 My name is Dr. Husain Abdelai Mahmood. I teach at Pwani University College in Kilifi, Kenya. I'm a social anthropologist and today we came here to participate in the future of post-traumatic workshop. My presentation was on camel marketing on the northern Kenya southern Ethiopia borderlands. The significance of this trade is that camels have not been traditionally commodities of the market, although they have been sold on a very small scale. They have been animals for provision of meat and milk. But now we have found new markets for live camels. And people have really responded hard as and traders in northern Kenya, southern Ethiopia, southern Somalia. And the Moyali market is booming now. Ahead of camel is now going for about 1,000 US dollars, which is about 80,000 Kenya shillings. Ten years ago that was about 10,000 Kenya shillings, which was equivalent to head of cattle. A lot of implications for harder incomes, trader incomes, integration of the region. I mean these products finding their way to the middle east is really going to contribute massively to the livelihoods of the postural populations in the arid areas of the region. I think the market is demand driven because the Darfur crisis led to the decline in livestock, particularly camels moving to Egypt. And also the Somali crisis, the insecurity plus the piracy along the Somali coast also led to the closure of those routes. Therefore now camels are being sourced from northern Kenya, southern Ethiopia to meet those demands. In the Gulf countries the demand for meat is the driving force. Of course also for Egyptians. I mean one of the explanations is that this is a free range animals. Therefore probably they may be preferred more than maybe animals that come from feedlots or ranchers from elsewhere. Actually from Muele once they go up they go to feedlots and fattening, holding lands or holding areas in central Ethiopia, especially around Addisababa, where they are kept there for several months to fatten and then to be cleaned and to be treated and then they are ready for export. But you do not find camel ranches in the northern or southern Ethiopia or northern Kenya region.