 Good morning. Good morning. Welcome you to the next class in introduction to modern linguistics. We have been talking about the design features of language. Last time in the last class we looked at two features. Can does anyone remember what they were? Yeah please, number one. Well we said language has content, but how is language different from natural language different from other media or other mediums of communication? Yes, number one please write. Human languages, natural languages are different from other media of communication, because number one number one, number one they are species specific. Only you know only human beings have this language. You can try teach some words to parrot or monkey or chimpanzee. That does not make them talking animals just as a little bit of flying or a little bit of swimming does not make us a flying creature or a swimming creature. That is feature number one of language that only human beings have it. The view current today is language is a biological gift please write. Biological gift to human beings, only human beings have it. None else it is species specific. It is a biological gift to mankind just as flying is to bird, swimming is to fish and other kinds of natural attributes are to other creatures. That is a unique feature of natural languages. You can try and teach some words to parrots. You can try and teach some words to chimpanzees, but that does not make them talking animal just as a little bit of flying or a little bit of swimming does not make us human beings a bird or a fish. Do you agree? Everybody please do you agree? Yes sir. Write. The next feature we talked about in the last class was languages, languages is species uniform. All human beings, men and women, black and white, brown and yellow people with JEE without JEE, high ITS students and VITS students irrespective of class, caste, color, rich, poor, communist, socialist no matter who they are, everyone has their language. Just as every human being has two hands, two eyes, every human being walks on two feet bipedal as the word is. So, every human being is a talking creature. Greeks called us, does anyone remember? Homo loquence speaking animals. Greeks called us homo loquence speaking bipedal people. We are all the time talking, chattering constantly, sometimes about ourselves, mostly about others. They are unique features of it is not there in every other kind of thing. There are mediums of communication, painting, but can every human being paint? Yes or no please? No. Some people can sing, but can everyone sing? No. Some people can do computer language. Can everyone do that? I wish they could, but that does not happen. These are specific skills, but language is a common skill of all human beings have natural languages, at least one language. All of us are born talking. Some people may know more words, some people may know fewer words, some people may write poetry, some people may write stories, but basic ability just as some people are able to lift 80 kilograms. Some people are able to go without food for three days, four days. I know one IIT alumnus on this camp, you know a student of this campus, topper of his batch, see unfortunately and he after graduating did not pick up a job, does consultancy works only one week a year, makes enough money and eats only twice a week. So some people may be different in ability, but basic ability is the same. Even that IIT graduate eats only through his mouth, needs some nutrition, needs water, knows all the basic skills required. So some human beings may have more words, some human beings may have fewer words, but all human beings have all the basic kinds of words. So that we can talk to each other, this is a common feature of natural language. Any doubt, any questions so far, please I gave you a test, do you remember the test, what was the test? Yes ma. Write a sentence in our, since a brown fox jumped over a lazy dog and asked us to write it in our mother tongue. Yeah and in any other medium, writing in mother tongue is easy, but can you easily do a painting to say this sentence, can you say that sentence in music through music through guitar, you know you have strung the guitar and you say a quick brown fox jumped over a lazy dog, can you do that? You will still need words, do you see my point? Yes or no please? Yes. That is music, swimming, painting, sculpture, computer language, they are not common to all mankind, but language is common to all of us. Any problem so far? Any problem so far? No sir. Lovely, God bless you. Come to today, we will be talking about third feature, third feature of human language is, it is, can you speak it aloud? Culturally transmitted, what is it? Culturally transmitted, let us write, culturally transmitted, what does that mean? It means the following, that we have the ability to speak language, to learn language, to acquire language, nature or God has given us that ability, but that ability will not be realized, will not be actuated, will not come into use and fulfillment until we hear others speak. That is why the children who are deaf also become dumb, you know, deafness and dumbness go together. Nature has designed us such that we can learn language, but if by some accident of birth, is some mischance, we are deprived of the ability to hear, then we cannot speak, yet we acquire language in a different manner. The point here is that children learn language, they are born, they hear language in the family, from friends, relatives, families, all the time talking from the moment the child is born, or even before the child is born, even when the child is in the mother's womb, there is evidence that suggests, that child listens to a spoken language, all around him or her. The language may not be elaborate, we never speak to a child the mantras of Vedas, etcetera, etcetera. After the child is born, we may try to teach the child some prayers, some shlokas or some tables, you know, or start preparing for JEE. By a large children learn language on their own, but they listen to people, it is essential condition like a film, the film can take picture, but it must be exposed to the object. Similarly, the human being is biologically designed to learn a language and more languages, but the human being requires exposure to the language, and this exposure starts even before the child is born, all the family, all the friends, all the relatives, all the visitors, sometimes they talk specifically to the child, what is your name, what would you like, where the father has gone, mostly dumb questions, nobody asks the child, how does the taste of chocolate like, I gave you yesterday, okay. Can I tell you a story? Can I tell you a story? Once I was going with a very young child in Chennai, in an Autoric Shah from Adyar to Purishwakkam, north to south, south to north, so long distance the child was getting bored. So, when we were crossing Tinagar, I told the child, dear child, dear child, we are now crossing Tinagar, just to keep him amused, he would not know what Tinagar is, etc., etc., and then I asked him, do you understand, we are crossing Tinagar, he said yes, I understand, you are crossing Tinagar, and then after sometime he asked me, don't you have a chocolate nagar here, you know, you have Tinagar, but don't you have a chocolate nagar, here is human being, you know, who told that boy that tea, coffee, chocolate come in one class, so child assumed that if there is a Tinagar, there may be a coffee nagar, there may be a coke nagar, there may be a Pepsi nagar, but there may also be a chocolate nagar, so this ability in human beings to deduce, to logic, what we call in fact, fur, please write, in fur, you know, if you know, if you hear a word which has past tense in ed, wanted, mended, rented, then the third word immediately you think move, what is the past tense, moved, ed, you add to it, mended, rented, wanted, chant, what will the past tense, chanted, you know, this ability is God given, this ability, but this ability will flower, this ability will come into being only when the child is exposed to the language, so that is why it is, this exposure is required, and a third feature of the language is, it is culturally transmitted, not mechanically, may be, you know, machine is part of culture, but mechanically transmitted, no, culturally transmitted, lot of people use it with one another, the child observes his or her relatives, his or her friends, his or her caregivers, nurse, teacher, maid servant, aya, master, you know, the boss of the mother, the boss of the father, how they talk to each other, it is then that we learn social manner, no mother of father sits with you today, and tells you, come sit down, today I am going to tell you how you can talk to your mother in law, be respectful, but do not respect, does anyone has your mother told you, has your father told you, even my mother and my father did not tell me, I wish they had, all of us learn these things from the ambience, from the way we watch people, no human being, you know, the greatest gift of mankind in language is the ability to tell lies, please write, the ability to tell lies, human beings are the only creatures in the world who can tell lies, where were you yesterday, I was in the library sir, I know you were at the beach, you went to Bezhanagar beach, but you can say I was in the library, I was in the laboratory, no dog can do that, one dog asks another dog, dog, dog, where were you, the dog would say, well, I was chasing a bone, I was waiting at the meat shop, it cannot say, I was in a library, dog does not have the ability, monkey, lion, that is why many of us say, many people in modern linguistics, languages, neurosciences say that Darwin's theory that man is a descendant of monkey is a science fiction, is not reality, there are many gaps between monkey and man, which does not Darwin's theory does not explain, the ability for mathematics, a monkey can assess the distance between two branches accurately, so that its jump is always accurate, its leap is always accurate, human beings can also assess the distance between two branches, they are also very accurate, that is why somebody hits the ball with a cricket bat and the other person runs and catches it, that catcher uses nine different kinds of knowledge, the speed of the ball, the angle at which the ball is coming, the momentum, the velocity, the weight, the color, the angle, a whole lot of things, you make a mistake in one and you drop a catch and you are tried for match fixing, right, it happens, but there is a difference, one monkey cannot tell another monkey, the distance between this branch and that branch is 2 meters 35 millimeters, can they, but human beings can, one can always tell, the distance between Alak Randa hostel and Taramani gate is nothing, right, human beings have this ability, but this ability will come to fruition, this ability will prosper, will appear only if you listen to language, only when exposed, there are stories that some children were born normally, but carried away by wolf to a forest, until about the age of eight or nine, they heard no human language, no natural language and therefore, they had no language, normal child born in a family takes time, it is graded, okay, first you begin with individual sounds, all children all over the world, be they in Africa, Swahili or what is your favorite city, Florida or Massachusetts or New York, no matter where, all children begin with individual sounds, one of the three, either you say ba or you say pa or you say ah, no fourth, because of the simple biological reason, the tongue is larger than the mouth, so the child has difficulty saying, the child cannot suddenly say the first law of thermodynamics is the child cannot say, there may be exceptions, nature of course has exceptions, but 99.9 percent children begin with peripheral sounds, from sounds they go to syllables, pa becomes pa becomes ayi, the Marathi word for mother, ananana, okay, nobody says, no child has been heard the first day itself saying, give me lux, okay, cluster of consonant or I will like pizza for breakfast, okay, they reach the stability, but they take three years, four years, by the time the child is nine months, the child starts putting sounds together in a word, pa pa ma ma, ayi, the first day the child said ayi, there was celebration, cakes were cut, in modern families, in old families where each family had two dozen children, okay, if the child made lot of noise they were given two or three slaps, you know very good resounding slaps, and they were produced wonderful children, people like Tagore, Einstein, Swabas Bose, okay, Swabas Bose was the fifth child, Tagore was the seventh, okay, it happened, you know, nature has a way, the language is learned by human beings, they have the biological ability, but this ability is fulfilled only through exposure, exposure may come from any source, it may come from parents, but these days parents don't have time, mother working, father working, child care of television, or care of Google or Wikipedia, computer, or in the play school or nursery school, so family, friends, relatives, actually if you look at the British history of British India, then the children of British born in India were fluent in Indian languages, why can you tell me why, when the parents knew nothing, other than how and jow, come and go, they only need this, that's the only word they knew, but the their children knew, they were fluent in Indian languages, why can you tell me why, their caretakers, their wet nurses, what in Portuguese it called, aya, in our languages we have the word, aya, a wet nurse, they were mostly Indians, okay, and naturally these nurses not only gave milk to the British children, they also gave some Indian languages, some songs, okay, so naturally the child learned Tamil, naturally the child learned Hindi, Telugu, okay, so no matter where it comes from, family, friends, relatives, then the second question arises, do all children speak like their parents, do all girls speak like their mothers, many husbands think so, they are not right, do all boys speak like their fathers or mothers, yes and no, in a large sense yes, they speak Telugu, they have the same kinds, their plural is still, you know, girl, they have the same plural marker, the same owner marker, but in some respect the child has a lot of new words, does not have a lot of old words, if you compare your Telugu, now you know, your Telugu is very different from your grandfather's Telugu, your Tata's Telugu, in two respects, you have a lot of computer related words, which your father's father or your father's father's father or your mother's mother's mother did not have, she had some words which you do not have, if you look at her kitchen, her way of transport, they travelled on elephants, bullock cart boats, you travel on bike, you travel on motorcars, you travel in railway trains, now underground trains, they did not have those things, they had boats, they had elephants and they had special words for them, there was a special word for the seat that was put on the back of the elephant, what was it called, what was the driver of elephant called, what was the driver of bullock cart called, they had special words for these things, today we have different words, what is the driver of a motor car called, a driver, a driver of taxi called, a person who takes care of the car called, mechanic or in a garage, mechanic, where your parents kept their ox was called, Telugu word, and where car is kept, garage, in many respects, actually I have taught here for about 25 years, I have seen hostel jargon also changing at IIT Madras, in the batch of 1980s, early 90s, the hardly computer related word, hardly computer related jargon, today you have lot of computer related jargon, so all of us learned from our elders, our friends, our enemies, they also teaches, and sometimes enemies teaches good things, how to survive, but it is not all of it, we never learned everything that our parents have or want us to learn, is that good or bad, what do you say, good or bad, you do not know, good or bad is time bound word, the point here is no father or mother is able to teach everything to their child, and yet children know a lot, do you imagine your mother sat down with you and told you, today I am going to teach you how to make passive voice in Telugu, did they, and yet you know passive one, you can say cow has been stolen, milk has been burnt, money has been deposited, letter has been posted, they are all the passive voice sentences, how did you learn them, that is the gift of nature, you know you need some exposure, but please write all of us know more than we experience, that is true also of language, all of us know more than we experience, nobody has sat down and taught us everything, but this knowledge will come to us only if we are exposed, not without, it is in that sense we mean culturally transmitted, then there is attitude, you know you can say two people do not have this equal number of words, there is attitude, there is aptitude, some people can sing, we pay them for that, but language is common, language. So, there is the question of attitude, there is the question of aptitude, we have differences, some people remember, some people write well, some people can read well, some people can read very fast, do you know anyone who can read 300 pages in one day, I have a friend, if you like I can invite her to this class one day, she reads a 400 page book in one day and ask her from anywhere, she is also an English teacher, she is a training manager in a computer company, a good friend of mine, so God has given us some ability, but the basic ability that we can read and understand, we can understand and write, we can listen and understand, we can understand and speak, this is common to all of us, differences happen, all children do not learn everything enthusiastically, do you remember first day when you were sent to school, you cried, your mother had to bribe you with a chocolate, eventually you were managed, you started going to school, there is reinforcement, parents teach you every day, uncle, why should we do hello, leave the child alone, but we force the child, say hello to the uncle, say good morning, namaskaram mandi, do all of these things, so there is reinforcement every day, 30 times a day, your mother will tell you daddy, why should I give daddy every day, why should daddy not call me and say something sweet or nice, or resistance, you are also told how not to, all children maybe, not all children, you guys are exceptions perhaps, but you know most children are also given prejudices by parents, do not talk to that uncle, not good, so all my father's brothers are bad according to my mother, all my mother's people are bad according to my father, yet look at the beauty of human mind, in spite of parents, in spite of friends, we learn a lot of things, but these conditions are complete the sentence please, these conditions are essential, unless you have language in use, unless you hear language in use, you do not learn it, you learn more, much more than you hear, much more than you read, but that more will not happen, even that limited thing will not happen, unless you hear it, I will just give you some examples, I want to see who can read it aloud, this is a grandfather telling a tale, can somebody please stand up and read it aloud, come on quick we do not have much time, yes please. There was an old grandfather telling a tale, there was an old man who was going to sell his hat, he was taking thousands and thousands of hats with him, and he was going from village to town to sell his hats, on the way he was very tired, like the lazy lion and the cool cool breeze was going there, and then he fell asleep, he slept for a while up above the tree, there was a monkey and the monkey saw the hat in the box, you know this is how our parents teach us language, please sit down, thank you, this is how we learn language, we hear a variety of contexts, stories, stories of conversations, then suddenly there is a question, where is my cap, where is my hat, so a child hears all kinds of language in its daily life and the child reaches conclusions, this kind of sentence when you describe, this kind of sentence when you answer, this kind of sentence when you ask a question, this kind of sentence when you are happy, wow, this kind of sentence when you are sad, alas, sometimes see conversation between mother and son, can somebody please read it aloud, two people, somebody playing mother, somebody playing son, I want to see if a boy can play mother, acting in the play, come on please, do not waste time, you know, studio time is, you see how much the salary is, the equipment, the power, the technology, come on please, yes, ok, or a, you know, the two of you, you can play mother and child, right, can you please stand up, both of you, ladies. Let's turn the lights off. Go on, no, go on, see the incident time, mother is tired, she has cooked for the entire family, now it is bedtime when the child says, no tell me stories, so the mother says, sleeping time, please continue, ok, please sit down, thank you, this is how, you see, from very complex stories to simple conversations, family gives you a variety, ok, somebody else, two boys, please come on now, do not be lazy, come on please, ok, the two of you, second bench, please stand up, right. I am sorry, sorry about what? I, I do not know, I do not know about what. Now the mother is irritated, you see, this is, you know, I have taken this from real life, you know, I am doing a project, I am working on multilingual children, so this is my interest, third feature, please write, what is the third feature, first is languages, second languages, third languages, fourth, please write, language varies, it has variations, it is not the same in, you know, though we speak Telugu all over Andhra, but Telangana has one kind of Telugu, lots of Urdu there, you know, I was in Hyderabad for 10 years and I thought, I could understand that Telugu is spoken there, they do not say Nalgu Pase, Nalgu Vana, Nalgu, they say Charana, Char Pase, Char Rupe, Char Minar, they do not say Nalgu Minar, ok, they say Chaurastha, right, lots of other words, you know, Telangana, Telugu is very different from Telugu is spoken in Raj Mandri or spoken in Anantapur or Karnul, etcetera, etcetera, so for Tamil, you know, Tamil is spoken in Coimbatore, I have friends from Coimbatore, I have friends from Madurai and Chandai, Coimbatore people think the best Tamil is spoken in Coimbatore and Madurai people laugh at them, they say Kaveri sir, Tamil is like best Tamil, actually they say one street of Kumbakonam, but you know, Trichy, Kumbakonam, Madurai, they say that is where, but both Coimbatore and Madurai people are agreed that Chandai Tamil is worst Tamil, they actually use a word for it, they say, they call it Pani Tamil, Pig Tamil, Pani is Pig in Tamil, they call it Chandai Tamil is Pani Tamil, Pig Tamil, you know, I have two friends, they frequently have arguments, similarly, you know Hindi, I come from Bihar, people in Delhi count Bihar as Hindi speaking straight, when they have to get numbers larger than Bengali and Telugu, but then Telugu, Bihari Hindi, like that, we don't care, you know, because there are differences, we do not say I go, I come, we go, we come, actually we look down upon those who say I, you are doing like goat, okay, so language differs across regions, language differs across, you know, class, caste, everything is fixed, the boy likes the girl, girl likes the boy, dowry is fixed, how many Bharat will go, what they eat, everything is fixed, and suddenly the boy's grandmother discovers that the girl's Telugu is not standard, she does not speak Andhra Telugu, she speaks Raya Sima Telugu, corrupted, entire thing is broken, what a pity really, okay, or you know, she does not speak class Telugu, absolutely Sanskrit, laden, et cetera, or topic, same English, same Tamil, same Telugu, same Sanskrit, becomes another language in another context, because of the density of words, or domain, you know, you may be two people talking in this class, but you and I will never use Telugu or Hindi, only English, but you and I meet in canteen, and we don't say how are you, we say Bhagunara, okay, Shoguma, Chapande, are you all right, okay, there will be mixtures, so language changes, actually we have a saying in Sanskrit, which says that every 20 kilometers, language changes, every 10 kilometers, water changes, okay, look at some examples, changing language in time, can you tell me what the first paragraph means, quietly please look at it, quietly I am going to give you a pencil as gift, of course a good pencil, Gurnath does not sell that pencil, okay, if you can read the first paragraph aloud, one person, I want to see if you have something called guts, anybody please, just the first paragraph, don't worry about meaning, who can read it aloud, I can't even say, do you understand what it means, okay, it's old English, this was how English, this is how English was spoken, not written, English was not written language until very late uncivilized people, quote unquote civilization, okay, this is how English was spoken until about a thousand years ago, okay, can somebody read it aloud, try, Anurag, okay. On NG guest job, God, Zufnan and Yuzan, Sio, Ed, who was Salidesadev, Nenti, Piyasthri, Vairon, Ofer, Deiret, Naivit, Nise, Dresden, wonderful, and God's cast was Chephorod, Ofer, Quaterud, God, Quata, Chivuri, Leod, and Leod and Vyat, by and large I think you are right, this is old English. On NG guest job, quote Zufnan and Yuzan, Sio, Yorde, was Salides, Ed, and Nenti, and the Ostra were on, Ofer, Deiret, Naivit, Nise, Dresden, and God's cast was Chephorod, Ofer, Quaterud, God, Quata, Givuri, Leod, and Leod, and Vyat, Givurte, old English, translation is given there. Anurag read the translation, please, aloud. In the beginning created, the God created heavens and earth, the earth was fully void and empty, and the darkness were over the earth's surface, and when it was brought over the water, God sent them, the light and the light was made. You see, this is how language can change. In a thousand years it is another language. Not only you and I, for both of us, English is a foreign language. Even for those who are in England, they don't understand old English. It is so changed. Similarly with Telugu, you won't understand Telugu a thousand years ago, or Hindi a thousand years ago, or Sanskrit. Today, English is very different. In the beginning God created heavens and earth, the earth was truly void and empty, and darkness were over the earth's surface, and God's spirit was brought over the water, God said then, be light, and light was made. See how much it has changed in pronunciation, in words, in the way words are derived in time language changes. Language also changes in place. Hindi in Patna is one way. If you go to Patna and you ask for samosa, you won't get samosa. You know what samosa is? In Patna, we eat singhada. We don't say hum. In Jabalpur, where you speak Hindi, a young girl can be called bhai, but don't call a young girl bhai in Patna, or Vanaras. You will be killed. Bhai there means a girl who offers service for money. That's a totally different word. In Rajasthan, in Madhya Pradesh, in Uttar Pradesh, any language, if Telugu in Visakhapatnam is not the same thing as Telugu in Varangal, as Telugu in Anantpur, as Telugu in Kadapa or Chittur, they differ in places. I've given you lots of examples, you know. You can come up with your own and these differences manifest in, not just in words, they also appear in pronunciation. In the Hindi in Bihar, we do not have sh. We do not say gaushala. We say gaushala. We don't have sh. We are sh. Similarly in English, beauty is cut in London but in Manchester it is kut. The driver takes a shot kut and what shines in the sky is sun and what you travel in is bus. So a boy tells the girl, here is bus miluv. The bus has arrived, my love but he says, here is bus miluv in Manchester but in London it is bus miluv. So language changes in areas, in pronunciation. According to class caste also, in Tamil Nadu Brahmins call water tirtham. Others call it tanni. Brahmins pronounce cholinga. They don't say solinga. And you know, it's a great social marker, identity marker. In English also which does not have many of these class related thing. Rich people don't take meat. They take mutton. They don't wear dress. They have garments. They don't take meal. They take dinner. They don't take supper. They have repast. You know, these differences, class based differences are there. The topic related differences. It is English but can you tell me which subject the first paragraph comes from? Which subject? Second paragraph? Can you tell me which subject it comes from? Chemistry, biochemistry. No physics. And third paragraph? Ninguistics. Biology. You know, it's the same thing or same people, same two people but in lab they have one kind of language. In hostel well, you don't even need to speak another kind of language. In sarang shastra yet another kind of language. Imagine two IIT BTECs meet on a railway train. Okay? Or imagine four years later the IIT BTEC gets married and invites the other IIT BTEC. What would he say? He would write formal letters to a lot of people but to his friend he would say wow da finally somebody has agreed to marry me. Come. You know so depending upon place, people, time topic and various domains can be there. Domain of home domain of work domain of transactions, religion no matter how in church in temple, in mosque we all use very sacred language. The point is language varies the fourth feature. What is the fourth feature? The language varies. Please look up the book, look up net and you will learn more about it. Thank you.