 Hello dear learners, welcome to today's program. I am Dr. Pallavi Gugur of Krishnakanta Handic State of Indian University. Today I shall be taking up Unit 13, the romantic age major literary forms. This is the second video of this particular unit of the program MA English semester one course English social and cultural history block 4 that is titled Literature Romantic to Modern. Coming to the table of contents before I begin this presentation I shall let you know about the table of contents. It contains learning objectives followed by a brief introduction then major literary forms where we will discuss the significant literary forms of this particular age and then questions to check your progress and the references. Learning objectives after going through this unit the learner will be able to identify the major literary forms that flourish during the romantic age. To introduce you to this particular topic during the romantic period they emerge three major literary forms which were poetry novel and literary criticism. The romantic age is also known as the age of poetry owing to the great search in poetic creativity of the major literary figures of the age. Again when we are we are talking about the romantic age both the forms of romantic and the gothic novel had gained predominance. The romantic age had also witnessed a flourish of critical literature in the form of literary and critical essays which appeared in the contemporary magazine such as the Edinburgh Review the Quarterly Review Blackwoods Magazine and the Spectator. These magazines exerted a considerable influence on contemporary lives. Let us find out more about these literary forms that flourish in the romantic age. Major literary forms starting with poetry. When we talk about the form of poetry which flourished in the romantic age we find that they include lyric, ode, ballad and sonnet which were the most predominantly popular forms during this period. Lyrical poetry refers to short poems with intensely magical expressions. It is in fact the product of a swift momentary and passionate impulse. For example, Wordsworth's Lucy poems reveal the poet's consistent innovation with regard to this form where he attempts to blend the impersonalgy of the ballad with an intimacy that proximate confessional voice of the poetic persona. Again, Shelly's Adonis is another lyric which is remarkable for its artistic power. The lyric of Wordsworth's Keats, Shelly and Byron are remarkable for their personal elements. Some of the fine odes were written during the period instance of which are Wordsworth's ode to duty and Colleges' dejection and ode and Shelly's ode to the West Wing. It is in the hands of Keats that the ode reach its highest degree of perfection through his immortal creations such as two autumn ode on a Grecian urn and ode to a Nightingale. I'm sure you must have heard of these poems. The odes composed by the romantics are remarkable for their harmonious flow of music expressed through the exquisite imagination and lofty idealism. The ballad was revived in the Romantic period through the publication of Keats's La Bela, Dame Sen's Mercy and Colleges' Christabel and the famous The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner. The charm of the ballad is enhanced by its haunting melody coupled with the use of dialogue which infuses a dramatic quality in it. This is what makes it more beautiful. The sonnet is a short lyric of 14 lines which during the Romantic period flourished in the hands of Wordsworth and Keats who introduced nature as one of the most prominent themes in their sonnets. Now coming to the next form, novels. The Gothic novel a popular form during the Romantic period implied a long narrative that displayed the typical Gothic elements of due with special emphasis on mystery and magic. Besides this the regional novel was also another form that came to be widely practiced during the period. As the name suggests, the regional novel represented a narrative that was specifically confined to its creator's regional milieu. Notable examples of this genre are Hardy's Vessex novels and William Faulkner's novels are set in this imagined place which is called Yakhna Patawfa Country. Next we come to the literary criticism which was prominent in this age. The literary magazines of this age also performed a very significant function in that they became the voice of the unknown writers. This gave them a scope to publish their works thereby producing a stage of repute like Hazlet, Lamb and Leigh Hunt. The publication of Wordsworth's Preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads of 1800 and Coleridge's biography literary of 1817 we must remember the years added more impetus to the idea of literary criticism. Wordsworth in the famous preface discusses the nature and purpose of his romantic poetry and the kind of poetic diction to be used for such poetry. Coleridge in his work mainly discusses the process of human creativity. Coleridge was inspired from the idea of the German philosophers like Kant, Schelling and Sleggen. He provided the famous definition of imagination as quote-unquote the creative intelligence to explore the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity self and the world speculative reason and rational understanding. John Keats on the other hand introduced the term negative capability in a letter written to a friend in December 1817 to define a literary quality as image Abrams states Keats's negative capability first characterizes an impersonal and objective author who maintains aesthetic distance as opposed to a subjective author personally involved with the characters and actions represented in a work of literature. So this is the distancing that Keats talks about. So with this we come to the end of the discussion. I shall leave you with a few questions to check your progress starting with question number one. What are the three major literary forms to have emerged during the Romantic Age? Question number two. What is lyric poetry? Mention the names of any two poets who wrote lyric poetry during the Romantic Age. Question number three. Give example of any three Ode composed by John Keats. Question number four. Which form of novelistic genre was popularly written during the Romantic Age? Question number five. What does Wordsworth and Coleridge basically discuss in their seminal works titled Preface to Lyrical Ballads and Biographia Literaria respectively. Now we come through references. I hope you refer to the MA English SLM of our University. I wish you all the best. Thank you dear learners.