 Conditioned reinforcement. Let's keep moving on. Primary reinforcers, um, let's see, I'm drawing a complaint blank, even though I've got a slide up here. Isn't that great? Anyway, uh, no, here we go. Unconditioned reinforcers. Basically what we have are, we consider these primary reinforcers. These are the things that you don't need to learn about, okay? What I mean by that is that they work without any prior experience of the organism. And there's a little bit of a caveat to that. So let's look at some of these things here. So we got food right off the bat. Um, we got water. That's another one that's really good sex. And I love my little picture there. I just think it's great. And then warmth, right? So those are really common, um, unconditional reinforcers. They're pretty much the standard. But in order for food to be a reinforcer, I said earlier that these things work without any learning or any experience. It's not completely true. The idea is that, um, for food to be a reinforcer, the organism must be deprived of that food. Okay? This should start making you think about those motivating operations, right? Um, so to a hungry organism, food is a reinforcer. To a thirsty organism, water is a reinforcer. Um, to most organisms, sex is a reinforcer. This one doesn't have to do much with deprivation. Um, it's kind of an interesting reinforcer in that sense. And of course, warmth. Um, just being warm is one of those really primary reinforcing things. Getting all wrapped up in a blanket and that type of stuff. So, um, again, no experience with those whatsoever. It's just, um, just the fact that, um, you are a living organism person and we'll make you, we'll make these reinforcers for you. So what we're going to do is we're going to build on these things. So those conditioned reinforcers are the primary thing that we have. Okay? So we're going to build on those by pairing neutral stimuli. Okay? Um, with those primary reinforcers. So neutral stimuli are things that you don't have any experience with, so to speak. So for example, I know this is rather contrived and a bit odd, but take a look. Okay? This little post-it note thing here could be a natural or a neutral stimulus. In fact, it is to most people. Um, so it doesn't really mean anything. It's not a reinforcer unless we paired this repeatedly with food or repaired this, repaired this with sex or associated this with water and association and pairing and using those interchangeably. So by pairing neutral stimuli with primary reinforcers, you can develop conditioned or secondary reinforcers. Okay? So the neutral stimulus, this becomes a reinforcer as it says up there, um, is paired with an unconditional stimulus. You guys should recognize this. This is classical conditioning, right? So neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is your primary reinforcer. So your food, your water, your sex, so on and so forth, right? And that will develop a conditioned reinforcer. Pretty straightforward. Some really simple examples of conditioned reinforcers over there on, I don't know if it's going to be on the right or left of the video, but over here, you've got your little clicker, you know, little thing you need to reinforce animals with. The idea is that the click is not a signal for the animal what to do. The click is a signal when the animal has done something correctly, right? The click is a reinforcer. That's all there is to it, right? And we develop that reinforcer by going click, treat, click, treat, click, treat. The idea is that you use that, that sound, that neutral stimulus, and you turn that into a conditioned stimulus, but in reality, that particular conditioned stimulus is a conditioned reinforcer, right? So we turn that conditioned stimulus into a conditioned reinforcer or that neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned reinforcer, and that click sound itself will reinforce an animal's behavior because it basically means food, right? Money's the same thing. Money's like the best generalized reinforcer ever, right? Condition, generalized conditioned reinforcer. Why? Because it gets you all those things. It gets you warmth, it gets you sex, it gets you water, it gets you food, it gets small, right? So it's been paired with all those things. It's a special sort of reinforcer, and we'll talk about those here in a minute, why it's a special one. Clickers are another thing, I'm sorry, we just want to clickers. Photos are another thing that are essentially conditioned reinforcers. This one's a bit tricky to think about, so take a moment and think about it, you know, pause me if you want, but the idea is that how can, or the question is how can a photo be a conditioned reinforcer? Well, it's pretty simple. The photo is not the event, right? The photo is just a neutral stimulus. It so happens that you can remember the event so likely. So if you've got a picture of a group of friends at camping or something like that, then the idea is that the unconditioned stimulus, that primary, the primary reinforcer, so to speak, is the experience, is those feelings that you had at the time of the photograph. And you can pair that photograph now with your thoughts, your reactions, and your feelings, right? So that photo can be conditioned reinforcer. So pretty cool stuff. It's been done with other than humans, by the way. So it's a pretty robust effect. The backup reinforcers, new term here, those are the ones that are essentially the primary reinforcers. So the neutral stimulus, when we develop that into a conditioned reinforcer, you pair that with the backup reinforcers, right? But every once in a while, and we use the term backup because every once in a while you still need to kind of back up your conditioned reinforcement with some more of those natural reinforcers, right? So you present the conditioned reinforcement and then later on occasion, present the backup. So once the clicker has turned into a reinforcing thing, you don't have to treat every single time anymore, but you still got to add treats every now and again. So it's click treat. And then you do, you can use clicker for a day or so, something like that, maybe add a treat the next day, that sort of thing. And by the way, you can click or train husbands too. There's a article on it out there. If you just want to go ahead and find that on the internet, it's out there, but click or train my husband. I think that's the title of it, something like that.