 Rhaid i'n gweithio'n gweithio i'r hwnnw, rhaid i'n gwneud y cyfrifolio ar y cyfrifolio'r holl? Ysgolwch ar 12 august 1880, y Gwasmwr yn cyfwng Oxford-Lond, mewn clym yng Nghaerfod Cymru, a'r camhau sy'n gweithio'r cyfrifolio. Felly, mae'n 65 oes, a ddyddu'n dda'n adegwyddio ar y bwrdd o'r gyfraithau i'r gyfer opau, ond mae'n ddiddorol cael mawr o'r fflaen, oherwydd mae'n cyd-dweithio i gyd-dweithio'n gyfraithau i gyd-dweithio'n cyd-dweithio. Rwy'n meddwl i'r Porthraith Cymru, yn gyrdd, yn ei fflaen o'r cyd-dweithio. Mae hynny'n ddweud o'r holl styrwyr wedi'i wneud yma, ..y'r hanfodd, yn ymryd, a yn ymhau'r gwahodd. Yng Nghymru gyd-dweithio, sydd wedi'i ddod i'w ddechrau... ..y'r anhygoel arall, sy'n gwybod ychydig o'r ymwneud... ..y'n gwybod yn ymwneud ychydig o'r gweithio... ..y'n gwybod ychydig o'r anhygoel. Ond ydych chi'n gweithio'n gwybod ychydig o'r olyllun... ..y'n gweithio'n gweithio. Yn ymddir o'r llwydd... cyffredin y ffordd ychydig yn ymgyrchol yma. Fe fyddwn yn ymgyrchol ei ddimensiwn, y Llyfrgell Llyfrgell, y llyfr, y llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell. Fe ddweud o'r llyfrgell a'r llyfrgell ar y belt ac yw'r pwysig. Fe ddweud o'r llyfrgell yn y ffordd yma, ac mae'n gallu cyfle. William Wrester yn y pwysig oherwydd yma ymlaen, i ffyrddio'n gweithio o'r 15th yma. Mae'n rhaid i'w gweithio'r 6th yma, rwy'n fyddi'n ymddangos yma, yn y Llyfrgelladau Aeologol, nid i'r Eiland, ond yng Nghymru'r Gweithbryd, yr oedd yng Nghymru'r Gweithbryd. Fyddwch chi'n gweithio'r Gŵr, yn Gŵr, a'r gweithbryd ar 17th o Oxford, ac mae'n gweithio'n 1432 i'r Horth, rwy'n gweithio'r Horth, ond yn cyflawni hefyd phallol. Rwy'n cyffredinol i'r ôl i'n tref, ond yn gallu bod yn clywedd yn y drefnig, yn amser yn gwneud y ffrif eich bobl fel Ysgol Ffastol, unrhyw ymweld yn ymddangos y ffordd i'r llehau ar y gyfer 100 ysgol. Wuster rwy'n gyffredinol yw Ffastol yn ymgyrchu. Rwy'n gwyllwch, ac mae'r ddweud yn ymddangos. Ffastol rwy'n gwyllwch i'r newid ac yn ymddi'r fwster oed yn ymddi'r cyfnod, oedd ydych chi'n gweithio'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Ond, Fastol yn ymddi'r ffordd, oedd yn ymddi'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Mae'r ddechrau yn 1459, ond mae'r rhan o'r ffordd yn ysgol. Fastol yn ysgol, ac mae'r ffordd yn ymddi'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Mae ydw i'n mynd i'ch neud o'r ffordd o'r ffordd, ond diodd y sgol, benithio'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Mae'n ffordd i fi o'r llYsgol i roedd o'r ffordd, ac mae'r cysyfodd rhan o'r ffordd. Fwster yn ymddi'r ffordd o'r ffordd, ac yn ymddi'r ffordd, mae'r ffordd i'ch ddechrau ffordd o'r ffordd. Ieithio, o ddod o'r ffordd, oedden nhw'n drwy'r prysgwyl, rydyn ni'n gwybod y Gweithgatr Ffair yn ddod i'r ddeithas yn rhan o'r ddeithas yng nghymru, oherwydd mae'r ddod yn Llyfrgell yn gyfnodol. Llyfrgell yn gyfnodol yn gyfnodol. He himself received a small estate at Pocthor outside Norwich. The late 1470s, therefore, was to settle financially in a modest way, and in our terms retired and able to spend his time as he wished. His wish was to travel sea places and meet people. Mrs Wuster stayed behind in Norwich. In 1478 he rode usually alone from Norwich to London down to Southampton up to Bristol, across the river Severn to Tinto and Abbey, and back to Bristol. Then down to Somerset, Devlin and Cornwall to Sir Michael's Mount, back to Bristol again and then home. In 1479 he travelled only to London and to several places in Norwich and Suffolk. In 1480 he set out on another long journey, London Oxford and Bristol, down to Glastonbury and back to Bristol. He stayed overnight on his travels at inns in private houses or in monastic guest houses, the latter not always attractive. Llinn in political, potage unsuitable, liquor undrinkable, blankets unthinkable, the poor food and beds at St Bennett's Hugh in Norfolk. He made notes of his three journeys on paper sheets. His roots may suggest that he was only interested in the south of England. But this is not true. As we shall see he was adding to the information about all parts of the British Isles and he went to the north at least once in 1457 when he got as far as York. Even in the south he collected information about Chester, the road there too and the course of the River of Dean. The last of William's surviving notes was made at Bristol in late September 1480 that is also the last that we hear of him alive by 1485 who was dead. I suspect myself that he died suddenly in the autumn of 1480 of a stroke or a heart attack very likely at Bristol. We have no later notes and William was an obsessive note taker. He might of course have made more notes that have been lost but one would expect him to have made the old nature jotting in those that survived and there seems to be none. Where he was buried or commemorated I have not been able to discuss. Fortunately his notes survived him. They passed from his family into the hands of a cleric acknowledged cathedral then to a fellow of the Court of Scristi College Cambridge and finally into that college library. They were very little known until they were printed in the late 18th century and was to still received less than his due in English historiography. Even today in the latest TV program for example the discovery of England is primarily associated with the geography of Tudor times. Let us now explore William's interests on the information he gathered. Large part of his notes is concerned with geography and this can be divided into the wider geography of Europe and the narrower geography of the British Isles. His broader horizons were those of someone who lived near the great eastern ports of Kingsley and Great Yarmouth and came from the great western port of Bristol with a brother-in-law who owned a Bristol ship. In other words he was highly aware of the sea routes. Northwards he gathered information about Scotland, the Hebrides and the Aucklanders. The British Isle, which he claims to have been discovered for English fishermen by Robert Haeckel of Cromack soon after 1400 and where William Cannings of Bristol had lost one of his ships. Eastwards he made notes about Scandinavian lands and the eastern shores of the Baltic as far as Vilnius and Novgorod. Southwards he heard about or cared about less. France occurs in relation to the Hundred Years' War in which Fasthorff had served. But Italy and Spain are hardly mentioned. But he did know that Robert Sterney of Bristol Shipyard had sailed to the Holyland with pilgrims and had been wrecked on the coast of Greece while coming back. He saw a book that listed the Greek islands and he copied down some information about Holyland from a born in a Bristol church. Westwards he knew something about the island man and more about Ireland, its highest point, its rivers and its harbors. At this time, at the dawn of the age of discovery he was aware of the Portuguese explorations in West Africa. He mentions Madeira, the Azores, Guinea and make history of the Bissau and Cape Verde islands. And he was aware of stirrings of interest in crossing the Atlantic. He says he wished to sail to Brazil until 1480 meant a legendary island, west of Europe. He was set on course from the Great Blasked Island off the south-west coast of Ireland. And he reports that on the 15th of July 1480 a ship belonging to his brother-in-law John Jay set out from Bristol to find the reserve, skippered by one lord who William calls the most knowledgeable man in England. The ship was apparently out for nine weeks and was blown off by the island and was blown back to Ireland by the autumn ghennals. But only 17 years later John Carrot would sail successfully from Bristol to Newfoundland. Nearer home he gathered material about the geography of the British islands. He was not very interested in landscape or in economic matters but he mentions the Welsh mountains and other its entrance into hell. And he made a personal visit to Wookie Hall cabin near Wells. This was already a tourist attraction where guides carried flaming torches of ruins and took you past a rock called the Porta through caves known as the Kitchen of the Parlor where you could view what William calls hanging stones. He is more forthcoming about rivers, no doubt that they are crucial for travellers. I mentioned several of the major ones and a good many minor ones. Indeed on his visit to the Devil of Cornwall he managed to list virtually all the important rivers of the two counties. Islands attracted him too perhaps because of their importance to ships as landmarks or hazards. In some cases it gives their measurements and states whether they are inhabited or contained buildings. He is informative about road travel. It was necessary to know as now by planning a journey how far you had to go and what were the stages into which the journey fell punctuated in his case by meals, feeding a horse and staying overnight. This information was in the heads of people who travelled regularly or catered to travellers and by the early 14th century helped to produce the goth map now involved in a library based partly on roads and villages. William got hold of an itinerary to St Michael's Mount of Distances and Stopping Places which should be made by Thomas Cargill where he kept a similar record of his own journey there. He also noted down all the accounts of some routes that he didn't travel like the road from Bristol to Chester. Such information was valuable for future use or for passing on to others. Bridges were an important adjunct in this respect because one needed to know where to cross rivers or to take an alternative route because of floods or thieves. William was assiduous in recording bridges including everyone across the Cornish Taylor. Churches account for another large part of his nose. He did not usually stop to look at them while he was riding so those that he visited were chiefly in the places where he stayed the night, especially cathedrals, monsters and friars but also parish churches in major towns. In many cases he measured their external or internal dimensions sometimes by using a measuring stick but more often by recording his paces in other words the careful placing of his shoes. William's shoe length varies but his record on average would be 21 inches. He gave little attention to the appearance of buildings although he was sometimes struck by them he says that the aisle windows of extra cathedral contain five beautiful lights and that the whole church is vaulted over in the most lovely way. This leg may reflect lack of time because he appreciated fine architectural detail notably when he carefully sketched the profile of the columns around the west door of St Stephen's Church Bristol. He also recorded the motifs in words of similar doorways in Redcliffe. He often noted tunes in churches and copied inscriptions from display boards. He is in fact a witness to how much written material was displayed in churches by the late 15th century. When possible he saw an access to a church's calendar on martyrology from which he could copy three states of unusual sense and days of commemorations of dead words. This access depended on finding a sympathetic member of the church body. Sometimes he was successful and sometimes not. Castles were another topic of interest. On three occasions he made systematic lists of them. 34 in Cornwall, 9 in Newarkshire, and 18 in Heriffonshire. The castles include what we would call hillfords and he sometimes noted the illness and conditions. This interest extended to other dwellings of the nobility and gentry. The receiver general of the Earl of Warwick told him how Earl Richard Beecham had built the south side of Warwick Castle. The castles were bagging to them handily. The manor houses of Cavisham and Sutton Coalfield were the hunting lodges of Barkswell and Cabredon. He learnt how Rathlod Cromwell spent more than 4,000 marks building Tattishawl Castle and other places. And how the scales pulled down a beautiful manor house at Wray near Castle Rising to stop it calling into the hands of a rival claimant. The staffing of these buildings absorbed him into the castle. And the squire of Thomas Bowford, Duke of Exeter, told him that the Duke had 140 horsemen in his rescue, including numerous knights in the squires. He paid his grooms 4 marks a year in wages but he fed 13 poor people every day and entertained travelers and other soldiers with food and money. The most elaborate inventory of buildings is to be found in a section of the castle. This is not a finished piece of work and William may not have decided on its final form. It begins with a list of streets and lanes, some of them with measured distances. Subsequently, there are descriptions of religious houses and churches, often with measurements too. And of the city gates, wall towers and saffers where merchants kept their goods. It begins with a list of streets and lanes and the saffers where merchants kept their goods. What merchant houses described, that of William Canyon was the most famous merchant with a tower and a row of four bay windows, high and decorative like the rungs inside. There are also some details of local life. The main Bristol River, the Abel's Tide, were the rise of seven or eight fathoms of the Spring Tides. As out on the river Abel flowed freshly, women washed woolen clothes in the river. Sometimes I've seen 12 women at a time washing. Chips moored on the river from Wales, Cornwall, Devlin and Somerset, bringing tin and fish and the cranes provided to help load and unload them. The Bristol merchants themselves owned ships. Ten belonged to cannings and tenages are given. We hear of a grammar school over the Newgate, probably the schools which must have went, the regulated prostitutes in the suburbs of Barrow Street and Old King Street and the galleries high up on supply was here. The last topic for which I have time is out of Saint's, which appears throughout William's notes. He was not the first person to collect Saint's, Anglo-Saxon text called the resting places of Saint's had listed some of the major Saint's and their burial places and the 14th century writer John of Timer had brought together that in lives of the major figures in England. William was aware that there were many Saint's in the British Isles with localised culls and he gathered information about these from both written and oral sources. So, the Scots who were informed about Hebrides told him about Saint Duffer's loss, Saint David's Bruce and Saint Magnes of Auckland. The Bishop who found out gave him a list of 18 Saint's in South Wales and other sources produced some more whole than some pteridop from the Isle of Man. One suspects that one motive for William was to visit Cornwall in 1478 was to discover the little 11 Saint's of that county. This he did assiduously recording them from church calendars or testimony, where Carl Savard noted their burial places and priest's days. I mean, he had a good deal of our knowledge of Cornwall. I mean, he had a good deal of our knowledge of Cornwall's Saint's to him because he was the only traveller in the county to notice them and how his pulse began to be dismantled in 1538. How could William acquire all this information? He had three kinds of sources. One came from his own initiative, his travels, loads of distances between staging posts, the measurement of churches, castles, houses and bridges. Next there were books like the calendars and large urologies of religious houses and parish churches to access when we could. As well as recording Saint's, these volumes listed the days of death of benefactors, members of the nobility, gentry, merchant class and clergy in whom William was interested. He seized on chronicles when he had honed all of them. Several had mentioned in his notes including Nenus, Geoffrey of Monmouth and Geoffrey of Wales. His historical interests were wired. They included Geoffrey's inventive history, British history through Romulan, Anglo-Saxon times down to recent events and European history drawn from the chronicle of Marianna's scotus. He refers to the works of Aristotle, to Christian and other grammarians, the rulers of Benedict, the likes and out of the soul, the writings of Robert Gross test, which he lists and the mirror they down of Diorond. He was in fact widely read and he was himself an author, an aspect of his life to which unfortunately I cannot do justice today. He composed the book of Noblesse to encourage the nobility and gentry to revive their martial arts and virtues after their defeat in the wars of France. He translated Cicero's treatise of Old Age from the French and wrote some other lost works, a biography of Sir John Fastol an account of the ancient families of Norfolk and some kind of study of the antiquities of England. Worcester also learned a great deal by word of mouth. He would talk to anyone and his notes are careful to record his influence. John Smith, Bishop of Andal, told him about Welsh Shades, Sir Roger Kinaster, a structure knight about a seven and the rivers of Wales, a former servant of the Duke of Exeter, about Welsh rivers, Hereophysia Castles and the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, including the names of the gentry who had fought and died in the battle. Scott told him about Scotland and the North Greek man in London about Auckland. A hermit of Helsing in Norfolk who had lived with Henry IV's daughter Philip, a Queen of Denmark, reminisced about Scandinavia. But William was quite happy in talking to ordinary people. The next to the theatre he struck up a friendship with John Skinner. He describes as a son of sex, a sex stone, a very lowly character but someone who could tell him about the place. A young blacksmith told him the height of Clifton Gorge and a ferryman who took him across the Wardrie of Gorge to enacting a mine of information about sea distances from Bristol to places down the Bristol Channel as far as the cities and all these William noted down. There is a slightly obsessive tinge to these inquiries and journeys. A quick examine of William's visit to Michael's marriage in 1478, he found that he was in Cornwall for eight days, a midday Sunday to the afternoon of Monday week. He travelled for about 155 miles for the single rest of the day so his average was well over 20 miles a day. When he reached the marriage he spent only a bit more in there. Well, what doesn't need to stay longer but we might have thought that all the way from Norwich might have lingered a little bit longer for repose or reflection. He then caught on a cousin near Foy but he stayed only one night after which he did his longest ride of some 30 miles to get to Tabistock. And yet there was no need for haste as far as one could see. He was just hyperactive and it must have been quite a strain to be in a room with William. His Cornish notes include a number of lists but 34 local castles. The road distances in Cornwall including roads that William did not cover. The county's roads and bridges. These facts cannot have just slipped out in conversation like some of the anecdotes that he was reading in Cornwall. They were the result of grinning people going on. Well, more castles. How far away is that? And he visualised two men with a fast of wind or a jug of ale between them. One racking his brains and the other scratching away with his quill. So what was supposed to try and achieve? In 1478 he was 63 a respectable age and if I am correct he was 42 years later. He can hardly have aimed to write a description of England and Britain since his recorded journeys are largely restricted to East Angliau London, Bristol and the south west. Of course that may be unnoticed but not so far yet. He had interests that he wanted to pursue. There is so much about geography especially the islands and rivers routes and distances between the islands, people and saints that he clearly liked collecting evidence about as one might collect stands or coins. These were largely private interests although land and sea routes and distances had a practical value which he could use himself or pass on to other people. Sometimes he may have sought out in performance like apparently told him about the Queen of Denmark and about Scandinavia but at other times his knowledge was learned by chance from people he met on his journeys. He can't have been anticipated he can't have been connected to building some larger structure. He may have ended up making his information about the south west although gathered casually over a mere fortnight would have enabled him to draw a reasonably well sized and scaled outline of the peninsula and its principle reverence although he could not have done justice to the caves and inland. Most simply there is the description of Bristol. This is the most methodical and most complete of his business. If he had been given a couple more years of life he could have finished the research and produced a detailed city map a descriptive inventory or a literary account. It is hard to know how he would have presented his material because models for doing so would have been hard to find. Was he a historian of our sense? Did he judge and criticise his sources? It is difficult to be sure about this because he was making notes rather than writing a finished and critical account. He certainly noted allegedly supernatural happenings thus when Bishop Balton Wells for about the people of Wells to pitch in the nearby river the fish disappeared until he relaxed his prohibition. Maysby Castle near Wells was built by a giant named Mark. If a bird flew across one island off the Irish coast it would die. On another scenic mile the inhabitants could not die and they had to be taken to the mainland when they wished to do so. William does not comment on these things he only records them and we do not know how serious he took them. He is a punctilious recorder of his sources the books of people whom or which he gained information he obviously wished to achieve accuracy in his measurements of buildings and he placed this above describing them. At least once he discussed history with John Morelynch a monk of Glastonbury who pointed out disparities in the occurrence of King Arthur. Most of the information he acquired was factual rather than speculative and injectural. My last duty is to place him in context how unusual was he or where does he belong? He could have had numerous uncreary contemporaries because although he himself is well recorded in other sources such as the Pastum letters we would not be aware of his antiquarian tastes without the against the odds survival of his notes. We certainly know of two men with similar interests one was William Way born in about 1406 died 1476 fellow exeter college and subsequently of Eton College Way it made three long pilgrimages to Compostella in 1456 Jerusalem in 1458 and Jerusalem again in 1462. He was a pioneer archaeologist who made a map of the Holy Land and plans or paintings and wooden models of science in the Holy Land the Church of the Holy Sepulcher the Temple Mount the Mount of Olives and the Church of the Nativity of Bethlehem he bequeathed the wall to Eddington Priory in Wiltshire where he ended his life and intended to build a replica of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher The other antiquarian was John Ranks who was born in about 1420 and died in 1492 he became charmed by priests of guise clearly of Warwick a theme park built by the girls of Warwick to celebrate their legendary ancestor Guy of Warwick Roush wrote historical works celebrating the girls and town of Warwick fully had wider interests he sketched historical figures and was aware of the evolution of chain mail into plate armour he wrote a history of the kings of England into which he inserted a pioneering list of deserted villages in the middle of this was part of a discussion of depopulation he collected saints wrote a history of the two English universities to prove the seniority of Oxford and compiled a list of Oxford's academic halls the interests of these three they're now in the land way of Worcester on buildings Worcester and Roush on Oxford and local history the evidence that they met or knew one another indeed William was to have the opportunity of visiting Eddington and Warwick I think that there is no sign of the oddity the late Bruce McPrile who published what is still the best general essay about Worcester in 1957 regarded him and Roush as pioneers he continued that they were products of the same school or tradition we have lost track of their masters we are forced at present to regard them as independent explorers of this new world of scholarship with some reluctance indifferent from my old tutor and sympathiser to whom I owe so much my bank does disagree classical writers commonly described the geography of a region as well as recounting its history the earliest British writer Gildas refers to the two Roman walls and the forms of the Saxons shore his first chapter of his Elysianth of History begins with the measurements of Britain and describes the natural resources and languages of the island later writers discuss the natural wonders of Britain such as Nellius, Henry of Huntington and Alfred Beggar and this approach is following a new popular world history the polychromic on of Ronald Higdon in the early 14th century Gerard of Wales wrote the descriptions of Wales and Ireland in the late 12th century William Saw a copy of the description of the Irraternary in Wales Matthew Parris drew a map of Britain in the 13th century and I've already mentioned a map so interests in English geography history, communications churches, castles and saints are much older than these three 15th century Antiquas the accurate portray of buildings was also developed in the manuscript of the Illuminations and later on in the paintings notably in the picture of the castles of the Duke of de Bary by the Llymbrick brothers the reputations of the 15th century Antiquas benefit from the fact that the later on goes in history the more it has survived if we could see more clearly into the work of 12th and 13th century historians we would probably find more than that was analogous Gerard of Wales made collections of notes of which we don't possess the fact that we possess Worcester's notes however is linked with the growth of a new kind of recording material painter this offered a cheap and easy way to make records and by 15th century many men of school boys were carrying pen cases and ink horns on their bells so William could note down information while he was reading or hearing or seeing it which would have been less his Gerard of Wales he was fortunate too that his notes survived in good hands but if now I am in kind not to see Worcester's and Wales as absolute pioneers they must also be given their due they are not known as much as representative ones their historical interests were shared if not quite so intensively by many of their contemporaries one finds an interest in local history in municipal records for example and of course in the mouths of those who gave William information William could talk to other people who were interested in history William's interest in Wales came about because he met her in Lloyd Canon of extra cathedral who owned a copy of Gerard of Wales and let William see it there was already in good interest in a popular recreational curiosity about England's landscape history and monuments notably at Glastonbury the Peak Cavern Wookie Hole Gareth Pit near Warwick and the Tower of London probably other places could be added this widespread and lively interest in topography and antiquities anticipated those of the peccanonia of Henry VIII and those of the First and their writers such as Laydon Sacks and Stowe Camden Worcesters project of surveying Bristol were stored Stowe's Surrey of London by a hundred years the Renaissance may have given a boost to antiquities by a fuller knowledge of what Greeks and Romans had done in that direction but two of the writers did not begin to discover England it started long before them and long before William but he deserves to be remembered as the first person to leave us a record of an antiquarian's day-to-day researches and these were not nearly a private holly he had a wish to preserve what he learned for those who would come out of it when he visited Glastonbury College Henry in Cornwall in September 1478 he wrote down a Latin couplet from a display board in the church which evidently struck a chord with him it runs a translation it pleases me to say or to place in writing for the bystander the things that I have learned for people in the future these words were a fitting editor for one who has left us so much that would otherwise have vanished we owe him a lot and it is right to acknowledge the fact in this the 600 euro since his birth