is to be able to volunteer. It's called volative. Volative? They, in other words, it's not shit. And one of the other criteria is it volitional. Good. Thank you. Volition. That's what I was looking for was the word volition. So one of the reef squids they now can can we do this? I think we can. But one of the reef squids they saw actually giving a message to a squid on one side of it in color, you know, by changing colors and then another type of message to a squid on the other side is like, wow, okay, but we can do the same thing. In other words, if you're in a group of friends, and you're talking to someone else, you can actually convey a message obviously to someone else in the group to face squid. Well, there you go. But let's say for example, that you've got two women and a guy. And the guy's talking to one of the women and one of the women might be conveying to the other woman like this guy's really boring. Let's get out of here, you know, pretend that you've got a call from a friend and can be conveying that message with nonverbal language as the guy speaking, you know, that sort of thing. Which so humans also spend can do that. Okay, so in conclusion, here is that it's becoming more difficult to pretend that that may be by some my part, but it's becoming more difficult to pretend that other things do not have language for one. And then or think, because if if animals can do these types of things, what cognitive ability do they have? It's certainly not just instinctual. Some of these may be my opinion here, but other languages do not have to contain all the features of human language. In other words, we, we, we have tend to be a binary going, okay, they only really have language that meets all these seven criteria. Well, maybe they don't need to meet all these seven criteria. And if you if you thought about a squid, who can change color and change texture and do it out both do different things out both two sides, or back that can echolocate. And so they might think of human languages primitive. So I wouldn't be too. Yeah, okay, I wouldn't be too quick to go like human languages, by far, superior to well, no, I don't think it's okay myself. Okay, so I think we should kind of expand our definition of language to include the richness that we okay. And that's why I tried to wrap up within an hour. This is my second last slide, or maybe my last slide to the kind of richness that we see in nature. And now the one other thing that I might say is that the more we think that we're different from nature, the more likely we are to and this is kind of my parting thought, is the more likely we are to think of nature as just something we can explore instead of something we're part of. In other words, we're said, we're part of this thing. And so it behooves us to understand our place in nature, not just exploited because for somehow we're, you know, superior. Okay, so that's my presentation.