 The increasing amount of municipal solid waste is causing environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions, shortage of waste disposal areas, and non-sustainable waste management. As a result, political actions are being taken to promote sustainable waste management solutions, including recycling, converting waste to energy and chemicals through biological or thermochemical processes, and changing waste policies in the EU. This article was authored by Leonidas Mazzakas, Chiu Jiu Gao, Stina Janssen, and others.