 Autologous human-induced pluripotent stem cells, high PSCs, can be used to generate graft-retinal pigment epithelium, RPE, cell sheets that meet clinical requirements and show similar gene expression patterns, phagocytotic ability, and tight junctions as native RPE. These cell sheets have been shown to be safe for transplantation in non-human primates without immune rejection or tumor formation, suggesting their potential use in tissue replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration, AMD.