 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian grammar. We continue to study the important part of the Sandhi phenomenon in Sanskrit language namely Hal Sandhi or consonant Sandhi. Hal Sandhi refers to the Sandhi that substitutes Hal. Hal is a consonant. We have studied that Hal Sandhi can be classified broadly under two heads Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha refers to the phenomenon namely one substituent is substituted or replaced by one substitute Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Ekasthanika Dvyadesha refers to that phenomenon where one substituent is replaced by two substitutes Ekasthani Dvyadesha. Currently we are studying Ekasthanika Ekadesha. We also classified Ekasthanika Ekadesha in accordance with the place of the nimitta or the condition or the environment. It could be Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha as well as Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. This specific division had to be made mainly because of a peculiar usage of the instrumental case used in Hal Sandhi and we have already studied two such cases namely Shtuna and Shtuna. They do not appear in the Ach Sandhi and therefore even though Ach Sandhi had the Paranimittaka Ekadesha, Ekasthanika Ekadesha we did not classify it in that particular manner. But in Hal Sandhi we do it and the main reason is the instrumental case. Currently we are studying Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha was already studied in the previous lectures especially when we studied the sutras, stohas, chanas, chuhu as well as Shtuna, Shtuhu dealing with the Shtutva Sandhi and also the Shtutva Sandhi. Now we are also studying Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha which is diagrammatically represented in this fashion where you have A followed immediately by B both are in the Samhita mode and so B is the Paranimitta and when B follows A gets substituted by C. So this is Paranimitta, this is Ekasthani and this is Ekadesha. So Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. This is what we are studying right now and we are also studying Anusvara Sandhi as well as Parasavarana Sandhi. We have studied this before and we continue in this lecture to study this further. The main stay of today's lecture is the examples of Buddhist Sandhis but before going there it is important for us to take a recap of the meaning of these two Sandhis and the sutras stating them. Anusvara is being stated by this particular sutra, Monusvaraha. This is the first sutra stating the Anusvara in place of M. We have already studied the meaning of this particular sutra. This is 8.3.23. What this sutra means is that immediately before a consonant hali at the end of a padha, padassya, ma is substituted maha by an Anusvara, Anusvara. We have already studied in this connection what is a padha. Padha is being defined by Parini in the sutra 1414. The sutra is Subtingantam padam. What it means is Subanta and Tinganta. These are the padhas and ma coming at the end of a Subanta or ma coming at the end of the Tinganta is substituted by an Anusvara if this ma is followed by a hal. So, an example of ma coming at the end of a Subanta is Ramam and this is ma coming at the end of a Subanta, am is the sup and so this Ramam has got am at the end. So, this is a Subanta. Similarly, Apatam and once again you have ma coming at the end of a Tinganta, this is a Tinganta, am is the Ting and so this is a Tinganta. And so now when this ma is followed by Hal, it will be substituted by an Anusvara and the output would be Anusvara plus Hal. The example is visible over here. We have Subantam and Tingantam written in this particular fashion where no Hal is following. Subantam that is all and there is no Hal following. Tingantam no Hal is following. So, ma is written as a concern ma with the proper signs of indicating that it is a concernant. But once this ma or this ma is followed by a concernant for example over here pa is a concernant and so this ma at the end of Tingantam is substituted by an Anusvara, this Sutra itself is an example of Monusvara and then after this Anusvara substitution takes place the Sutra, Anusvara, this is 8458 and it has got 3, Anusvara, and Parasavarna. Anusvara says 6, 1 of Anusvara which means in place of an Anusvara. Yai is 7, 1 of Yai. Yai means all concernants minus her, she, she and sir and Parasavarna is 1 slash 1 of Parasavarna. Parasavarna means the substitute Parasavarna. So, this Sutra means immediately before Yai that is all concernants minus her, she, she and sir substitute an Anusvara by a sound that is homogeneous of the latter that is Yai. I repeat immediately before Yai all concernants minus her, she, she, this is Yai. So, immediately before Yai substitute an Anusvara by a sound that is homogeneous of the latter sound that is Yai. This is an example. So, if you have an Anusvara followed by Yai this Anusvara will be substituted by a Parasavarna, Parasavarna plus Yai. So, this has to be Savarna with Yai but we must note that this Parasavarna is replacing an Anusvara which is a nasal sound. So, the most close substitution in place of this Anusvara would be the nasal Parasavarna that is nasal and Parasavarna of Yai. So, that is why this first rule is rewritten in this particular fashion. So, Anusvara plus Yai is the input 8458 applies and the output generated is nasal Parasavarna plus Yai. This Sutra takes the Anusvara as an input and generates nasal Parasavarna as the output. Now, arrangement of rules in the Ashtadhyay in this particular section namely Asidha section is in accordance with this input output scheme which then means that the output of 8458 cannot become the input for any previous Sutra and therefore, we can generate forms like Kurbanthi which evade the Retroflex which comes at 8484 and 1. So, the output of 8458 is not visible to 841 and so, there is no Retroflex and we get the form Kurbanthi and similar such forms derived by the Paninian grammar. We also stated that there is one more Sutra stating optionality. In the previous examples, the Anusvara followed by Yai this was happening within a Pada let us say when the Anusvara is at the end of a Pada followed by Yai which is at the beginning of the next Pada then this nasal Parasavarna substitution is optionally done which means that optionally you will also have the same input being generated as the output. So, Vapadantasya means immediately before Yai and Yai means all consonants minus her, she, she and she substitute an Anusvara that appears at the end of a Pada by a sound that is homogeneous of the latter that is Yai optionally. I repeat immediately before Yai substitute an Anusvara that appears at the end of a Pada by a sound that is homogeneous of the latter optionally do this optionally. So, Anusvara coming at the end of this Pada followed by Yai coming at the beginning of this Pada this being the input the output generated by the application of 8459 is the nasal Parasavarna which substitutes the Anusvara plus Yai or optionally the same that is Anusvara at the end of this Pada plus Yai at the beginning of the second Pada both these outputs are generated by 8459. After having re-looked at the Sutras which are the core part of the Anusvara and Parasavarna let us now study the examples first let us study the examples where M comes at the end of a Pada and is substituted by an Anusvara and then this Anusvara is substituted by the Parasavarna. So, for example here we have Sum plus Hasathi where M comes at the end of a Pada Sum is a pre-verb and Upasarga and Upasarga in Paninian grammar is considered as a separate Pada and so this M comes at the end of a separate Pada followed by Hasathi at the beginning of which comes a consonant her. So, we have Sum Hasathi now this M will be substituted by an Anusvara as an output. So, we have Sum Hasathi this will be the output generated by 8323 Sum Hasathi now since her is not part of Yai there is no Parasavarna substitution taking place of this Anusvara. So, Sum Hasathi remains Sum Hasathi then we have Sum Yatate all these examples of M coming at the end of a Pada are taken of the pre-verb Sum or Upasarga Sum so Sum plus Yatate and here comes at the beginning of this Pada so this is Hal and so now this M will be substituted by an Anusvara like this Sum which is an Anusvara Sum Yatate now because this is a Yai this Anusvara will be substituted by the nasal Parasavarna the nasal Parasavarna of Yai is Ano Nasika Yai sign plus Yatate so Sum Yatate will then become the input for Anusvara Yai Parasavarna 8458 and also Vapadantasya because this is Anusvara is at the end of a Pada so Vapadantasya 8459 and the output generated would be Sain Yatate this is one output and the second output optionally would be the same Sum Yatate similar is the case with Sum plus Vartate M at the end of a Pada followed by a consonant V so this M gets substituted by an Anusvara by the application of 8323 and you get the output Sum Vartate then 8459 applies and substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna that is nasal V so we have Sum and Vartate and this is optionally done so we also have Sum and Vartate both these forms are generated Sum Vartate and Sum Vartate then we have Sum plus Luptiate once again at the end of a Pada followed by a consonant Hull and so 84323 applies and substitutes this M by an Anusvara Sum and Luptiate and then Vapadantasya 8459 applies and substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna optionally so you have Sum Luptiate and optionally also Sum Luptiate so both these forms will be generated by Vapadantasya similarly we have Sum plus Ranadhi M at the end of a Pada R at the beginning of this second Pada R is a Hull and so 8323 applies and substitutes this M by an Anusvara so we have Sum and Ranadhi and so this will be the output since R does not have a nasal variety there would not be any further substitution process taking place over here because there is no substitution you do not substitute this Anusvara by Ana because Ana is could be the Parasavarna comes very close but that does not happen because R does not have a nasal variety now we are following the order stated in the Pratyahara Sutras we have looked at examples where the second Pada beginning begins with her, here, over and R so far we continue following the same order of consonants presented in the Pratyahara Sutras so the next consonant is here there is not a particular word in Sanskrit beginning with here however there is one Pada which is the past perfect form of the verbal root Mu this is what is presented over here Sum plus Yungovi and because here is a Hull Summa is substituted by an Anusvara Sum Yungovi and then 8459 Vapadantasya applies and substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna that is here so you have Sai Yungovi then we have Sum plus Manyate Mu at the end of a Pada followed by another Hull so this Mu is then substituted by an Anusvara after the application of 8323 we get Sum Manyate as the output and then 8459 applies and substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Mu which is Sum so we have Sum plus Manyate optionally and then we also have Sum Manyate similarly we have Sum plus Navate as the input where Mu appears at the end of a Pada and so 8323 applies and substitutes this Mu appearing at the end of a Pada by an Anusvara so we get Sum plus Navate as the output later on this Anusvara is substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of Nga which is Nga itself and so we get the output Sum plus Navate then we have Sum plus Nakariate and here also Mu gets substituted by an Anusvara by the application of 8323 and so we have Sum Nakariate and then this Anusvara gets substituted by the nasal Parasavarna by the sutra 8459 and so we get the output in the form of Sum and Nakariate. Finally we have Sum plus Namati so Mu is substituted by an Anusvara by the application of 8323 and so we get Sum Namati as the output and then by the application of 8459 this Anusvara is substituted by the nasal Parasavarna which in this case is Nga so we have Sum and Namati then we have Sum plus Jhashati and Mu is substituted by an Anusvara by the application of 8323 and the output generated is Sum plus Jhashati and 8459 applies over here and the output generated is Sai plus Jhashati and optionally also Sum plus Jhashati then we have Sum plus Bhinnati as the input and so this Mu coming at the end of a Pada is substituted by this Anusvara by the application of 8323 and so the output generated is Sum Bhinnati here 8459 applies and substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Bha which is Mu so we have Sum plus Bhinnati this is optional form so we also get Sum which is Anusvara and Bhinnati as an optional output then we have Sum plus Ghagati Mu coming at the end of a Pada followed by a consonant so 8323 applies and substitutes Mu by an Anusvara so we get the output in the form of Sum and Ghagati this becomes an input for the application of 8459 Vapadantasya which then substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Mu and so the output is Sum plus Ghagati this is optional and so Sum plus Ghagati also is generated as the output of 8459 then we have Sum plus Ghagati 8323 applies and substitutes the anus substitutes Mu by an Anusvara Sum and Ghagati now this becomes an input for 8459 and that rule substitutes this Anusvara by Na which is the nasal Parasavarna so we get Sandhavkate as the output this is optional so we also get Sum and Ghagati as an optional output then we have Sum plus Ghagati and this Mu at the end of a Pada following followed by a consonant is substituted by the application of 8323 by an Anusvara Sum and Ghagati that is the output generated which becomes an input for 8459 to apply and 8459 substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh that is Nu so we have Sandhavkate this is optional so we get Sum and Ghagati similarly we have Sum plus Ghagati and the output generated is Sum and Ghagati by the application of 8323 and this becomes an input for 8459 and so this Anusvara gets substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of this Gh which is Nu Sai Ghagati this is optional so we also get Sum Ghagati as the optional output then we have Sum plus Ghagati and Mu is substituted by an Anusvara by the application of 8323 and the output generated is Sum plus Ghagati this becomes an input for 8459 which substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Mu so we have Sum plus Ghagati as the output of 8459 this is optional so optionally we also get Sum plus Parasavarna then we have Sum plus Ghagati this Sum has Mu at the end of Parasavarna followed by a consonant so 8323 applies and substitutes Mu at the end of Parasavarna by an Anusvara so you have Sum and Ghagati now this becomes an input for 8459 to apply Vapadantasya and that substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Nu so we have the output Sum plus Ghagati and that is optional so we also get Sum and Ghagati as the output then we have Sum plus Damati and this Mu is substituted by an Anusvara Sum Damati this becomes an input for Vapadantasya 8459 which substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Nu so we have Sum Damati as the output this is optional so optionally we also generate Sum Damati as the output next we have Sum plus Ghagati and Mu at the end of this Parasavarna followed by a Hul is substituted by an Anusvara so we have Sum Dishathi generated as the output of 8323 this becomes an input for 8459 Vapadantasya and then 8459 substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Nu and so we have Sum plus Dishathi as the output generated remember this is an optional output so optionally we also get Sum and Dishathi Dishathi similarly we have Sum plus Ghanati and the output generated is Sum Ghanati where Mu is substituted by an Anusvara this becomes an input for 8459 and this Anusvara is substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Nu Sum plus Ghanati but this is optional so optionally we also generate Sum plus Ghanati as the output similarly Sum plus Ghanati once again this Mu is substituted by Anusvara and so we get the output Sum Ghanati this becomes an input for 8459 and the output generated is Sum plus Ghanati optionally and so optionally we also get Sum plus Ghanati similarly we have Sum plus Ghanati and Mu is substituted by an Anusvara and the output generated is Sum plus Ghanati this becomes an input for 8459 and so 8459 substitutes this Anusvara by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Nu so we get Sum plus Ghanati as the output optionally and optionally we also derive Sum plus Ghanati then we have Sum plus Thakati and Mu is substituted by an Anusvara by 8323 and this output is generated this becomes an input for 8459 and then this Anusvara is substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of Gh which is Nu so we have Sum Thakati that is the optional output generated similarly Sum plus Tharbati is the input and Mu is substituted by Anusvara by 8323 and so this is the output generated which becomes an input for 8459 and so this Anusvara is substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of Th which is Nu so we have Sum plus Tharbati remember this is an optional derivation so we also have Sum plus Tharbati as the optional optionally derived forms finally we have Sum plus Ghanati and this is an input 8323 applies and the output generated is Sum plus Ghanati this becomes an input for 8459 and the output generated is Sin plus Ghanati remember this is an optional output so Sum plus Ghanati is also generated as the optional output then we have Sum plus Thakati and this is an input 8323 applies and the output generated is Sum plus Thakati this becomes an input for 8459 and the output generated is the nasal Parasavarna of Th which is Nu so we have Sum plus Tharbati and optionally we also have Sum plus Tharbati this particular as output then we have Sum plus Ghanati and this input is processed by 8323 and the output generated is Sum plus Ghanati this becomes an input for 8459 and the output generated of this Sum especially is the nasal Parasavarna of Th which is Nu so we have Sum plus Tharbati as the output this is optional so optionally we also have the same over here Sum plus Tharbati then we have Sum plus Ghanati and this becomes an input for 8323 and the output generated is Sum plus Karothi this becomes an input for 8459 and the output generated is the Parasavarna of K nasal Parasavarna of K which is Nu Sang Karothi and this is optional so we have the form Sang Karothi also then we have lastly Sum plus Tharbati and this becomes an input for 8323 and the output generated is Sum plus Tharbati this Anasvara this becomes an input for 8459 and the output generated is Sum plus Tharbati which is the nasal Parasavarna of Th and the optional form will also be Sum plus Tharbati the examples that we looked at just now contained Mer coming at the end of a Padha which was always a proverb here are some other examples where Mer comes at the end of a Subanta and it becomes an Anasvara so we have Harim and Vande where Mer comes at the end of this Subanta followed by a Halva 8323 applies and we have Anasvara substitution over here Harim and Vande and because this work comes in the Pratyaharayi so then 8459 also will apply optionally and so they will and so this Anasvara will be optionally substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of V which is so we have Harim Vande and optional generated output would be Harim Vande similarly we have Gramam Gathami and this Mer coming at the end of a Subanta Padha then is substituted by an Anasvara over here and this becomes an input for 8459 to apply and this Anasvara gets substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of G which is G so we have Gramam Gathami but this is optional so we also have Gramam Gathami similarly Yanam Chalati is the input Mer is substituted by an Anasvara Yanam Chalati and then this becomes an input for 8459 and so this Anasvara is substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of Ch which is G so we have Yanai Chalati then we also have Shlokam Tankate this is an input for 8323 and the output generated is Shlokam Tankate with an Anasvara and 8323 has generated this output which becomes an input for 8459 and so this Anasvara is substituted by the nasal Parasavarna of T which is Yanai so Shlokam Tankate but this is optional and so the other optional form generated is Shlokam Tankate that is the optionally generated output the observation as far as the examples that we have studied so far is this Rr does not have a nasal variety and hence Parasavarna will not substitute the Anasvara when Rr follows this is clearly stated as far as the Vyakara Mahabhasya is concerned and also with various formulations in the later Paninian grammatical tradition her is also not part of Vy so Parasavarna will not substitute the Anasvara when her follows now in this particular lecture we have studied examples where Ma comes at the end of a Pada there are some more examples where Ma comes at the end of an internal Pada and then of course Ma and Na coming in between the Pada this we shall study in the coming lecture thank you very much