 So, let us start our today's session and as I said this is our lecture number 33. But what about lecture number 32? Let us quickly go through the previous lecture and see what we have covered in that lecture. That was basically focusing on health and safety, the occupational health and safety program of the organization. And what was that? And we defined like the occupational health and safety defines or refers to the physiological, physical and psychological conditions of a workforce that result from the work environment provided by the organization. We try to understand the elements of workforce or workplace safety and health program and we also try to understand that why accident or what are the causes of accidents at workplace and the cost of workplace injuries and illness, direct and indirect cost which basically organizations have to pay them, we try to understand that and then we try to understand and recommended that what kind of steps should be taken to reduce the workplace accidents. And then what are the benefits of the safe health environment? We tried to understand this as well. We said that even the benefits of fresh air, no smoking environment that you create, what are the benefits of that? We tried to understand these as well during our previous lecture. And at the same time one very important topic, we call it stress. With the understanding that during our lecture number 33, we will focus more about this topic. So today's topic is about stress. What is stress? How does it happen and how is it managed? What is stress by the way? You know that next week you are getting an exam. Suddenly you feel something different. Suddenly you get to know that your surprise was a deadline for the assignment. So let's try to understand what this stress is. And we will also see whether it is good or bad. Maybe it is still in your mind. And the stress in our minds is a little negative answer. The negative concept comes in our mind. People say that I have a lot of stress. He has a lot of stress these days. He is under tremendous stress or stress. So let's see this a little bit. And then at the end of the today's lecture, I hope that he will be able to understand what stress is. And how we should manage it individually and collectively. So what is stress? And how do we manage stress? We will discuss these things today. So I thought I will show you some things graphically. That also reflect that person is under tension and stress. Now look at this. Just kicking out. What is the need for this? There is a problem. He is in anger and he is taking it out. Look at this. I hope that you also do exercise. When you do exercise, what happens if you go fast? You sweat, your heartbeat increases. What will we name this? Parishani me? What happened? Is it stress or what? Our load. Bahusara kaam hai aap ke paas. You have to submit five assignments during next week. Isko bhi stress ka naam deyenge ke nahi? O ye kiske simti stress ho ghi? If somebody is shouting, what is this? So all these pictures, what they are reflecting. Some kind of stress, one way or other way. So then what is stress? Isko ka define karein. Adaptive response hai. Stress is an adaptive response. O ye differ karta hai person to person. That is a consequence of any action, situation or even that place special demand on a person. That is an adaptive response. Kisi bhi person ka? Kisi bhi say? That is a consequence of any action. Kisi ke kisi action ke? Kisi ek particular situation ke andar? Ya even jo aap se demanding aap ke upar, kisi person ke upar response aap usse expect karein. To we can say that is a stress. There are three key factors that determine the likelihood of stress. Tiin basic cheeze hai jisse aap determine kar sakne ki ye stress hai ka nahi hai. Ek to uski importance, like as I said that you are supposed to submit five assignments by the end of tax week, how important that those deadlines are for you. The more important they are, the more you will be under stress. And when there are uncertainty, still you will be under stress. Or peh duration kitna hai. Agar boh situation, wo effect, wo factor, thotise time ke liye to you might not even feel that you are under stress. But the longer the duration, the more the stress. So that is the relationship. Ye mat samjiye ke hum kis tarf chalpare. Yes, this is also very important aspect. When you are working with the people, when you are dealing with the people, this is also becoming a burning issue in the organization, how to manage stress, how to prevent stress even. Isti isko manne, ek separate lecture ke liye, isko ek importance dike uski andar aap discuss kareinge. So that is why we are discussing it today. Ote. Lekon usse pehle, let's see, let's take an example and see how it is working. Jaise main aapko mishal di, ki aap excise karthi ye, to aapka ek system jo hae response, uske response me, aapki heart beat tez hoti ye. To barri ke ope, ek kind of stress are ye na, ke jaba pehse chalpate boh, kei track piye ho, hili area me aap jahre. So, what is happening? Aapka sange pul jata hai. Even if you are doing some exercise like cycle, running, jogging, whatever, what is happening there? As soon as you walk fast, the energy required in your blood circulates with the speed of the blood so that the oxygen is properly provided there. As soon as the blood starts pumping hard, along with the speed of the oxygen increases with the same ratio. So what will happen? In response to that strain, your body will have different activities. The concept of this stress was developed in a way back couple of decades. People were working on some kind of hormones. They were working on how to secrete different types of hormones. So in that, they also saw that under pressure, under some kind of strain, secretions of different types of hormones increase. So in this way, you will try to combine this with your relationship. But this is not our subject, we are not discussing the biology or basic physiology of all those activities. So I just thought I should discuss with these things basic thing, but forget about these things basic and we will shift toward again stress relevant to our subject about people, dealing with people and how these things come into our organization. What can be the connection and how can we stop them. So we were talking about the organization stress. So let's discuss them. This slide I shared with you during our last lecture. When we were talking about organization, basically there are four S's that can be the main cause of stress. Directly or indirectly. And what are those four S's? Your supervisor, the salary, the security and safety. So these things can cause stress in the organization. There can also be a lot of other things. But one way or other way, they are related to these four S's. So mainly, it is seen that these are the four things. A good supervisor, maybe he or she is not a good supervisor. They are giving you hardship. They don't care for you. The salary is less than your expectations. It is too much. That is also a stressful thing. Security of what? Your job security. Another way, the other securities. And safety, very important. If you know that there are some compounds here, carcinogenic compounds that can cause cancer. So you will always be stressed. You will always be tensed. I don't know when I will be able to solve this problem. So these are the four S's which can cause the stress at the workplace. And apart from that, if there is some kind of change. And remember, it is very difficult to adopt change. Change is always difficult. So whenever there is change, in technology, in procedures, in administration or whatever. That can cause a lot of stress for the people working in this organization. The pace of work. If there is a demanding job, that can be stress. And if there are people who like to work. If the pace of work is too slow, again it will cause stress for them. So this can also be a reason. And physical environment, yes. Very important. There is no proper ventilation. The air is not properly clean. Even the light that is present there. So that can also cause stress for the people who are working in that particular environment. And plus, every person has their own threshold level. Some are more prone, some are less prone. Some come in very quickly under stress. Some don't get affected easily. Some are not affected easily. Some get high pressure immediately. And some people can take very hard, even their smile always. When even they are working in a hard environment. Or they are facing a tense environment. So what about, is stress good or bad? As I said in the beginning. Till now, the majority of people might be thinking, stress is bad. Let's see if it is good or bad. Remember, the response of the stress itself is neutral. The situation, the effect of that, its own response is neutral. How you react? That can make it a positive or negative stress. As I told you, you exercise. That can enhance person's ability to manage stressful demand or situation. As you exercise, you get stressed. So what happened? Your internal system itself increased your heartbeat. So that more blood pump and more oxygen can fill your requirement. So that is how your system is responding. Similarly, if you were feeling stress. And anyway, especially we, the people living in Pakistan. We work at the last moment. Though it is not good. But still, as long as there is no pressure, as long as there is no tension, we don't deliver. So that too can be seen as the benefit of it. The benefit is that we work with stress. And because of stress, your energy, the need to provide a needed energy boost. Because of that stress, you get a boost. And then you strive hard. And negative stress results from what? If you have a prolonged activation of stress response. If that situation is getting longer, your physical condition or your body response or your nervous system response. If it is getting longer, then it can have a negative effect. And mismanagement of the energy induced by the response. And if you get too much sweat, too much dehydration, then it can also have a negative effect. So what happened? That stress can be positive and negative. Let's see this from this graph. We have two things we are plotting. Stress level or reaction of stress. You see that it is given two names. U stress or distress or di-stress. Now as the stress increases, it is beneficial. Your positive response comes. And at a special stage, when the extreme comes, when the threshold level reaches, then its negative effect starts. So for performance, you need stress. It is beneficial for some time. But at a time, when it reached the threshold level, it started giving you the negative effect. So what is the conclusion? Is stress good or bad? Stress can be good, but it can be bad. And it varies from person to person. Yes, we need stress. We need pressure in the beginning to activate things so that we should deliver. We should perform. But every person has a threshold level. Until that level, it is beneficial for you for good performance. But as they prolong it, they will increase it. That will start giving you the negative result. And that stress will become a negative stress. So I hope you understand that stress is not always bad. It is good in a way that will give you the boost. That will give you the motivation. That will put you at a task that you will seriously think of delivering something. But you need to keep an eye on the threshold level. So let's move. Let's try to see, to understand a model of the stress, especially when we are talking about organizations. What are the potential sources of stress? And what are its consequences? You will understand that. The sources of stress can be, let's start from the bottom. Individual factors. Or it can be organization factors. The group dynamic which we see. Or it can be environmental factors. There can be any reason. There can be your own problems. There can be stress from your own point of view. You are perceiving it wrong. You are not physically that much fit. So easily you are coming under stress. You are worried of something else which is not important really. And so on. Similarly, the organization factors can be the security and supervisor there. The colleagues there. That can play a very important role. And there can be the source of, potential source of stress. And of course the environment as a whole. The uncertainty. The physical environment. And so on. And then what happens? And again remember, it varies from person to person. As I told you, every stress level can be different. So what will be its consequences? Physiological symptoms can be there. Behavior can be there. Or psychological can be there. Let's start from bottom to up. The behavior symptoms. Fatigue, anger, anger, shouting. The physiological symptoms. And the psychological symptoms. We will go ahead and see in detail what they are. So try to understand how this model works. There can be three levels for stress causing. There can be three potential sources. Individuals, organization and environment. What is the response? Behavior, physiological and psychological. But it varies from person to person. The individual differences. And then how much do you feel about stress? What is the relationship between stress and job performance? Because the bottom line for us is the performance. What is the difference from this? That is why we are studying this. We are imparting stress. Because it has a direct relationship with the performance. As we discussed in earlier slides. It can be positive, it can be negative. The stress can be helpful and harmful too. How we have already seen in that graph. Where we have seen positive or negative stress. When there is zero stress. What does it mean? That it is a low challenging thing. And this is again human psychology. That unless there is a challenge for you. You will not drive hard. You see, let's see 5-6 subjects in this semester. And I am sure you will be focusing on more on those subjects. Which you feel they are difficult. And the ones that you find easy, you take them for granted. And then sometimes it happens that when the result comes. Those of you who think it is easy. You get hit by them. And those who have a little stress. You give good performance. You should keep balance. But the message here, the basic philosophy here. What we are discussing is. If there is no stress on you, there is no pressure. This means there is no challenge for you. When there is no challenge. Then you will put as little force on it. You will try as little as possible. To perform that challenge. What else? As stress increases. So does performance. Until this stage comes. We call it. It is threshold level. Over this limit, performance declines. Then after that, performance declines. Again the same thing. That each person has a different threshold level. You see it graphically. See. On one side you have the stress. And on the y axis you have the performance. As the stress increases. Your performance increases. And then a point is coming. Where you have the maximum performance. And that is the threshold level. Of individuals. A person. Now if you have more stress now after that. What will happen? It starts coming down. Now it has started giving the negative effect. To see how it has direct relationship with the performance. For performance. Definitely you need some pressure. Some drive. Some stress. You can. To avoid the negative effects. What are the stressors? The person or even that trigger. The stress response is a stressor. Which causes stress. That person can be. That situation can be. Example. Work environment can be. Cause of the stress. Inter-person conflicts. Especially when it is in the organization. Specific job demands. Maybe. Very demanding. Emotional labor. Emotion. Emotional labor can cause stress for you. Life events. Some events in life. Some family issues. They can also. Effect. Direct as a. Cause of the stress. Fast work. Hazzles. Role. A proper. A proper slide. A proper slide. A proper slide. A proper slide. A proper slide. A proper slide. A proper slide. Impact responsibility bleed off he only. Some people take it is very seriously. So. They might be under. Extreme pressure because. There are so many people depending on them. And that is the feeling. And some people take it. No it's ok. So they might be having less stress. And. How are you dealing with. Other stress. With threshold level kit. Esquire So they may. There is a work environment, what can happen to your stress, what can happen to your causes. Job risk that can also act as a cause for the stress. Even prolonged noise that can irritate you and that is causing the stress. Glaring or inadequate lighting that we have discussed last time that there is no proper lighting, that can be cause of the stress. Variation, sudden change. You see that when the weather changes, suddenly it gets hot in the winter. So it starts from the head. Other than that, if you are sitting in a work environment, in an office, then there is a sudden fluctuation. The more the prolonged it is, the more you are prone to stress. Poor air quality that can also cause the stress. And a job where you have to move again and again, there is a lot of stress under a work force. The worker gets stressed one day. We were talking about the role stressors. Let us see that too. How does the role stress cause? If you have role conflict and conflicting expectations. Similarly, if the roles are ambiguity, there is ambiguity in the role that can also cause the stress. Unclear expectation. You don't know who is doing what and who is responsible for this particular job. So that can cause the stress. And that is also cause of your conflicts within the organization. Similarly, if your role, if it is over demanding or even under demanding sometime, that can also cause the stress. Now let's see how can we recognize the stress. There are short term physical symptoms. Similarly long term physical symptoms. Internal symptoms and the behavioral symptoms. And with these symptoms, we can understand that person is under stress. Let's try to go through each one of them in detail and try to understand what this stress is and how can you say that that person is under stress. Let's see the short term physical symptoms. What can happen in this? Let's see that your heart has started beating faster. Like I gave you an example of exercise. Someone has started feeling very nervous. Even good news. Increased sweating, sweating. It has started to increase. Your body has completely cooled down. Your hands and feet have completely cooled down at times. They are the symptoms, short term of the stress. And sometimes they feel nauseous. They say, butterfly is in the stomach. It has started to vomit. These are the symptoms for the short term stress. There are some symptoms of it. Similarly, breathe fast. Muscles tend to become stiff neck. They say it has become dry. They want to go to the washroom again and again. And even sometimes you feel the complaint of diarrhea. So these are, again the symptoms are short term stress. What about long term physical symptoms? Your appetite changes. It starts to be cold. And some diseases start. Back pain starts. Very big problem with the stress. Headache, pain starts. Feeling of long term tiredness. They feel very tired. What can happen in risk factor? Heart attack, strokes, hypertension, headache, ulcer, allergies. These are the physical symptoms of long term stress. What about internal symptoms? Anxiety. Confusion. You are not concentrating on your work. Feeling like you are ill. Feeling out of control. I cannot do this. It is not possible for me. It is becoming very difficult. Mood is changed. You are a very jolly person. But suddenly now you are tense. You always feel worried. Depression can be another symptoms. Frustration. You feel helplessness. You feel helplessness. You feel helplessness. You feel restlessness. You feel lethargic. Being more lethargic. Just don't care about things. Don't care about clothes. Don't care about your shape. Don't care about other activities. What do you have to eat? And then maybe if it is prolonged and you might be feeling difficult in sleeping. And people start it. Then they start taking some medicine. Like taking pills and sleeping. That is also very dangerous. Drinking more alcohol if in case you are non-Muslim or what. And here we start smoking more. Sometimes we take it in fashion too. That the danger of smoking happens. Which is again very dangerous. Heating habits too. Again the same thing. And we start relying more on medicine. Every time there are some medicines in the pocket. So they are the symptoms of internal symptoms for the stress. And what about behavioural symptoms? What changes do you feel in their behaviour? Either they are talking too fast. Fasts are too loud. They start shouting. They talk very fast. Every time they feel they are running in trouble. That is change in their behaviour. Bad moods. They get irritated quickly. Sometimes they get a little tough. They get very defensive. They get critical. They say to get rid of everything. That is the second thing we say. We get rid of everything. That is also one symptom. Aggressions, irrationality. Irrational behaviour sometimes. Or emotionally overreacting. That can also be seen when people are under pressure. Under stress. Their effectiveness is reduced. Particularly in their area where they are performing. Unreasonably negative behaviour. Of course everybody should look at those things in a rational way. But when you are always negative, something is wrong somewhere. And making less realistic judgments. Or unco decision making may be difficult to view. So these are the behavioural symptoms. When things were normal, they were behaving differently. And now due to pressure, due to some stress, their behaviour is changed. Their moods are changed. You have never seen them in anger. Now everybody thinks they are fighting. They shout. Irrational behaviour. There is a negative approach. So if you are boss, if you are dealing with the people. So they are the alarming sign for you. Something is wrong. Either it is the personal problem. Are the agnostic issues which are putting extra pressure on that person. Or it is the environment. So instead of closing eye, we should address it. Of course, ultimately who is going to suffer. That person of course. You are agnostic and society as a whole. So when we are talking about behavioural symptoms. So if a person was making very quick decisions. Now due to stress, you can find that they are unable to concentrate. And having difficulty making decisions. So this is also a symptoms of indicating that a person is under stress or pressure. And more forgettable. Forgetful. Basically they cannot remember things now. Things start to forget. This can also be a symptom. Make mistakes. Or again remember if the mistakes are at the work. They can be very dangerous. Not only that. They can. It can cause an accident. It can affect the overall performance. Or equipment kabhi loss hosakta hai. They are more now prone to an accident. Ok. Onka concentration kahin yo rai. Ho prishan hai. Under stress hai. Oder kaam kar rahe hai toh. Hose accident bhi hosakta hai. Work habits bhi change over iin. Absentism bagi. Not taking things serious. Aur apna personal appearance hai. Oska bhi khayaal nahi kare. Proper dress up nahi hoke aate. So these are all symptoms of indicating that person is under stress. Now if somebody is under stress. And if people working in the organization they are under stress. The negative side of stress we are talking about here. So what will be the outcome in the organization? Of course poor decision making. Creativity will be decreased. Because now they cannot concentrate. Work time will be lost. The turnover will be increased. And it can. There might be some sabotage there. So these are the outcomes of the stress worker working in the organizations. Now the important part of the subject. How can we manage the stress? How can we prevent the stress? There are two aspects. Preventing and managing. Prevention bhi di ek nahi aam nahi. Osko manage bhi kisrak karna hai. What is stress management? Procedures. Our activities. For helping people cope up with the stress. Or reduce the stress. There already being experienced. If some people are already under stress. How can we reduce their stress? How can we eliminate their stress? And what is the prevention? Stress prevention. The focus is on controlling. Or eliminating stresses. Are those reasons which are causing the stress? That might provoke the stress response. So that is the prevention. So we have two aspects. The stress management and the stress prevention. Now stress management will be. All those activities. All those actions. Which can reduce the stress. Which is people are already facing. Or prevention kya hai. Ke kajas hai unko roka jai. Unko eliminate kya jai. Ta ke unki baise stress provokna hojai. Or stress response provokna hojai. So when we are talking about stress management programs. With that proper training. Training of what? Sbse important jy hota. Time management hota. Because when people do work. They are under pressure. How to manage things? And time management itself will be a big issue. Usi se konsekuys boh sari unki stress bunead banti hai. To apne employees ko aap train kare hai. How to manage time. And then you also give them training for the coping skills. Kista cope up karna hai aapne stress kisaar. Or isi liye organizations. Mukhtarif wellness program unko aam kate hai. Spore program unko kate hai. Employees ke demo banaate hai. Jis se aap stress reduce kar sakte hai. Similarly, some relaxation techniques hoti hai. Usi tamal karte hai. Usse bhi stress kaam hoti hai. Aage charke dekte hai aap. Ke individual level pe. Or organization level pe. Kya ke activity so sakte hai. Jis se stress kaam ho sakte hai. Let us see individual stress management. Kesa ki ja sakte hai. Suppose you are under stress. I am facing some stress. How can we manage the stress? Individual basis. Of course, the most important, the time management. It is a limit. Chis no pe time zaya nahi kare. Focus rake. Jo main important cheezin hai. Onko ista kare ke sara time haam. Dya se aapne parai bhi karni hai. Sport activities. Usi activities bhi participate karna hai. Social life bhi aapki. Rest time bhi hai. Now you have to manage the time. According to the importance, you have to a lot specific time for each activity. Agar ye aasani se hojai isko aap manage karni hai. To bhoho sara issue khut bhohot khatam ho jaate hai. Aur ek kaas to, ye bhi dekha tha, ke change aare hi to usse bhi aapko stress hoti hai. To why don't you manage the change? To change manage agar karni hai, to bhi stress kaam ho jayegi. Get fit. Agar aap physically weak hai. Agar kush bhimari hai, khuda na khasta, aapne resistance kaam hoti hai. And you will be more prone toward all those factors which can cause the stress. To apne aapko fit rakhhe. Kaise rakhhenge fit? Exercise kare hai. Ache healthy food istamal kare hai. Apne time ko manage kare hai. Time pe apne rest ka bhi khayaal kare hai. Let it go. Sometime you just stick with the one aspect. Koi ek aasi activity hui, koi aasai event hua. Kisi ne koi baat kar di. Uo aapke andar-yandar aapke saat wo problem-create karte hai. To istra ki cheez ko just... usse kuzar jaana chahiye usko just address it and finish it. Don't carry all those feelings parts with you. So that can also reduce your stress. Social sport is very important. Family system. The peer group. Kabhi kabhi share kare lene se bhi aapke masle khatam ho jaate hai. Aapke shoulder chahi hota hai thori der ke liye. To wo jo sports group hai. Social sport provide ke jaate hai amari society ke andar. They are very important. And they are paying very important role to overcome all these kind of stresses and other things. Relaxation. Badhi zoruri hai. And how can we relax? Stress ko management jaa aapke baatate hai ke sometime even just change the environment. Aapkaam kare hain stress se prashani uthi hai. Jaaye, bahar goon phir kya hai. Relax ho jayenge. Jaaye thori se der kele kya jayenge. Even sometime they can suggest go and see some movies there. Bahar jayenge doshton krasad gapshap laga hain jayenge. Relax ho kya jayenge. Usse bhi stress kaam ho jaate hai. Aur ye baada important hai kei dafa. Kei khas environment ka andar aap baith hai kaam kare hain continue. Kisi se jagra ho gaya ko tension ho gaya to stress mein aajate hai aap lo. To uske li bhi ek suggestion di jaate hai ke immediately the change environment. Usjaga se harjain usjaga se nikal jayen thori der ke li. So that itself can reduce the stress. Aage dekhte hain jayse main ka physical exercise is very important. Jagging kar le thori si walk kar le to baada fresh up ho jaate hai. Ye bhi aachi cheez hai. So if you are dealing with a long term stress fatigue, exhaust to hoge uske liye kya hai. Rest to usa jada kar le go to bed early. Take good break. Vacation is very important hain zindagi mein. Tarmian mein break kar ne chutiyan enjoy karne chahi hain aur energy ko regroup karke aap aap hain fresh hoke ho aacha kaam kar sakte hain. Isi tera work commitments yo hain usko agar passi balo to change kar le let's see it's a discreting pressure for you. Priority fix kar le thoda sa environment change kar le and time management strategy again. See time management is coming again again again again and again. Why? Because this is the some time basic cause. Handling depressur agar depression ho rahi hain long term stress ki where as a symptoms hain aur yad rakhi hain ge zyada jo deep jo aapki depression hain ye ek clinical problem ban jaate hai. uske li zuri hain ke kisi hain expert doctor se profession se aap adra wise positive thinking is very important depressur se likhane ke liye positive thinking is very important loko se baat kiji hain apne jo aap dosi hain hain parents hain family ke zeya unka sar share kiji hain to bhoho saar burden kam ho jayega aur us situation se bhi har jayega jayega asse hain aap se paale ka that can also cause reduce the effect aur being musla rahamdalla aalase lo laga le So, many of them are saved from stress. Self-confidence, if it is lacking in some way, how can it be overcome? You should start setting the goals. And how to achieve those goals? If you think about it, then you will have a lot of confidence level. List your shortcomings and deal with them. Do your SWAT analysis. See what are the weaknesses, what strengths you have. And then look at the base of how you have to take advantage of your stress and how you have to overcome your weaknesses. So, your confidence level will be very, very good. Similarly, list the things that worry you and see if it is really important. Many times, we get ourselves trapped in useless things. We involve ourselves in it and then we feel that we are in stress. In reality, they don't have any values. So, look at that. And if this doesn't happen, then you are not in any way under stress. Similarly, as I told you, do your own analysis. Write down things. See what things you are doing better. And always be inspired by that and do positive thinking. When there is positive thinking, then you can settle a lot of such issues. Similarly, if you are having a problem due to relationships, you should be assertive in your relationships, in your family, even with your colleagues. Improve your social skills. Build up your tolerance. You should be a good listener. Try to understand others. Don't always think that you are right. Other people, of course, they are also right. And then see that it is possible that because of whom these problems are becoming an issue, they might not be that much important in your life. So, why to worry then? Similarly, let's talk about the standard. Many times, you take a very high standard, or for your subordinates. Even then, you get under pressure. So, your standard should be, your goal should be realistic. Even if you are fixing them for yourself, or for your subordinates. Because if you take a very high standard, then naturally with the environment, with the prevailing situation, with the prevailing skills and ability, you are not going to achieve those standards. So, what is going to happen? Consequently, you are going to be under pressure. So, a lot of stress there. So, why don't I have the realistic standards? And then, you can manage that stress. You can save it from that. So, these are the things on an individual basis. What agnation can do to change the, to manage the stress? Agnation can have proper goal settings. They can redesign the job if they are feeling that this is causing the stress. They can involve the employee in the disk in making or reduce the stress. Or, proper selection or placement can reduce the stress. For example, if a right man for the right job. I mean, right person for the right job. It can be man or woman. And if you improve agnation communication, then many times, due to the absence of communication, there is such a stress. There are conflicts. And if you have proper wellness program, yes, you can have the, you can manage the stress. Agnation approaches may, we can improve person selection and job placement with the training, which is a use of realistic goal settings, redesign of job, increase employment involvements, improve agnation communications and establishment of corporate wellness programs can reduce the stress for within the agnization. Similarly, agnation stress prevention strategy can also be done. They should focus on people's work demands, focus on ways to reduce the stress at work. Most agnation prevention is primary, with job redesigning, goal setting, role negotiation and carry-in management. If these basic things are done primarily, then when there will be no causes, stress could naturally, you can manage the stress. I think enough of stress. We don't want to take any more stress now. So let's see what we have covered today, quickly. We try to understand what stress is. And then we try to see whether it is good or bad. And how can we recognize the stress? Short term, long term, internal symptoms and other symptoms. Or then, manage or prevent. Remember, stress is not bad. It is good. Its own effect, that is neutral. Every person's threshold level is different. But to start with, stress is good. To a certain limit. And when they cross the threshold level, then it has a negative effect. We should all try not to have a long negative stress. Because it has a loss. And this is a topic which is called burnout. We will discuss it later. So next time our lecture will be about stress. A topic which is called burnout. We will try to understand what this burnout is. And of course, then we will talk about the communication and the organization. So let's stop it here. So with this expectation that you will work hard. And of course, you will read it before we should start our next topic. And that will be about the communication. With this thought, I will stop it here. Take care of yourself. Allah Hafiz. And Assalamualaikum.