 You know, in the post-enlightenment period, altruism is clearly secularized by philosophers, probably first by Kant. And in what way do you think Kant secularizes the morality of altruism? Well, he has lots to say here, and it's hard for me to know where to start, but probably the most important thing contribution he makes here is in defining morality in terms of, defining moral action in terms of a particular kind of motive. And making crystal clear that from his perspective, there can be no inkling of self-interested motive in a moral action. So it's not sufficient that you are doing something that actually helps people. I mean, there's famous examples that he describes in the groundwork for the metaphysics of morals. Somebody who's a philanthropist, let's say, and who has this great benevolence toward other people, goodwill toward other people, he enjoys helping out other people, but he gets no moral credit according to Kant if that's the reason he's doing it. If he's doing it because it makes him feel good, not only if it just is for some kind of direct self-interested consequence, leave especially aside if he makes more money because he ends up giving to philanthropy. That would certainly question, challenge, negate the moral credit of his action, even if it's just that he feels good doing it, and that's the reason he does it. No moral credit there. It's the only clear case that he gives where someone gets moral credit is if they hate their life, they hate everybody else, but they tear themselves from their stupor and help people out anyway. Only then do they get moral credit according to Kant. Now there's philosophers who debate it, but well, what if he feels good doing it, but that's not the reason that he's doing it. Okay, maybe he might get moral credit then, but just epistemologically, it Kant is always worried that even if you don't realize it, there might be some secret self-interested motive that's at work. And so if you wanna really know that you get moral credit, if you wanna really know that you're doing it for the right reasons, the only way to know for sure is if you're experiencing pain. Have to be nailed to a cross. Yeah, and he makes that very explicit, by the way, and critique of practical reason. Yeah, and this is the, I think, I mean, you mentioned it earlier, but the bottom line for altruism is not helping other people. The bottom line for altruism is the suffering of the individual. And that's what they wanna see you bleed. They wanna see you bleed. Thank you for listening or watching the Iran book show. If you'd like to support the show, we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to iranbrookshow.com slash support by going to Patreon, subscribe star locals, and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those, any one of those channels. Also, if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow, please consider sharing our content and of course, subscribe. Press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get an announcement when we go live. Those of you who are already subscribers and those of you who are already supporters of the show, thank you. I very much appreciate it.