 I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Kanna Girls Privy College, University of Allahabad. And this lecture will be in bilingual mode and useful for various teaching examinations. And we are going to start a new topic under educational psychology that is personality. So, first of all, we are going to start with the concept of personality. Okay. So, as I have said that the lecture will be in bilingual mode, so I will speak in Hindi and my content will be in English. Okay. So, in educational psychology, there is personality and personality. There is a lot of matter, a lot of theories and a lot of questions. Because there is a lot of matter, so there are a lot of questions. So, objective, subjective, we will have to read personality in every situation, we will have to prepare the personality. As we have covered intelligence, by the way, in personality, today we are starting with the concept of personality. So, personality, a lot of terms, a concept, a construct, which we still don't understand in a good way, but we have been working on science for thousands of years to explain what personality is. So, if we look at its literal meaning, the literal meaning of personality is derived from the Latin word persona, the mask used by actors in the Roman theater. In the Roman theater, a long time ago, when the actors worked, they put on a mask, they put on a mask, it was called persona. So, personality was derived from that. We have got this word from there. Then personality has been studied for over 2000 years, beginning with hypocrites in 370 BCE. That is, Isapur, the hypocrites in 370 Isapur, their studies and their talks, what they said, we get the personality from there. From there, you can say that personality is derived from that. Hypocrites, who were they? A physician in ancient Greece, who theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids of the body known as humors. That means, it's a very long story. Psychology wasn't a very specific science, it wasn't made that much, it wasn't that much literature. So, at that time, they were theorizing that personality traits and human behaviors, that means personality traits or behavior of a person is based on four separate temperaments, that means it can be of four ways. And what does that depend on? Four fluids of the body. I mean, they said that each person's body has four types of drugs. And according to that drug, its temperament is more or less, and its personality becomes a trait. So, because we don't talk about trait, theory or type, theory or personality traits, so we will stop here. We have to go to the bottom of this, that we know the personality from the language of hypocrites. Concepts. What is the concept of personality? Psychologists have attempted to explain the concept of personality in terms of individuality and consistency. I mean, when it started, when it was thought about how to express it, what is the nature of it, then it was known that Manu Vigyanico told us that we can define the concept of personality in two ways. The concept can be of individuality and consistency. I mean, each individual is unique, each individual has different personality, so individuality is like us, not like you, not like you, not like others. And what is our individuality, we show it consistently in our behavior. Right? It's not like we are something else today, tomorrow we will be something else, tomorrow we will be something else. No, we are a part of our trait, a part of our character, a part of our personality, so it is like that. That is, this is the role of individuality and consistency in the concept of personality. Okay, then combining these notions of individuality and consistency, personality can be defined as the distinctive, Vishishta, unique ways in which each individual thinks, feels, and acts, which characterize a person's response throughout life. Look, throughout life, we live the whole life in the same way. It's not like we live the other half of our lives in personality and other half of our life. Hmm, later we will know that there is a dynamic, there is a little change in it. It is possible. Hmm, so how did they define the personality? Hmm, then the thoughts, feelings, and actions. Hmm, then the thoughts, feelings, and actions. That are perceived as reflecting an end, and individual's personality typically have three characteristics. So it comes from here that there are three characteristics of personality, which are thoughts, feelings, and actions. That is, our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Are considered as behavioral components of identity that make distinction between individuals. That is, each individual has different thoughts, and different feelings, and different actions. Then individual-wise, the individual changes thoughts, feelings, and actions. And our behavioral component. I mean, it is visible in behavior, isn't it? Then, behaviors are viewed as being primarily caused by internal rather than environmental factors. And behavior is said to be less influenced by speech and actions, which are more influenced by the characteristics of our body and its determinants. Then, the behavior of the person seems to have organization and structure. So, our behavior is not like that, it is nothing. It is also an organization. It has a structure, a structure. Right? So, the concept of personality, we understood that individuality and the notion of consistency has been combined. Okay. Then, historical work. If we go into history, when did the systematic studies start? So, the systematic study of personality is a recognizable and separate discipline within psychology. I mean, in psychology, the personality, when a different discipline was started, may be said to have begun in the 1930s. In 1930, you can say that the work started in the right way, with the publication in the United States of two textbooks. Two textbooks were published in the United States. Which one? Psychology of personality. It is written in 1937 by Ross Stathner. And personality, a psychological interpretation. It is written in 1937 by Gordon W. Allpert. You know a little bit about psychology. Allpert's definition is most famous in psychology, personality. So, Allpert has a lot of work on personality. Then, followed by two more books. We get Henry M. Reyes's explorations in personality. And then, personality, a biosocial approach to origin and structure. Okay, the writer's name is chosen here. Okay. So, these two books, the main one is psychology of personality and personality, a psychological interpretation. This mainly starts with a systematic study of personality. And we start to believe that after this, in psychology, personality is given a separate discipline, a recognizable discipline. It is given a place. Okay. Then, definitions. There are a lot of definitions for personality. Which one? Personality is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. You see, what a subtle and short definition. Lawrence Irwin is telling us that personality is a relatively stable set. We say that we show stability, consistency in our behavior of psychological attributes. So that one person is known to be different from the other person. Okay. Then, personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Stephen P. Robbins is saying that personality is a sum-total, it is a complete whole, which means that everything will come into it, in sum-total everything, psychological, mental, physical, spiritual, behavior, anything, in which an individual reacts and interacts with others, in which one person reacts and interacts with the other person, that is our personality. Then it is made up of three major systems, this is Sigmund Fryat, Sigmund Fryat's id, ego and superego concept, everything everybody knows, and the human behavior is the product of interaction among these systems. He is saying that the system of id, ego and superego, the interaction that comes out of it is our personality, this is Sigmund Fryat saying, what are we defining as gold, defining personality as characteristics or blend of characteristics, that makes a person unique. Everyone has a uniqueness in their definition, because each personality is unique. We cannot say that two people's personality is not the same, because it is a sum-total aggregate, there are so many things involved in it, so characteristics or blend of characteristics, that is the mixture of the qualities that make us unique, that is the personality. Now comes the most important definition of personality, the most cited definition of personality, which was given by Alpert. You should know that Alpert has given its definition after analyzing the definition of personality of 50 psychology, and the definition given in 1937, he himself is clearing it more by allegorating it in 1901. So this means how much work he has done on personality. Alpert, how do you define it? Define personality as the dynamic organization within the individual, that is, it is within the person, it is a dynamic organization. It is not static, it is rigid, like throughout the life we live, we show consistency, but it is dynamic. It can be changeable, something very different will happen in your life, your personality gets disrupted, broken, or changed. So personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems, that is, psychological system is also going on, our physical system is also going on, our psychological system is also going on. That determines, which is the definition, his unique adjustment to one's environment, that is, the unique adjustment to a person, how we adjust to the environment, how you adjust and how you adjust, everything, every adjustment is unique. There are two people in the world, two individuals and two individuals who don't leave one type of adjustment. So why? Because this is the dynamic organization of our psychophysical system. Okay. So this is the personality. This suggests that there is an inner personality that guides and directs individuals. So what does it show? It suggests that the personality inside, the person inside, guides us, directs us, tells us how we have to behave. So the unique adjustment, if something comes up later in literature, it gets very critical, then it will be that we don't understand the unique adjustment, how is something unique? Then it elaborates its definition and says that the unique adjustment will come into the characteristic behavior and thought. See, it is changing its definition, but personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of two psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics, behavior and thought. Let me tell you three things, behavior and thought. These three together show the unique adjustment of the individual with its environment. So after 1937 and 1931, if you write the definition of personality, then it is well and good, it is a holistic definition of personality. Okay. Then what determines personality? Who determines our personality? So there are many philosophical questions that can be asked. Freedom versus determinism. That is, are we independent or do we have any determination that determines our personality? How much if any of an individual's personality is under their conscious control? I mean, how much we control our personality and how much personality is outside or inside, inside, outside. So freedom versus determinism. Are we independent to control our personality or are we independent? I mean, how much control do we have? Then, heredity versus environment, this is the nature-natured balance, the nature-natured debate, that personality psychology will be found in every aspect that our genes play a greater role or our environment shows more emphasis on our personality. Who does it? Uniqueness versus universality. We are unique, but we are universal, so uniqueness is more important or universality is more important. Who is more independent? Who is more independent? Active versus reactive. Is human behavior passively shaped by environmental factors? Or are humans more active in this role? I mean, what is human behavior? I mean, we are not actively doing anything, we are being shaped by money by environmental factors or we are playing our right role in it? Then, optimistic versus pessimistic. Are humans integral in the changing of their own personalities or not? So, all these philosophical questions of psychologists that they raised in their minds have been given to us from which these clashes go on and this tug-of-bar goes on in our personality's environment. Then, characteristics. Now, after reading these definitions, after understanding the personality, we can tell a few more things that are common. What will be the personality? Consistent. There is generally a recognizable order in regularity to behaviors. I mean, we can tell someone that he is punctual, he is disciplined, he is naive, he gets angry very quickly. He can't handle these things easily. He gets anxious, he gets in trouble. And some people, including Captain Dhoni, Captain Kool, right? So, consistently, if you are showing your behavior in your portrayal, it is a characteristic of personality. Recognizable order. I mean, we can recognize how you will react if you get this situation. Then, psychological and physiological. Personality is a psychological construct, no doubt, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs. I mean, there is no scientific construct in this, but we have also been told that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs, right? Why our physique? That is why it is called a psychophysiological system. Then, behaviors and actions. Personality not only influences how we move and respond in a bad environment, but it also causes us to act in certain ways. I mean, it is saying that characteristics, behaviors and thoughts, thoughts, feelings and actions. That personality only influences us how we move, how we move forward, how we respond to our environment. In fact, that personality is also the reason why we are doing something. Why? Because my personality is like this. Okay? Then, multiple expressions. It is displayed in more than just behavior. Why? It is not just behavior. It is seen in thoughts, in actions, in feelings. Personality shows our multiple expressions. Okay? Then, conclusion. How can we reach to the individual? If we are starting to read the person, then it means the constitution of mental as well as the physical health of an individual. That is, our mental health and physical health that we can call personality. Or we can say that it is aggregate of an individual's physical, psychological and behavioral aspect. Our physical, our mental, scientific, our behavioral aspect. All of them are aggregated personality. Or it is made up of the characteristics and patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors of an individual. These attributes make a person unique. We have to pay attention to this. Our characteristic is our thought, our feelings, what we see from what angle, how we understand it. What is our behavior? And what is its aggregate makes us unique. What can we say? We can say that it is a pattern of collection of character and trait. Character, whenever it is about a character, it is a value judgment. Right? Character plus our trait. Trait means consistently what we are showcasing. Their combination, their collection, the pattern of their collection is our personality. Okay? So I hope that I will be clear enough to comprehend you the topic of the concept of personality. Okay? So thank you all and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel to find the links or type explore education and join my telegram group where you can find learning materials, you can ask your query, you can provide me feedback too. Okay? Done from my side.